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1 Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 42, No. 3, June, 2004, pp 생물고분자 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) 의분해를이용한광학적으로순수한 (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate 생산공정의모사와경제성평가 최종일 * 이영 ** 이상엽 한국과학기술원생명화학공학과및바이오시스템학과, * 생물공정연구센터 대전시유성구구성동 373- **ChiroBio Inc 대전시유성구구성동 400 (2004 년 2 월 7 일접수, 2004 년 4 월 26 일채택 ) Process Analysis and Economic Evaluation for the Production of Enantiomerically Pure (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate by Degradation of Bacterial Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Jong-Il Choi*, Young Lee** and Sang Yup Lee *Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Department of BioSystems and Bioinformatics Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373- Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea **ChiroBio Inc., #603, KAIST Alumni Venture Hall, 400 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea (Received 7 February 2004; accepted 26 April 2004) 요 약 미생물에의해생산되는 poly[(r)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) 의분해에의한광학적으로순수한 (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (R3HB) 의생산공정을분석하였다. 화학적방법과생물학적방법에의한 PHB 분해공정들을설계하여비교하였다. 화학적으로 acidic 조건에서 methanolysis 에의한 R3HB 생산공정의경우사용된유기용매의양과생산성은 R3HB 의최종생산단가에큰영향을미쳤다. 미생물로부터 PHB 를정제하는방법에따라다른 methanolysis 조건들이적용되었으며, R3HB 가연간,000 톤규모로생산되는공정을모사한결과 R3HB 의생산단가는 $ 6.9/Kg 로계산되었다. 하지만, 같은생산규모에서생물학적으로미생물내의 depolymerization system 을이용한공정에서의생산단가는 $ 8.7/Kg R3HB 으로계산되어졌다. 이러한결과는정밀화학원료물질인 R3HB 를생물고분자 PHB 의생물학적분해로부터경제적으로생산되어질수있다는것을보여준다. Abstract Processes for the production of enantiomerically pure (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (R3HB) by degradation of bacterial poly[(r)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) were analyzed by computer-aided process design. In this study, we have evaluated and economically compared process designs and processes for two different degradation methods which are chemical acidic-methanolysis and biological in vivo depolymerization. In the acidic methanolysis process by chemical reaction, the amount of organic solvent and productivity significantly affected the final price of R3HB. The condition for chemical process was dependent on the purification method of PHB from cells. For the annual production of,000 tonnes of R3HB, the process employing chemical methanolysis resulted in the production cost of $ 6.9/Kg R3HB. But, at the same scale, the process involving in vivo depolymerization can provide the most economical production of R3HB, $ 8.7/Kg. This study should show R3HB could be economically produced from bacterial PHB by in vivo depolymerization. Key words: Process Analysis, (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate, Poly[(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate], Depolymerization of PHB. 서론 광학적으로순수한 (R)-hydroxycarboxylic acids (RHAs) 는한분자내에쉽게변형될수있는두개의기능기, hydroxyl 과 carboxylic acids 을가지고있기때문에항생제, vitamins, aromatics 그리고 pheromones 과같은정 To whom correspondence should be addressed. leesy@kaist.ac.kr 밀화학물질합성에 chiral building blocks 으로서널리사용될수있다 [-4]. 특히광학적으로순수한 (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (CH 3 CHOHCH 2 COOR, R=H, Na, alkyl) (R3HB) 는 penicillin 의대체물질로서기대되는항생제 carbapenem 의중요한중간체물질인 4-acetoxyazetidinone 의생산에사용되고있다 [5, 6]. 996 년약 27,000 톤규모의항생제가전세계적으로소비되어졌고, 소비량은빠른속도로증가하고있는추세이다 [7]. 최근에는 penicillin 항생제, 특히 ampicillin(6,000 톤 ) 과 amoxicillin (,000 톤 ) 가여러항생제들사이에 345

2 346 최종일 이영 이상엽 서가장많이사용되고있다 [8]. 따라서 carbapenems 의세계시장규모는몇년이내에 20,000 톤규모로성장할것으로예측된다. 톤의 carbapenems 을생산하기위해서는대략 0 톤의 R3HB 가필요한것을고려한다면, 단지 carbapenem 항생제만을생산하기위하여연간 200,000 톤규모의 R3HB 가필요할것으로계산된다. 미생물에의해생산되는 polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 는현재상용화되고있는합성수지나탄성체와유사한기계적물성을가지고있으면서자연계에서완전히생분해가일어나기때문에상용합성고분자의대체물질로서관심을끌어왔다 [2,9]. 미생물내의 PHA 는생합성효소들의입체특이적인성질때문에 (R)- 형태를갖는 RHAs 만으로중합되어진다 [9]. 따라서 RHAs 는 PHAs 의분해에의해서생산되어질수있다 [2,5,6,0-3]. 최근에개발된발효기술에의하여 PHAs 는재조합대장균을포함한여러균주들에서고농도로높은생산성으로생산될수있게되었다 [4, 5]. 특히가장널리알려진 PHA 인 poly[(r)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) 는 00 g/l 이상의농도로 5 g/l-h 의생산성으로얻어질수있다 [6, 7]. 이러한연구결과들로부터미생물발효에의한저가의 PHAs 의생산과 RHAs 를 PHA 로부터경제적으로생산할수있는가능성이제시되었다. 대표적인 PHA 인 PHB 의분해로부터 R3HB 의생산을위한여러가지방법들이보고되었다 [5, -3]. 이러한방법들은 alcoholysis 화학반응을이용한분해 [5, 2] 와미생물내에존재하는 depolymerization system 을이용하는생물학적방법 [, 3] 으로나눌수있다. 산촉매존재하에알코올과 PHB 의 transesterification 반응에의해서 R3HB 는광학적으로편향된 alkyl ester 형태로생산되어질수있다. 생물학적방법으로는 wild type PHB 생산균주의 in vivo depolymerization system 을이용하거나 PHB 생합성유전자와 depolymerase 유전자를갖는재조합대장균을이용하여 R3HB 를배지로분비하여생산한다. 비록위에서언급한현재까지개발된기술에의하여 PHB 로부터 R3HB 의생산이가능하다고알려져있지만, 아직까지생산공정에관한분석과경제성평가에관한연구보고는없었다. 또한, 보고된화학적방법과생물학적분해방법에대한생산공정의비교는이루어지지않았다. 따라서본논문에서는화학적으로 PHB 를분해하는방법인 acidic methanolysis 에의한 R3HB 의생산공정과 wild type PHB 생산균주인 Alcaligenes latus 의 in vivo depolymerization 를이용한생물학적 R3HB 생산공정을각각설계하여모사하였다. 각공정에대한경제성평가를수행하여효율적으로 R3HB 를생산하기위한방향을제시하였으며, 화학적방법과생물학적방법을비교하여 R3HB 생산을위한가장경제적인생산공정을제시하였다. 이를위하여최근에발표된연구결과들을이용하여공정을모사하였다 [5,, 2]. 2. 실험방법 2-. 공정설명 R3HB 의생산에관한공정분석과경제성평가는 Intelligen 사 (Scotch Plains, NJ, USA) 의 software 인 BioPro Designer 을이용하여수행하였다. 화학적으로 PHB 를분해하여 R3HB 를생산하는공정의흐름도는 Fig. (a) 에나타내었다. 생물학적으로 in vivo depolymerization system 을이용한 R3HB 생산공정은 Fig. (b) 에나타내었다. 화학적생산공정의최종생산물은 methyl 형태의 R3HB 이고, 발효에의해서는 salt 를갖는 acid 형태의 R3HB 가얻어지지만, 항생제나 chiral 화합물의합성원료로서는차이가없으며, 분자량의차이는무시할수있는수준이다. Fig. 에서는공정도를간단히그리기위하여몇가지소형장비와 piping 과 valve 들과같은부대시설들은생략하였으나, 경제성평가에서는고려되어졌다. 사용되는원료물질들과공정에대한설명은화학적, 생물학적 R3HB 생산방법에따라나누어서기술하였다. 화학공학제 42 권제 3 호 2004 년 6 월 2-2. Acidic methanolysis method 원료물질정제된 PHB 의 acidic methanolysis 공정에서주요반응물들의구입비용과준비비용은 PHB 를정제하는데사용된방법에따라크게변한다. 이전에보고된결과로서, PHB 반응성은정제방법에따라다르게나타났다 [2]. 따라서본공정모사에서는 chloroform 추출법과 NaOH 를이용한단순소화방법을이용한두가지다른정제방법에대해서수행하였다. Table 에는각각의경우에대한사용된다른반응조건들을비교하였다. 정제된 PHB 의생산단가에관한결과들이이전에보고되었기때문에 [8, 9], 본논문에서는정제된 PHB 를이전의문헌에서보고된가격을갖는원료물질로고려하였다. 주요한원료물질들에대한가격은 $/Kg 의단위로아래에나타내었다 : Chloroform 추출에의해정제된 PHB, 9.6; 0.2 N NaOH 를이용한단순소화방법에의해정제된 PHB, 3.38; 무수 methanol, 0.24; chloroform, 0.70;,2-dichloroethane,.00; 황산, 0.07; 염산, 0.0; magnesium sulfate, 0.35; NaOH, 0.0; NaCl, 0.0; sodium bicarbonate, 0.0; 증류수, Acidic methanolysis 반응정제된 PHB 는혼합반응기 (Fig. (a), R-0) 에서,2-dichloroethane, methanol, 산촉매로이루어진반응용액과혼합되어진다. Chloroform 을이용한용매추출방법이나 NaOH 의단순소화방법에의하여정제되어진 PHB 는 methanolysis 되어져 R3HB 로생성되어진다. 상온으로냉각되어진후에, 반응은절반포화된 brine (MSX-0) 로산을추출함으로써중단되어진다 R3HB 의분리와정제수용상내에있는 R3HB 는 chloroform 으로 3 번추출되어지고 ( 각각 MSX-02, MSX-03, MSX-04), MSX-0 에서나온유기상에합쳐진다. 합쳐진유기상 (stream S-6) 은각각 brine (MSX-05), 포화된 sodium bicarbonate (MSX-06), brine (MSX-07) 에의해서연속적으로세척되어진다. 얻어진용액은잔존해있는물을제거하기위하여 magnesium sulfate 하에서건조되어진다 (V-0, DE-0).,2-dichloroethane 과 chloroform 의유기용액을제거한후에, 남아있는 methanol 은증발되어진다 (EV- 0). R3HB 는증류에의하여최종적으로정제되어진다 (C-0). 공정모사에사용된반응과운전조건은 Table 에요약되었다 in vivo depolymerization method 원료물질 in vivo depolymerization 을이용한 R3HB 생산공정은발효로부터시작한다. 발효에서탄소원과다른배지성분들이원료물질로있지만, 배지성분내의무기염은소량이필요하며 R3HB 의최종생산가격에미치는영향이작기때문에, 발표공정의원료가격에는포함되지않았다. 주요탄소원인 sucrose 의가격은 $0.30/Kg 이다 발효발효배지는 blending tank(fig. (b), V-0) 에서혼합되고, 연속열멸균기 (ST-0) 에서멸균되어진다. 배양동안의산소는 compressor(g- 0) 과 air filter(af-0) 에의하여멸균되어공급되어진다. PHB 생산균주 A. latus 의배양조건과배양결과는 Wang and Lee[6] 의보고된결과를사용하였다. 배양후, 배양액은 holding tank(v-02) 로이송되었다 PHB depolymerization PHB 를축적한 A. latus 균주는 holding tank(v-02) 로부터연속식원심분리기 (CF-0) 에의해회수되어지고, 정제수로세척되어진다 (V-03, CF-02). 세포는정제수에현탁된후, 현탁액은염산으로 ph 4.0 으로맞추어진다. 37 o C, ph 4.0 에서 depolymerization 이진행된다 (R-02). 세포를회수한후 (CF-03), NaOH 를첨가하여 ph 로조정하고, 함께생성된 R3HB dimers 를 95 o C, 알칼리조건에서단량체 R3HB 로수화시킨다 (R-03). 이과정에서생성된 R3HB 는 sodium 염의형태를갖는

3 (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate 생산공정의분석과경제성평가 347 Fig.. Process flowsheet for the production of R3HB (a) by acidic methanolysis of purified PHB and (b) by in vivo PHB depolymerization in PHA producing bacteria. Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 42, No. 3, June, 2004

4 348 최종일 이영 이상엽 Table. Two different reaction conditions for acidic methanolysis of purified PHB used in the economic simulation Conditions and major raw materials Condition Condition 2 Reaction Type PHB purification method Acid catalyst Temperature ( o C) Time (h) Conversion (mol %) Recovery & purification Yield (%, before distillation) Distillation yield (%) Total yield to PHB (mol %) Raw materials (per Kg 3HB production) Reaction PHB,2-dichloroethane Methanol Acid catalyst Sodium chloride (80 g/l) Extraction Chloroform Washing Sodium chloride (360 g/l) Sodium bicarbonate (96 g/l) Drying Magnessium sulfate Reflux (at bar) Solven extraction a (Chloroform) Sulfuric acid 64.7 (b.p. of methanol) 73 > kg L 4.3 L 0.2 L (sulfuric acid) 2. L 2.6 L (4.2 L 3 times) 4.2 L (2. L twice) 2. L High pressure (up to 0 bar) Simple digestion b (0.2N NaOH) Hydrochloric acid 95 (Jacket temperature) kg 2 L 2 L 0. L (hydrochloric acid) L 6 L (2 L 3 times) 2 L ( L twice) L 2 g 0 g Reference [5] [2] a The price of PHB purified by chloroform extraction was replaced with the production cost of PHB purified by dispersion treatment of chloroform and hypochlorite[8]. b The simple digestion method was reported by Choi and Lee[9]. Table 2. Major equipment specifications and purchasing costs to obtain production of,000 tonnes of R3HB per year by two different methanolysis conditions of purified PHB Equipment Well mixed reactor Mixer settler Throughput=97.0 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=37.3 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=35.6 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=34.9 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=60.2 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=62.0 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=64.4 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Blending tank Volume=73.7 m 3 Power=36.80 kw 화학공학제 42 권제 3 호 2004 년 6 월 Condition Condition 2 Description Quantity Cost ($) Description Quantity Cost ($) Reflux (at atmosphere) 5,580,000 High pressure (up to 0 bar) 30,000 Volume=89.59 m 3 Volume=43.06 m 3 Power=7.02 kw Power=8.8 kw 73,000 4,000 40,000 39,000 99,000 99,000 00,000 Throughput=6.2 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=5.8 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=5.3 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=5.2 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=23.7 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=23.5 m 3 /h Number of stages=.0 Throughput=24. m 3 /h Number of stages= ,000 Volume=43.0 m 3 Power=5.76 kw 8,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 5,000 Dead-end filter Area=49.46 m ,686,000 Area=47.57 m ,000 Evaporator Number of effects= 73,000 Number of effects= 65,000 Area per effect=8.08 m 2 Area per effect=.98 m 2 Short cut distillation Number of stages=3 9,000 Number of stages=3 9,000

5 다. 감압증류하에물을증발시킨후 (TRD-0), 생성물 R3HB 는불용성불순물을제거하기위하여 methanol 에추출되어진다 (M-0, DE-0). (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate 생산공정의분석과경제성평가 349 Table 3. Economic analysis of R3HB production (,000 tonnes/year) by acidic methanolysis of purified PHB Fixed capital estimate summary A. Total plant direct cost (TPDC) (physical cost) a. Equipment purchase cost (PC) b. Installation (summed over all units) c. Process piping (0.35 Pc) d. Instrumentation (0.40 Pc) e. Insulation (0.03 Pc) f. Electrical (0.0 Pc) g. Buildings (0.45 Pc) h. Yard improvement (0.5 Pc) i. Auxiliary facilities (0.40 Pc) B. Total plant indirect cost (TPIC) a. Engineering (0.25 Tpdc) b. Construction (0.35 Tpdc) C. Other cost (OTC) a. Contractor s fee (0.05 (Tpdc + Tpic)) b. Contingency (0.0 (Tpdc + Tpic)) 정제된 R3HB 는감압하에서건조된다 (TRD-02). 보고된 in vivo deploymerization 조건과결과들을이용하여공정모사를수행하였다 []. Condition Condition 2 6,34,000 3,69,000 2,29,000 2,536,000 90, ,000 2,853,000 95,000 2,536,000,44,000 57, , ,000 34,000 4,000 55,000 72, ,000 2,429,000 3,866,000 5,357,000 7,500, ,000,353,000 2,857,000 2,320,000,74,000 3,429, ,000 69,000 5,43, ,000 D. Direct fixed capital (DFC) TPDC + TPIC + OTC 39,429,000 7,4,000 Annual operating cost A. DFC-dependent items Depreciation Maintenance material Insurance Local taxes Factory expense (summed over all units) (0.0 Dfc) (0.02 Dfc) (0.05 Dfc) B. Labor-dependent items a. Operating labor (operating time 8.0 $/h) b. Maintenance labor (summed over all units) c. Fringe benefits (0.40 (a+b)) d. Supervision (0.20 (a+b)) e. Operating supplies (0.0 a) f. Laboratory (0.5 a) C. Administration and overhead expense (0.6 (a+b+c)) D. Raw materials a. Phb b.,2-dichloromethane c. Methanol d. Acid (sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid) e. Chloroform f. Sodium chloride g. Sodium bicarbonate h. Magnesium sulfate i. Water 3,746, , , ,000,97, ,000 73,000 7,000 42, ,000 7,303,000,38, , ,000 49, ,000 88,000 3,000 40,000 64,000 90,000 95,000 4,000 62,000 2,84, ,000,03, ,000 9,652,000 3,29, ,000 2,000 3,263,000 20,000 2,000 7,000 8,000 4,395,000 2,5, ,000 5,000 6,297,000 9,000,000 3,000 3,000 36,992,000 3,604,000 E. Other consumables Membrane or filter cloth,36, ,000,36, ,000 F. Utilities G. Waste treatment/disposal 2, ,000 66,000 27,000 Total annual operating cost 49,337,000 6,897,000 Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 42, No. 3, June, 2004

6 350 최종일 이영 이상엽 3. 결과및토의 본논문에서는생물고분자 PHB 의화학적분해방법인 acidic methanolysis 에의한 R3HB 의생산공정과생물학적방법인 in vivo depolymerization 을이용한생산공정들을설계하여모사하고, 분석하였다. 공정모사에서사용된 R3HB 의연간생산량은,000 톤으로정하였다. 년간총조업시간은 7,920 시간으로가정하였다. 3-. Acidic methanolysis method 화학적분해공정에서는 Fig. (a) 에서보여지는것처럼여러대의추출기가요구되어진다. Transesterification 반응을마치기위해필요한추출기 기 (MSX-0), 생산물의회수율을증가시키기위한추출기 3기 (MSX-02, 03, 04) 그리고수용성산촉매를제거하기위하여모여진유기상을세척하기위하여 3기의추출기 (MSX-05, 06, 07) 가요구되는것으로나타났다. 연간,000 톤규모의 R3HB를생산하기위하여필요한주요장비의규격과구입비용은 Table 2에나타나있다. Table 2에서는 Table 에보여진두가지다른조건하에서의공정을비교하였다. 이들두조건의주요한차이는 transesterification 반응혼합물에대한 PHB의초기양의비율과반응시간이다. Chloroform 추출에의해정제된 PHB를이용하는조건 에서는 L의반응용액,2-dichloroethane에대해서사용된 PHB, methanol, 산촉매의양은각각 0. Kg, 0.4 L, 20 ml( 황산의경우 ) 이다. 반면 NaOH 단순소화방법을이용하여정제된 PHB를이용할경우의조건 2에서는 0.6 Kg PHB, L methanol, 50 ml 염산등이사용된다. 같은양의 R3HB를생산하기위하여조건 2보다조건 에서 PHB를제외한다른원료물질들이더많이필요한것으로나타났다 (Table ). 비록조건 2는조건 보다약간더많은 PHB가사용되지만, PHB의구입비용은조건 2에서사용된 NaOH 단순소화에의해정제되어질경우가더싼것으로나타났다 [9]. 반응시간은조건 에서는 73 시간이었지만, 조건 2에서고압하에서반응을진행시킬경우 5 시간으로줄어들었다. 유기용매의사용양의감소는원료물질들의유량을감소시킴으로써, 반응 (R-0) 에서부터유기용매의증발공정 (EV-0) 에필요한장비의크기와수를감소시켰다. 따라서증류기 (C-0) 을제외한모든장비의구입비용은조건 과비교하여조건 2 에서낮아졌다 (Table 2). 그결과조건 에서의계산된직접고정자본비용은 $ 39,429,000 이었지만, 조건 2에서는단지 $ 7,4,000 로나타났다 (Table 3). 연간,000 톤의생산규모에서계산된 R3HB의단위생산단가 (US $/ Kg R3HB) 는조건 에서는 $ 49.4/Kg, 조건 2에서는 $ 6.9/Kg로계산되었다. 또한연간생산규모가 00 톤에서 200,000 톤으로증가할경우생산단가는조건 의경우 $ 58.5/Kg에서 $ 47.4/Kg로 (Fig, 2(a)), 조건 2의경우는 $ 29.5/Kg에서 $ 5.4/Kg으로 (Fig. 2(b)) 각각감소하였다. Table 4는두다른공정을이용하여연간,000 톤의 R3HB를생산할경우각공정별직접고정자산비관련운영비용을나타낸것이다. 조건 과조건 2의공정들을비교한결과, 조건 의공정이 transesterification 반응과 solvent 추출의 step들에서보다많은비용을차지하는것이보여졌다. 또한이 step들에서의대부분의비용은원료물질의구입비용인것을알수있다. Fig. 3에서보여지듯이총운영비용에대한원료비의비율은조건 2 의공정에서는생산규모의증가에따라빠르게증가하여 90% 까지차지하는것으로나타났다. 조건 공정의경우는생산규모가작을때조건 2의공정보다원료비용이차지하는비율은높았지만, 생산규모에따라크게증가하지않았다. 조건 을이용하여모사된공정의경우, 생산규모가연간 200 톤에서 200,000 톤으로,000 배증가하여도총운영비용에대한각항목별비용의분율은크게변하지않는것으로 Fig. 4(a) 화학공학제42권제3호 2004년 6월 Fig. 2. Effect of production scale on the final price of R3HB using (a) Condition and (b) Condition 2 described in Table. 에나타났다. 하지만, 조건 2 를모사한공정의경우에는생산규모가증가함에따라각항목별비용의분율은크게달라졌다 (Fig. 4(b)). 원료비용이차지하는비율은생산규모가증가함에따라서 70.6% 에서 88.3% 로크게증가하였으나, 직접고정비용관련항목이차지하는비율은 6.% 에서 5.6% 로크게감소하였다. 이러한조건 을이용한공정과조건 2 를이용한공정의생산규모에대한항목별비용분율의영향차이는원료의사용량과장비의크기사이의밀접한관계에의하여야기된것이다. 조건 2 의공정에서유기용매의소량사용과짧은반응시간은직접고정비용의가격기여도를상대적으로낮추었고, 따라서총운영비용은크게감소되었다 In vivo depolymerization Wang and Lee[6] 의결과로부터, batch 의 PHB 생산을위해 9.74 시간의발효시간과 2 시간의 turnaround time 이필요하기때문에, 년동안 249 batches 의발효가실시될수있다. 연간,000 톤의 R3HB 를 in vivo depolymerization 방법으로생산하기위하여 5.58 m 3 규모의발효기에서매 batch 당 3,30 Kg 의 PHB 가세포안에축적되어지고, depolymerization 과정제과정을거쳐서 4,03 Kg 의 R3HB 가얻어진다. 32 시간의조업시간 (20 시간의발효와 2 시간의 turnaround time) 내에

7 (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate 생산공정의분석과경제성평가 35 Table 4. The DFC-independent operating cost ($/Kg R3HB) for the production of,000 tonnes of R3HB by two different acidic methanolysis processes Raw materials (consumables) Waste treatment/ disposal Labor Utilities Maintenance Sub total % (a) Based on the reaction condition in Table Reaction Solvent extraction Washing Drying (.36) Solvent removal Distillation Total (.36) (b) Based on the reaction condition 2 in Table Reaction Solvent extraction Washing Drying ( ) Solvent removal Distillation Total ( ) Fig. 3. Effect of production scale on the proportion of (, ) raw materials and (, ) labor dependent items to total operating cost for the production of R3HB using Condition (closed symbols) and Condition 2 (open symbols) described in Table. batch 당계산된 R3HB(4,03 Kg) 를생산할수있는규모의 in vivo depolymerization, alkali 열처리, 정제공정에필요한기기들이정해졌다. 주요장비의규격과가격은 Table 5 에나타나있다. 가장비싼기기는물과 methanol 을제거하기위한 tray dryers(trd-0 과 TRD-02) 로총기기구입비용의 49.9% 이상을차지하였다. 이러한결과들로부터, 직접고정자본비용과연간운영비용은 Table 6 에나타나있다. 총연간운영비용에포함되어있는 7 가지항목들가운데서, 원료비용, 인건비관련비용, 직접고정자산관련비용들은총생산단가에서각각 5%, 22.5%, 46.6% 를차지하고있다. 직접고정자산비관련운영비용의약 92.5% 는발효 ( 약 44.5%) 와생산물 R3HB 의분리와정제 ( 약 48.0%) 공정에요구된다. In vivo depolymerization 과알칼리열처리는생산단가에서차지하는영향이적은것으로나타났다. 계산결과연간,000 톤규모의 R3HB 를생산할경우생산단가는 $ 8.7/Kg 으로나타났다. 이러한 R3HB 의생산단가는생산규모가커짐에따라 Fig. 5(a) 에서보여지듯이감소하였다. 그결과생산규모가 200,000 톤일때생산단가는 $ 6.0/kg 으로감소하였다. 생산규모에따라각항목별비용의분율은달라졌으며, 직접고정비용관련항목, 원료비용, 인건비관련비 Table 5. Major equipment specifications and purchasing costs to obtain production of,000 tonnes of R3HB per year by in vivo depolymerization of PHB Equipment Description Qantity Cost ($) Fermentor Volume=5.58 m 3 469,000 Power=6.05 kw Blending tank Volume=9. m 3 Power=.93 kw Volume=0.37 m 3 20,000 8,000 Power=0.08 kw Heat sterilizer Diameter=0.0 m 2 92,000 Length=.9 m Compressor Pressure change=5.00 bar 48,000 Power=6.6 kw Air filter Throughput=0.07 m 3 /h 2 8,000 Flat bottom tank Volume=49.26 m 3 29,000 Disk-stack centrifuge Sigma factor= m 2 Power=3.4 kw Sigma factor= m 2 Power=3.09 kw Sigma factor= m 2 Power=3.09 kw 66,000 66,000 66,000 Well mixed reactor Volume=.47 m 3 Power=0.63 kw Volume=.5 m 3 3,000 3,000 Power=0.64 kw Dead-end filter Area=2.02 m 2 4,000 Tray dryer Tray area=72.9 m 2 Heating duty=3,5.6 kcal/h Tray area=76.77 m 2 Heating duty=32, kcal/h 0 3,320, ,000 용들이크게변하였다 (Fig. 5(b)). 200,000 톤규모의생산에서직접고정비용관련항목과원료비용은각각 5.3% 와 2.7% 로증가하였으나, 인건비관련비용은 3.3% 로감소하였다. 직접고정자산비관련운영비용에대한분리와정제공정이차지하는비율은생산규모가증가함에따라 58.8% 까지증가하였으나, 발효공정이차지하는비율은 36.6% 까지감소하였다. Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 42, No. 3, June, 2004

8 352 최종일 이영 이상엽 Fig. 4. The breakdown of operating cost for the production of 200 or 200,000 tonnes of R3HB per year by methanolysis of purified PHB: (a) Condition and (b) Condition 2 described in Table. 4. 결론 본논문에서는생분해성고분자인 PHB 의화학적 methanolysis 방법과생물학적 in vivo depolymerization 방법에의하여 R3HB 를생산하는공정에대한설계와분석을수행하였다. 화학적생산공정에대한분석과경제성평가로부터유기용매의양과 R3HB 의생산성은 R3HB 의생산단가에크게영향을미친다는것이밝혀졌다. 때문에, 이러한관점으로부터최적의 transesterification 반응의조건이결정되어져야한다. 또한, 재조합대장균으로부터 NaOH 단순소화방법으로 화학공학제 42 권제 3 호 2004 년 6 월 정제된 PHB 를원료로사용할경우, PHB 의낮은원료가격과높은 transesterification 반응속도그리고유기용매의소량사용의이점으로생산가격이 $ 7/Kg 까지낮추어질수있다는것이밝혀졌다. 또한화학적방법과생물학적생산방법을경제성평가의결과를이용하여비교한결과생물학적생산방법을이용할경우 R3HB 의생산단가는화학적방법을이용한공정의생산단가를 50% 까지낮출수있다는것이밝혀졌다. 화학적합성공정은발효에의해생산된 PHB 를반응을통하여분해하고정제해야하지만, in vivo depolymerization system 을이용할경우에는발효에의하여직접적으로 R3HB 를생산

9 (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate 생산공정의분석과경제성평가 353 Table 6. Economic analysis of R3HB production (,000 tonnes/year) by in vivo depolymerization of PHB Fixed capital estimate summary A. Total plant direct cost (TPDC) (physical cost) a. Equipment purchase cost (PC) b. Installation (summed over all units) c. Process piping (0.35 PC) d. Instrumentation (0.40 PC) e. Insulation (0.03 PC) f. Electrical (0.0 PC) g. Buildings (0.45 PC) h. Yard improvement (0.5 PC) i. Auxiliary facilities (0.40 PC) B. Total plant indirect cost (TPIC) a. Engineering (0.25 TPDC) b. Construction (0.35 TPDC) C. Other cost (OTC) a. Contractor s fee (0.05 (TPDC + TPIC)) b. Contingency (0.0 (TPDC + TPIC)) 3,454,000,963,000,209,000,382,000 04, ,000,554,000 58,000,382,000,9,000 2,978,000 4,69,000 7,47, ,000,906,000 2,859,000 D. Direct fixed capital (DFC) TPDC + TPIC + OTC 2,97,000 Annual operating cost A. Dfc-dependent items Depreciation Maintenance material Insurance Local taxes Factory expense (summed over all units) (0.0 DFC) (0.02 DFC) (0.05 DFC) B. Labor-dependent items a. Operating labor (operating time 8.0 $/h) b. Maintenance labor (summed over all units) c. Fringe benefits (0.40 (a + b)) d. Supervision (0.20 (a + b)) e. Operating supplies (0.0 a) f. Laboratory (0.5 a) 2,082,000 22,000 29, ,000,096,000 4,056, ,000 94, ,000 27,000 89,000 34,000,958,000 C. Administration and overhead expense (0.6 (a + b + c)) 9,000 (US $/year) D. Raw materials a. Carbon source b. Water c. Methanol d. Sodium hydroxide e. Hot air 59,000 2, ,000 59,000 7,000,305,000 E. Other consumables Membrane, filter cloth or ion exchange resin 06,000 06,000 F. Utilities G. Waste treatment/disposal 348,000 7,000 Total annual operating cost 8,70,000 할수있기때문에여분의반응기와추출기들이필요하지않게된다. 또한생물학적공정은환경친화적인장점도가지고있다. Chiral pool 의기질가격은현재 $.2-30/Kg 로알려져있다 [20]. 여러정밀화학제 품의합성에대한 R3HB 의구조적인잠재력으로부터, 발효에의해생산되는 R3HB 가저가의 chiral building block 이될것은본논문의경제성평가로부터확인되어졌다. Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 42, No. 3, June, 2004

10 354 최종일 이영 이상엽 Fig. 5. Effect of production scale on (a) the unit operating cost of R3HB and (b) the contribution of ( ) direct fixed cost dependent items, ( ) labor dependent items, and ( ) raw materials to total operating cost by employing A. latus for in vivo depolymerization of PHB. 감 이연구는산업자원부의산업기반기술사업과 BK2 program 의연구비지원에의하여수행되었으며, 이에감사드립니다. 사 참고문헌. Chiba, T. and Nakai, T., A Synthetic Approach to (+)-thienamycin from Methylene (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoate, Chem. Lett., 985, (985). 2. Lee, S. Y., Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 49, -4(996). 3. Seebach, D., Chow, H.-F., Jackson, R. F. W., Sutter, M. A., Thaisrivongs, S. and Zimmermann, J., (+)-,'-Di-O-methylelaiophylidene- Preparation from Elaiophylin and Total Synthesis from (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate and (S)-malate, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 986, (986). 4. Seebach, D., Roggo, S. and Zimmermann, J., Biological-Chemical Preparation of 3-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids and Their Use in EPC- Syntheses, In: Bartmann, W. and Sharpless, K. B. (Eds.). Stereochemistry of Organic and Bioorganic Transformation, Workshop Conferences Hoechst, Vol 7, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbh, Weinheim, Germany, 85-26(987). 5. Seebach, D., Beck, A. K., Breitschuh, R. and Job, K., Direct Degradation of the Biopolymer Poly[(R)-3-Hydroxybutyric Acid] to (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic Acid and its Methyl Ester, Org. Synth., 7, 39-47(992). 6. Seebach, D. and Züger, M. F., Uber Die Depolymerisierung von Poly-(R)-3-Hydroxy-Buttersaureester(PHB), Helvetica Chim. Acta., 65, (982). 7. Mateu, E. and Martin, M., Why is Anti-Microbial Resistance a Veterinary Problem as Well?, J. Vet. Med., B48, (200). 8. Wegman, M. A., Janssen, M. H. A., van Rantwijk, F. and Sheldon, R. A., Towards Biocatalytic Synthesis of β-lactam Antibiotics, Adv. Synth. Catal., 343, (200). 9. Steinbüchel, A. and Valentin, H. E., Diversity of Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acids, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 28, (995). 0. Jendrossek, D., Schirmer, A. and Schlegel, H. G., Biodegradation of Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acids, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 46, (996).. Lee, S. Y., Lee, Y. and Wang, F., Chiral Compounds from Bacterial Polyesters: Sugars to Plastics to Fine Chemicals, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 65, (999). 2. Lee, Y., Park, S. H., Lim, I. T., Han, K. and Lee, S. Y., Preparation of Alkyl (R)-( )-3-Hydroxybutyrate by Acidic Alcoholysis of Poly- (R)-( )-3-Hydroxybutyrate, Enzyme. Microb. Technol., 27, 33-36(2000). 3. Lee, S. Y. and Lee, Y., Metabolic Engineering of Escheichia coli for Production of Enantiomenically Pure (R)-( )-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, (2003). 4. Lee, S. Y. and Choi, J., Production of Microbial Polyester by Fermentation of Recombinant Microorganisms, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., 7, (200). 5. Lee, S. Y. and Park, S. J., Fermentative Production of SCL-PHAs, pp In: Doi, Y. and Steinbüchel, A. (Eds.), Biopolymers vol. 3a, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, (2002). 6. Wang, F. and Lee, S. Y., Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Production with High Polymer Content by Fed-Batch Culture of Alcaligenes latus Under Nitrogen Limitation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, (997). 7. Choi, J., Lee, S. Y. and Han, K., Cloning of the Alcaligenes latus Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biosynthesis Genes and Use of These Genes for Enhanced Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Escherichia coli, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, (998). 8. Choi, J. and Lee, S. Y., Process Analysis and Economic Evaluation for Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Production by Fermentation, Bioproc. Eng., 7, (997). 9. Choi, J. and Lee, S. Y., Efficient and Economical Recovery of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyate) from Recombinant Escherichia coli by Simple Digestion with Chemicals, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 62, (999). 20. Crosby, J. Chirality in Industry-an Overview, In: Collins, A. N., Sheldrake, G. N. and Crosby, J. (Eds.). Chirality in Industry, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, -66(992). 화학공학제 42 권제 3 호 2004 년 6 월

(2) : :, α. α (3)., (3). α α (4) (4). (3). (1) (2) Antoine. (5) (6) 80, α =181.08kPa, =47.38kPa.. Figure 1.

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