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1 Journal of Life Science 2016 Vol. 26. No ~397 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI : Effects of 17-DMG dministration on utophagy Flux in Mouse Skeletal Muscle Jeong-sun Ju 1 * and Yoo-Hyun Lee 2 1 Department of Sports Science, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do 18323, Korea 2 Department of Food and Nutrition, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do 18323, Korea Received October 14, 2015 /Revised November 21, 2015 /ccepted February 14, 2016 The purpose of this study was to determine if heat shock proteins are involved in autophagy in skeletal muscle. We used the autophagy flux strategy, which is an LC3 II/p62 turnover assay conducted with and without an autophagy inhibitor, to determine whether 17-DMG (an Hsp90 inhibitor/hsp72 activator) stimulates autophagy in skeletal muscle. We treated C2C12 cells with 17-DMG (500 nm) for 24 hr with and without the autophagy inhibitor (afilomycin 1, 200 ng/ml), and we injected C57L/6 mice i.p. with 17-DMG (10 mg/kg) daily for 7 days with and without colchicine as an autophagy inhibitor (0.4 mg/kg/day, administered on the last 2 days). C2C12 myotubes and tibialis anterior muscles were harvested for analysis of mtor-dependent autophagy signaling pathway proteins and autophagic marker proteins (p62 and LC3 II) by Western blot analysis. The blots showed that 17-DMG upregulated hsp72 and decreased kt protein levels and S6 phosphorylation in C2C12 cells. However, an in vitro autophagic flux assay demonstrated that 17-DMG did not increase LC3 II and p62 protein concentrations to a greater extent than afilomycin 1 treatment alone. Similarly, 17- DMG increased Hsp72 protein levels and decreased the expression of kt and the phosphorylation of S6 in mouse skeletal muscle. However, unlike the response seen in C2C12 myotubes, the p62 protein levels were significantly decreased in 17-DMG-treated mouse skeletal muscle (~50%; p<0.05). The LC3 II protein levels in 17-DMG-treated mice were increased ~2-fold more when degradation was inhibited by colchicine (p<0.01). This suggests that 17-DMG stimulates basal autophagy in skeletal muscle but is not found in C2C12 myotubes. Key words : 17-DMG, autophagy, heat shock protein, Hsp72, skeletal muscle 서 세포는단백질항상성 (protein homeostasis), 세포소기관의 기능과전환 (turnover), 전반적인세포생존등을관여하는여 러항상성시스템 (homeostatic systems) 에의존하고있다. 세 포는 heat shock protein (HSP) chaperone system 을통해단백 질을접고 (fold), 조립하고 (assemble), 수리 (repair) 그리고분 해 (degrade) 시켜단백질분해항상성 (proteostasis) 기능을수 행한다 [11]. 분자샤프랑 (molecular chaperones) 들은단백질 의폴딩 (folding) 을촉진시키기도하지만비정상적인 (misfolded/abnormal) 단백질을유비퀴틴 - 프로테아좀시스템 (ubiquitin-proteasomal system, UPS) 을통해분해시킨다 [9]. Hsp70 와 90 kda HSP (Hsp90) family 가 UPS 와협력하여단백질 *Corresponding author *Tel : , Fax : * jju625@hotmail.com This is an Open-ccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons ttribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 론 분해에관여하는것으로잘알려져있다. 따라서단백질의운명은분자샤프랑, Hsp70와 Hsp90을통한 protein-folding과 protein degradation systems의밀접한상호작용에의해결정될수있을것같다. 그외에 Hsp70와 Hsp90는세포성장과염증과관련된다양한세포신호체계와도관련되어있으며특히골격근에서는근육손상 (muscle damage) 으로부터보호하고, 근육재생과회복을촉진하며, 골격근의질량과상태를유지시킨다고한다 [30]. HSPs은골격근에서많은양이합성되며다양한스트레스에대해단백질의양이급격히증가한다 [32]. Hsp90과 Hsp70의양은근육미사용 (muscle disuse) 에의해생긴근위축 (muscle atrophy) 시에단백질수준이급격히감소하는것으로알려져있다 [31]. 이유는근위축동안근육을보호할수있는충분한양의 HSPs를생산하지못하기때문인듯하다. 한연구에서근육미사용에의한근위축이일어나는근섬유에 Hsp70를 plasmid로과발현 (overexpression) 시켰을때랫가자미근 (soleus muscle) 에서근위축을충분히억제시킬수있었다 [4]. 하지만, 이런근위축이일어나는골격근에서 HSPs의합성을조절하는기전은현재알려져있지않다. 인간은약 13개정도의각기다른 Hsp70 단백질을발현시키며이들중가장많이연구된것은항상발현되고주로세포질에존재하는 heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70과

2 388 생명과학회지 2016, Vol. 26. No. 4 HSC73) 와스트레스에의해세포질에서합성되는유도성 Hsp70 (Hsp72) 가있다 [31]. Hsp72는 HSP1와 HSP1의유전인자로부터 HSP70-1과 HSP70-2로각각발현되며이두단백질을합쳐 HSP70 또는 Hsp72라고한다 ( 여기서부터 Hsp72 로명한다 ). Hsp72는 UPS를통해단백질분해를촉진시키고관여하는것으로보고되고있다. 예를들어, Hsp72가간에서저밀도지단백질을조립하고분비시키는역할을하는 apolipoprotein 100 (apo) [10] 의분해를돕고낭성섬유종 (Cystic fibrosis) 을일으키는돌연변이유전자 (CFTR F508) 에서만들어진단백질의분해를촉진시킨다 [16, 36]. 세포내비정상적인단백질들은 Hsp72에의해인식되고 UPS에전달되어분해되는것으로알려져있다. 세포내의또다른분해시스템의하나인, autophagy는세포막표면단백질과세포밖의엔도사이토시스된 (endocytosed) 단백질, 세포내부에불필요한물질이나단백질그리고미토콘드리아와같은세포소기관을이중막인 autophagosome으로둘러싸서 lysosome에서분해시키는이화작용과정이다. utophagy는세포의항상성을유지시키고대사적스트레스를감소시키는역할을한다 [27]. utophagy는 30개이상의 autophagy 조절유전자들 (regulator genes) 이관여하는다단계조절메커니즘으로정상적인세포에서일정한수준을유지하고있으며, 특히골격근에서 autophagy는영양부족, 약물 (eg. rapamycin) 과운동에의해활성화된다 [4]. 최근연구들에서 HSP가 autophagy와도깊은관련이있음을보여주고있다. 예를들어, 세포내지속적으로 Hsp73는 chaperone-mediated autophagy의구성요소로 KFERQ motif를갖는특정한단백질들을리소솜에전달하는역할을한다 [6]. Hsp72를과발현시켰을때, starvation과 rapamycin으로유도된 autophagy를억제시키며이억제기전은 kt-mtor 신호체계를활성에의한것으로보고되었다 [7]. 또한 methylene blue로 Hsp72-의존적프로테아좀시그널을억제시킬때, autophagy가활성화되어 androgen receptor의분해를증가시켰다 [34]. 따라서위의증거들로봤을때 Hsp72가 autophagy를조절하는것은사실인듯하다. 하지만 Hsp72와 autophagy와관련된연구들은대부분이배양세포에서조사되었고상반된결과가보고되었으며현재 Hsp72가골격근에서 autophagy에미치는영향을조사한연구는미비하다. 따라서본연구에서 HSp90를억제시켜 Hsp72를활성화시키는약물, 17-DMG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17- demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride) 을사용하여골격근에서 autophagy의변화를조사하였다. 17-DMG은 Geldanamycin 유사물 (a benzoquinone ansamycin 항생제 ) 로 Hsp90의 TP-binding을방해하여 Hsp90- Hsp70 complex의결합을억제한다. 따라서 Hsp72를 Hsp90- Hsp72 complex로부터분리시켜 Hsp72을활성화시키는약물이다 [21]. 17-DMG은수용성이고종양세포주에서강력한세포증식억제제로사용되며종양세포주에서 autophagy를활 성시킨다고보고되었다 [13]. 하지만현재 17-DMG이골격근에서 autophagy에미치는영향을조사한연구는없다. 따라서이연구는선행연구에서기술된것처럼 [13, 27], autophagometer 라고불리는 autophagy flux를측정하여 autophagy 의유도 / 활성을조사하였다. 즉, autophagy를억제하는약물 (afilomycin 1 또는 colchicine) 을사용하는경우와사용하지않는경우를동시에두고 autophagosome marker 단백질들인 LC3 II (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) 와 p62 (Sequestosome 1, SQSTM1) 의 turnover assay를사용하여 17-DMG 처치가 in vitro와 in vivo에서 autophagy flux가변화하는가를조사하였다. 이변화된 autophagy가어떤 signaling/ 기전을통해이루어지는가도조사하였다. 재료및방법배양세포와실험동물마우스 myoblast cell line, C2C12 세포 (merican Type Culture Collection, Rockwille, MD) 를 37 C의 10% fetal bovine serum과 50 g/ml penicillin, 50 g/ml streptomycin이들어있는 low-glucose DMEM에서배양하였다. 6-well plates 에 plate된 myoblasts를 myotubes로분화시키기위해 2% 의 horse serum이들어있는 DMEM으로교체하였다. 본연구에서사용된실험동물은생후 8 주된 C57L/6 마우스 ( 샘타코 ) 24마리를구입하여 1주간의적응을마친후, 각각 6마리씩무작위로임의배정하여실험에사용하였다. 사육실의온도는 22~23 C, 습도는약 60%, 명암은 12시간주기로조절하였다. 사료와물은충분히공급하고, 실험동물취급법에따라실험하였으며, S대학교동물실험윤리위원회의승인을받아실시하였다 (USW-ICUC ). 실험방법세포와동물모델에서 17-DMG이 autophagy를변화시키는가를알아보기위해아래에설명된것처럼 in vitro / in vivo autophagy flux assay를사용하여 autophagy 활성을측정하였다. In vitro autophagy flux assay In vitro에서 autophagy flux를측정하기위해, 분화된 C2C12 myotubes (horse serum이들어있는 DMEM을교체된후 5~6일뒤 ) 는 17-DMG (500 nm, LC Laboratories, US) 을 16시간처치한후 afilomycin 1 (200 ng/ml) 이더해진후 8시간더처치되었다 ( 총 24시간 ). 세포는 PS로 wash된후 lysis buffer와함께 harvest되었다. C2C12 myotube에서 autophagy의활성화를측정하기위해 autophagy의분해, 즉 LC3 II (autophagosome marker) 의분해를화학약품으로막는억제제를사용할경우와사용하지않을경우를동시에두고

3 Journal of Life Science 2016, Vol. 26. No LC3 II 단백질수준을측정하는방법인 autophagy flux assay 를사용하였으며이연구에서 afilomycin 1 (af, 200 ng/ ml, Sigma-ldrich, #1793) 을처치하는그룹과처치하지않는그룹을포함시켜 LC3 II 단백질을 Western blot으로측정하였다. afilomycin 1은 autophagosome-lysosome 융합 (fusion) 과 lysosomal vascular-type H + -TPase 억제시켜세포내에서 utophagy를억제한다 [12]. Fig. 1에보여진것처럼 afilomycin 1 처치그룹과 DMSO 처치그룹을포함시킨 4개의그룹을적용시켰다 (H 2O+DMSO, H 2O+afilomycin 1, 17-DMG+DMSO, 17-DMG+afilomycin 1). In vivo autophagy flux assay 17-DMG이마우스골격근의 autophagy를활성화시키는가를조사하기위해, in vitro autophagy flux assay를동물모델에적용시켜개발된 in vivo autophagometer [13] 방법을사용하였다. 미세소관해중합제 (microtubule depolymerizing agent) 인 colchicine (Col, 0.4 mg/kg/day, Sigma-ldrich, #C9754) 을처치하는그룹과처치하지않는그룹을포함시켜 LC3 II를 Western blot으로측정하였다. 마우스에 17-DMG (10 mg/kg/day) 을 7일동안매일 i.p. 주사였고쥐를희생시키기전이틀동안 colchicine i.p. 주사그룹과 saline i.p. 주사그룹을포함시킨 4개의그룹을적용시켰다 (vehicle+saline, vehicle+colchicine, 17-DMG+saline, 17-DMG+colchicine) (Fig. 1). Western blotting 분석 C2C12 myotube와마우스골격근에서 autophagy flux의측정은전기영동법 (Western blot) 에의해서분석되었다. 이실험에서는 io-rad사의 Western blot 시스템을사용하여전형적인형태의전기영동법을사용하여특정한단백질의양을분석하였다. 간단히설명하면, 채취된 C2C12 세포와전경골건 (Tibialis anterior) 은글라스그라인더에 protease inhibitors cocktail (Sigma-aldrich, #P2714) 이섞인 RIP buffer 안에서분쇄되어 lysates로만들어졌다. C assay를통해전체단백질양이조사된뒤 SDS와염색약과함께섞어샘플을준비하였다. 단백질은전기영동에의해젤에서분리되고 nitrocellulose membrane (0.2 μm, io-rad) 에전이시킨후 5% 의우유에 blocking을하였다. 그런뒤 primary항체와함께 overnight 4 C에서 incubation을시킨뒤 washing을하고 secondary 항체로 incubation을시켰다. 다시 washing과정을거친뒤 ECL 용액 (Pierce iotechnology) 에 incubation 되고필름에현상되어특정단백질수준을분석하였다. and의강도는 densitometric scanning을통해 ImageJ (NIH) 프로그램을통해단백질양이수량화 (quantification) 되었다. 이실험에서사용된 Primary 항체 : anti-lc3 (L7543), anti-actin (2066), Sigma-ldrich; anti-p62 ( P), Proteintech; anti-hsp72 (DI-SP-812), anti-hsp90 (DI-SP-836), Enzo Life Science; anti-kt (#9272), anti-s6 (#2317), anti-phospho-s6 (ser/ 235/236) (#2211), Cell Signaling Technology. 자료처리 SPSS 18.0을이용하여각측정변인에대해평균값과표준편차 (M±SD) 를산출하여그룹간차이에대한유의성을일원변량분석 (one-way NOV) 으로검증하였으며, 사후검증은 Fishers LSD post-hoc으로실시하였다. 유의수준은 α=0.05로설정하였다. 결과 17-DMG 이 C2C12 myotube에서 kt-mtor signaling에미치는영향 17-DMG이 C2C12세포에서 Hsp72/90의유전자발현을 Fig. 1.. In vitro and in vivo experimental design.. Experimental design of in vivo autophagic flux assay.

4 390 생명과학회지 2016, Vol. 26. No. 4 변화시키는가를알아보기위해 Western blot을통해 Hsp72 와 Hsp90의단백질수준을측정하였다. 17-DMG 처치된세포에서 Hsp72가유의한증가를보였다 (~600%, p<0.05, Fig. 2 and ). 예상했듯이 rapamycin 처치에의해 Hsp72 단백질발현의증가는나타나지않았으며 17-DMG 처치에의해 C2C12 세포에서 Hsp90 단백질발현은변화되지않았다 (Fig. 2 and C). Hsp90의억제가 kt-kinase의단백질수준을유의하게감소시켰다 (~80%, p<0.05, Fig. 2 and D). 또한 p70s6 kinase의 downstream target인 S6 ribosomal protein의 serine235/236 domain의인산화가 17-DMG (kt 억제에의해 ) 또는 rapamycin (mtor 억제에의해 ) 처치에의해유의하게 감소하였다 (p<0.05, Fig. 2 and E). 17-DMG이 rapamycin 처럼 mtor에의존하여 autophagy를활성화시키는가를알아보기위해, rapamycin (10 μg/ml) 은이실험의 control로사용되었다. 17-DMG 이 C2C12 myotube에서 autophagy flux에미치는영향 17-DMG이 C2C12세포에서 autophagy flux를증가시키는가를조사하기위해 autophagy marker인 LC3 II와 p62 단백질수준을 autophagy flux assay를통해측정하였다. Fig 3에서보이는것처럼, afilomycin 1 (autophagy 억제제 ) 의 C D E Fig DMG increases Hsp72 protein levels and decreases kt-mtor signaling pathway in C2C12 myotubes. : Representative images of Western blot and densitometry of Hsp72 (), Hsp90 (C), kt (D), and P-S6 (ser235/236) (E). Values are means±se; n=6 in each group. * p<0.05 vs. H 2O+DMSO. # p<0.05 vs. H 2O+af.

5 Journal of Life Science 2016, Vol. 26. No C Fig DMG did not increase autophagy flux in C2C12 myotube. Cells were treated with H 2O, 17-DMG, EtOH, rapamycin for 16 hr, and then DMSO or afilomycin 1 was added to the cells and incubated for 8 more hr to measure autophagic flux. : Representative immunoblot images LC3 and p62. LC3/actin () and p62/actin (C) ratios were quantitated via densitometry. Values are means±se: (n=6) ns: not significant. 처치가 LC3 II 단백질수준을유의하게증가시켰지만, H 2O+ af 그룹과비교했을때, 17-DMG+af 처치그룹이 LC3 II 단백질수준을증가시키지못하였다 (ns). 예상밖으로 autophagy 활성제인 rapamycin 또한 C2C12 세포에서 LC3 II 단백질수준을증가시키지못하였다 (EtOH+af vs. RP+af, ns). LC3 II와비슷하게, C2C12 myotube에서 17-DMG과 rapamycin 처치그룹둘다 p62 단백질수준의차이가나타나지않았다 (H 2O+af vs. 17-DMG/RP+af, ns). 이결과는 C2C12 세포에서 17-DMG과 rapamycin 처치가 autophagy flux를증가시키지않는다는것을의미한다. 17-DMG이마우스골격근에서 kt-mtor signaling 에미치는영향 C2C12 myotube에서발견된것처럼, 17-DMG이마우스골격근에서 Hsp72 단백질수준을증가시켰으나 (~600%, p< 0.05, Fig. 4 and ), Hsp90 단백질발현은변화시키지않았다 (Fig. 4 and C). 또한 S6 ribosomal protein의 phosphorylation (ser235/236) 이 17-DMG 또는 rapamycin 처치에의해유의하게감소하였다 (p<0.05, Fig. 4 and E). utophagy 활성물질인 rapamycin은 17-DMG 처치처럼, 10 mg/kg/ day로 7일동안 i.p. 주사되었다. 17-DMG에의한 Hsp90의억제가 kt-kinase의단백질수준을유의하게감소시켰으며 (p<0.05, Fig. 4 and D), 놀랍게도 rapamycin처치또한 total kt 단백질을유의하게감소시켰다 (Fig. 4 and E). 17-DMG이마우스골격근에서 autophagy flux를증가시킨다. C2C12세포에서사용했던비슷한방법으로 autophagy marker인 LC3 II와 p62 단백질수준을 autophagy flux assay 를통해측정하였다. Fig 5에서보이는것처럼, colchicine (autophagy 억제제 ) 의처치가 veh+sal과 17-DMG+sal 그룹과비교했을때, 두그룹 (veh+col과 17-DMG+col) 의 LC3 II 단백질수준을유의하게증가시켰다 (Fig. 5 and ). LC3 II 단백질수준이 veh+col 처치그룹보다 17-DMG+col 처치그룹에서유의하게증가되었다 (~400%, p<0.05, Fig. 5 and ). 이 LC3 II의증가는 rapamycin 처치그룹에서도발견되었다. LC3 II와비슷하게, Fig. 5 and C는마우스골격근에서 17- DMG+col 처치그룹과 rapamycin+col 처치그룹둘다 veh+col 처치그룹보다더증가된 p62 단백질수준을보여준다. p62 단백질은 autophagosome 막에결합하여 autophagy 활성화에의해분해되기때문에 17-DMG 처치가 p62 단백질수준을유의하게감소시켰다 (Fig. 5 and C). 따라서이결과들은 17-DMG이마우스골격근에서 autophagy flux를증가시킨다는것을제시해준다.

6 392 생명과학회지 2016, Vol. 26. No. 4 C D E Fig DMG increases Hsp72 protein levels and decreases kt-mtor signaling pathway in mouse skeletal muscle. : Representative images of Western blot and densitometry of Hsp72 (), Hsp90 (C), kt (D), and P-S6 (ser235/236) (E). Values are means±se; n=6 in each group. * p<0.05 vs. Veh+Sal. # p<0.05 vs. Veh+Col. 논의본연구는 heat shock protein들이골격근의 autophagy를조절하는가를조사하기위해, Hsp90을억제시키고 Hsp72를활성화시키는약물인 17-DMG을사용하여근육세포에서 autophagy의활성화를측정하였다. In vivo autophagy flux assay를사용하여, 17-DMG이마우스골격근에서 autophagy flux를증가시킨다는것을발견하였다. Fig. 5에서보인것처럼, autophagy markers인 LC3 II와 p62 단백질수준이 colchicine (autophagy 억제제 ) 처치와함께유의하게증가하였다. 이증가된 autophagy는 Hsp72 유전자발현의증가와 kt-mtor signaling pathway의감소를통해이루어졌다 (Fig. 4). 동물모델실험과비슷하게, 17-DMG이 C2C12 myotube에서 Hsp72 유전자발현을크게증가시켰고 kt 단백질의분해를증가시켜 mtor의활성을감소시켰지만 (Fig. 2), 17-DMG 처치에의한동물모델에서발견된 autophagy flux 의증가는 C2C12 myotube에서는나타나지않았다. afilomycin 1 (autophagy 억제제 ) 과 17-DMG을동시에처치한그

7 Journal of Life Science 2016, Vol. 26. No C Fig DMG increases autophagy flux in mouse skeletal muscle. 8-wk old male mice were treated with vehicle, 17-DMG and rapamycin for 7 days. Mice were also treated with saline or 0.4 mg/kg/day colchicine in the last 2 days prior to sacrifice. T muscles were obtained and aliquots of muscle homogenates were subjected SDS-PGE : Representative immunoblot images LC3 and p62. LC3/actin () and p62/actin (C) ratios were quantitated via densitometry from 6 mice per treatment conditions. Values are means±se: (n=6) * p<0.05 vs. vehicle+saline, # p<0.05 vs. vehicle+colchicine. 룹이 afilomycin 1+H 2O를처치한그룹에비해유의한차이가없었다 (LC3 II와 p62 단백질, Fig. 3). C2C12세포에서 autophagy의유도가일어나지않은것에대해꼭놀랄만한것도아닌듯하다. C2C12세포를사용하여 autophagy를측정한선행연구에서도또한비슷한결과가발견되었다 [13, 37]. 이들연구에서 rapamycin (mtor 억제제 /autophagy 활성제 ) 을처치하였을때, C2C12 myotube에서 autophagy의미미한활성화 (autophagy marker인 LC3 II의 ~15% 증가 ) 가발견되었다. 본연구에서도 rapamycin 처치가 C2C12세포에서 autophagy flux의유의한증가는나타나지않았다 (Fig. 3). 본연구에서 in vitro와 in vivo의 autophagy flux 결과의차이는다른종류의 autophagy 억제제의사용때문은아니라고생각된다. 통제그룹 (vehicle 처치 ) 에비해, afilomycin 1 (in vitro) 과 colchicine (in vivo), 두가지실험모두에서 LC3 II와 p62 단백질증가 (autophagy의억제 ) 가발생하였으며두억제제모두비슷하게 autophagy를억제시킨다. 즉, autophagy 초기단계인 autophagosome의형성에관여하기보다는말기단계인 autophagosome과 lysosome의결합을방해하여 autophagy를억제시킨다. 본연구 (17-DMG과 rapamycin 처치 ) 와두개의선행연구 (rapamycin 처치 ) 의결과를봤을때, C2C12 세포에서 autophagy의활성이제한적인듯하다. In vitro 모델에서미미한 autophagy의유도는 in vitro와 in vivo간의차이에의한것이라기보다는 C2C12 세포가갖고있는고유의속성일 수있다. C2C12 세포에서 autophagy의유도가충분히일어나지않은이유는현재밝혀져있지않다. C2C12 myotube에서 autophagy와관련된신호체계그리고 autophagy를유도시키는중요한인자가부족하게발현되거나결여되어있는지도모르겠다. 이러한이유중의하나가어떤약물들은 in vivo 에서효능을발휘하지만 in vitro model에서효능이나타나지않는경우의예가될수있겠다. 세포는여러외재적스트레스들의영향으로단백질의변성 (denaturation), 핵산 (nucleic acid) 의손상, 심지어죽음까지노출될수있다. 또한운동, 허혈 (ischemia), 염증 (inflammation) 등과같은내재적요인들에의해서도세포항상성에영향을받게된다. 이러한스트레스를극복하고생존하기위해세포는특정한단백질인 HSPs, 항산화 (antioxidant), 항염증 (antiinflammatory) 인자들을발현시켜스트레스에대처한다 [28]. Hsp72는여러위험인자들에대항하여거대분자, 세포, 전체조직을보호해주는샤프랑단백질이다 [2]. 이미알려져있는 Hsp72의세포보호기능외에도최근의연구에의하면 Hsp72 과발현이동물의 cytokine의수준을낮춰주는것으로도보고되었고 [8] autophagy에관여하는것으로알려져있다 [35]. utophagy 가스트레스에대해반응하여세포의또하나의보호시스템으로써중요한역할을한다는사실은최근에와서명확해진것같다. utophagy는골격근에서여러신호체계에

8 394 생명과학회지 2016, Vol. 26. No. 4 의해잘통제되고조절된다 [18, 26]. utophagy와관련된단백질 (TG proteins) 과 kinases, serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mtor) 이 autophagy를유도하는가장핵심적인요소들이라고할수있다. mtor의활성은여러개의 upstream kinase들에의해조절이된다. kt는 mtor의 upstream 조절인자인 tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2 (TSC 1/2) 를활성화시켜 mtor를활성화시키고 autophagy를억제시킨다 [24]. 비슷하게 Ik kinase complex [5], ERK 1/2 pathway [19, 22], 그리고 MPK signaling [17] 들이 mtor를억제시켜 autophagy를활성화시킨다. utophagy는기본상태 (basal condition) 에서단백질과세포기관의품질관리 (quality control) 의기능을하고스트레스에반응하여유도되는것으로보아 HSPs와겹치는기능을갖고있으며두시스템간의연결된 signaling 또는서로공유하는분자물질을통한상호조절기전이있을수있을것같다. 최근의보고에의하면세포샤프랑이 autophagy를조절한다고한다. 예를들어, 화학적샤프랑인, 4-phenylbutyric acid의처치가 mtor pathway를통해 ER stress를감소시키고 autophagy를억제시키며 [14], Dokladny K. et al. [7] 은 Hsp72를 adenovirus를통해과발현시켰을때, starvation과 rapamycin 으로유도된 autophagy를 kt-mtor 신호체계의활성을통해억제시킨다고보고하였다. 반대로, ER 스트레스를유도하는화학물질의처치가 autophagy를활성화시켰으며이효과는 kt/tsc/mtor pathway의억제에의한것이다 [23]. 또한 17-G (Geldanamycin 유사물, Hsp90 억제제 /Hsp72 활성제 ) 를파킨슨질환을일으키는배양세포 (OLN-93 cells) 에처치하였을때 mtor를억제시켜 autophagy를활성화시켰으며 [23], 이연구에서 17-G의처치가 autophagy를유도하여파킨슨질환과관련된 α-synuclein aggregate clearing 효과를보여주었다 [25]. 또다른연구에서 17-DMG을두종류의종양세포 (human multiple myeloma cells, MM.1S와 U266 cells) 에처치한결과, 17-DMG이 mtor를억제시키고 autophagy flux를증가시켰다 [21]. 이러한연구들로보아샤프랑단백질과 heat shock protein들이 autophagy 의활성을조절하는중요한역할을하는것같다. 하지만현재 heat shock protein 들이 autophagy를증가시키는가아니면감소시키는가에대한대답은명확하지않다. Heat shock protein들은세포가받는여러스트레스의종류, 정도, 조건그리고상황에따라 autophagy에대해상반되게반응하고작용할수있다. 예를들어, 앞에서설명한 Dokladny K. et al. [7] 의연구결과와상반되게, 본연구에서는 17- DMG의처치가 Hsp72 단백질의발현을증가시켰고 ktmtor의활성을감소시켜골격근의 basal autophagy를증가시켰다. 현시점에서는두연구간의상반된차이의원인은불분명하지만, 첫번째이유로는 autophagy와 heat shock protein들은세포항상성과보호시스템을함께조절하는것으로 보아 adenovirus를통한강압적인 Hsp72의지나친과발현이 autophagy의활성화를필요치않아오히려감소시켰을수도있겠다. 이연구에서 adenovirus로 Hsp72를과발현시키지않고세포를 42 로 heat shock시켜 Hsp72을단백질발현을증가시켰을때, 반대의결과인 autophagy flux의증가 (37 온도 + afilomycin 1 처치에비해 42 C 온도 + afilomycin 1 처치에서증가된 LC3 II/actin) 가발견하였다 [7]. 이는 Hsp72 의증가가 autophagy를활성화시키는, 본연구의결과와일치한다. 두번째이유는본연구의 17-DMG 처치에의한골격근에서 autophagy의증가는단순히 Hsp72의발현에의한것만이아닐수있다. 17-DMG이어떤신호체계에의해골격근에서 autophagy 를활성화시키는가는불분명하지만 2가지기전에의해 autophagy의증가시켰을것이다. 첫째로, Fig. 6에묘사되어있는것처럼, 17-DMG은특정적으로 Hsp90의 TP-binding site에결합하여 Hsp90의 TP-dependent 기능을방해하여 transcription factor인 heat-shock factor1 (HSF1) 을활성화시킨다 [1, 15]. 스트레스가낮은상태에서 HSF1은 Hsp90 docking complex 내에서 inactive 형태로유지되지만스트레스반응에의해 HSF1은 Hsp90 complex에서분리된다. 그리고나서 HSF1 단백질은핵으로이동하여인산화된후 target 유전자들 ( 주로 heat shock proteins) 의 promoter에결합하여이들유전자들 (e.g. Hsp72) 의발현을촉진시킨다 [35]. Fig. 2와 4에서보여진증가된 Hsp72 단백질수준은이러한기전에의한것일것이다. HSF1에의해증가된 HSPs는주로 protein folding이나 proteasomal degradation을촉진시키지만최근의연구에의하면 HSPs가 autophagy와도연결되어있다고한다. 예를들어, G3 (cl2-associated athanogene, Hsp70 cochaperone) 와결합하는 Hsp72와 Hsp8 (small HSP) 가 autophagy flux를증가시키고신경퇴행성질환에의해생기는단백질응집체 (aggregates) 의제거를증대시켰다 [2, 3]. 또다른 small Hsp7 또한 autophagy을이용하여단백질응집체의제거를촉진시켰다 [33]. 따라서 HSF1은 HSPs의발현을촉진시켜간접적으로 autophagy의유도를증가시킬수있을것이다 (Fig. 6). 둘째로, Hsp90는 kt-dependent signaling을조절하는것으로알려져있다. kt 단백질은 Hsp90의 client protein으로 Hsp90 단백질과결합 (kt-hsp90 complex) 되었을때 ktkinase 단백질은안정화되고 Hsp90와분리될경우 UPS에의해분해된다 [29]. 따라서본연구에서 17-DMG 처치에의한 Hsp90의억제가 kt 단백질의 UPS에의한분해를촉진시켰을것이다. 그결과 17-DMG 처치그룹에서 kt 단백질수준이유의하게감소한것을알수있다 (Fig. 2 and 4). 감소된 kt signaling에의한 mtor의억제 ( kt TSC2 Rheb mtor) 가 Ulk1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1, 초기 autophagosome 형성에필요한단백질 ) 의

9 Journal of Life Science 2016, Vol. 26. No Fig. 6.. Potential model of 17-DMG action on autophagy via the heat shock response.. Simplified scheme of kt-mtor signaling pathway and the molecular targets of rapamycin and 17-DMG. 증가를통해 autophagy의유도가일어났을것이다 (Fig. 6). 본연구에서 17-DMG 처치에의해 autophagy의활성화는 Hsp72 단백질발현의증가그리고 / 또는 kt-mtor signaling 의감소를통해일어난것으로생각된다. 본연구는 autophagy flux assay (LC3 II와 p62 단백질 turnover) 를활용하여 17-DMG (Hsp90 억제제 /Hsp72 활성제 ) 처치가근육세포에서 autophagy에미치는영향을살펴보았다. 17-DMG 처치가 C2C12 myotube와마우스골격근에서 Hsp90 억제를통해 Hsp72 발현을증가시켰고 kt 단백질분해를촉진하여 kt-mtor signaling pathway를감소시켜 autophagy를유도시킬수있는잠재성을보여주었지만 autophagy flux의유의한증가가마우스골격근에서만관찰되었다. 17-DMG이골격근의 Hsp90를억제시켜 Hsp72를유전자발현을촉진시키고 mtor를감소시키는강력한 (potent) autophagy inducer라는것을보여주었다. 골격근에서 17-DMG 의 autophagy 조절기전을더자세히연구해보기위해, 유전자변형쥐모델 ( 예, Hsp90-TP binding 손상쥐나 Hsp72-과발현쥐또는 Hsp72-결핍된쥐 ) 을이용하여골격근에서이 heat shock protein들에의한 autophagy에대한기능과역할을더정확히연구해볼수있을것으로기대해본다. 본연구를기반으로골격근에서 17-DMG의몇가지유용성을제시해볼수있겠다. 17-DMG 처치를통해근육손상이나미사용때생길수있는근감소증 (muscle atrophy) 을 Hsp72의발현을촉진시켜근감소증의완화를시도해볼수도있겠으며골격근에서 autophagy의감소현상이일어날수있는증상 ( 예, 당뇨병, 노화된근육, 근질환 ) 을 17-DMG을처치하여 autophagy 조절을통해골격근의노화 / 대사성증상등을완화시킬수있는 가능성을제시해볼수있겠다. References 1. agatell, R., Paine-Murrieta, G.. D., Taylor, C. W., Pulcini, E. J., kinaga, S., enjamin, I. J. and Whitesell, L Induction of heat shock factor1-dependnent stress response alters the cytotoxic activity of HSP90-binding agents. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, Carra, S., Cripppa, V., Rusmini, P., oncoraglio,., Minoia, M., Giorgetti, E., Kampinga, H. H. and Poletti, lteration of protein folding and degradation in motor neuron diseases: Implications and protective functions of small heat shock proteins. Prog. Neurobiol. 97, Carra, S., runsting, J. F., Lambert, H., Laudry, J. and Kampinga, H. H Hsp8 participates in protein quality control by a non-chaperone-like mechanism that requires eif2alpha phosphorylation. J. iol. Chem. 284, Ching, J. K., Ju, J. S., Pittman, S. K., Margeta, M. and Weihl, C. C Increased colchicine-induced muscle toxicity. utophagy 12, Criollo,., Senovilla, L., uthier, H., Maiuri, M. C., Morselli, E., Vitale, I., Kepp, O., Tasdemir, E., Galluzzi, L., Shen, S., Tailer, M., Delahaye, N., Tesniere,., De Stefano, D., Younes,.., Harper, F., Pierron, G., Lavandero, S., Zitvogel, L., Israel,., aud, V. and Kroemer, G The IKK complex contributes to the induction of autophagy. EMO J. 29, Cuervo,. M. and Wong, E Chaperone-mediated autophagy: roles in disease and aging. Cell Res. 24, Dokladny, K., Zuhl, M. N., Mandell, M., harttacharya, D., Schneider, S., Derectic, V. and Moseley, P. L

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11 Journal of Life Science 2016, Vol. 26. No Yang, Y., Janich, S., Cohn, J.. and Wilson, J. M The common variant of cyctic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is recognized by hsp70 and degraded in a pre-golgi nonlysosomal compartment. Proc. Natl. cad. Sci. US 90, Zhao, J, rault J. J., Schild., Cao, P., Sandri, M., Schiaffino, S, Lecker, S. H. and Goldberg,. L FoxO3 coordinately activates protein degradation by the autophagic/lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells. Cell Metab. 6, 초록 :17-DMG 이마우스골격근에서 autophagy flux에미치는영향주정선 1 * 이유현 2 ( 1 수원대학교스포츠과학과, 2 수원대학교식품영양학과 ) 본연구는 17-DMG이골격근에서 autophagy에관여하는가를조사하기위해, C2C12세포와마우스골격근에서 17-DMG (Hsp90 억제제 /Hsp72 활성제 ) 을처치하는그룹과 autophagy 억제제 (afilomycin 또는 colchicine) 를처치하는그룹과처치하지않는그룹을동시에두고 autophagy flux를측정하였다. C2C12 배양세포에서 17-DMG이 Hsp90 억제 /hsp72 활성화시켰으며 kt-mtor 신호체계를유의하게감소시켰지만 (p<0.05) autophagy marker 단백질인 LC3 II와 p62를증가시키지않았다. In vivo 모델의경우 17-DMG 처치가배양세포에서발견된것처럼 Hsp90억제 /hsp72를활성화시켰고 kt-mtor 신호체계를유의하게감소시켰다 (p<0.05). 반면 LC3 II와 p62 단백질수준은 autophagy 억제제 (colchicine) 처치수준보다더높게증가되었다. 이는 17-DMG이골격근에서 autophagy를증가시키지만 C2C12 배양세포에서는 autophagy의활성화가제한적임을암시한다. 현재이러한 in vitro와 in vivo 모델에서의차이는불분명하다.

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