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1 KISTI 에있어서한국인인체정보의생산과활용 Production and Usage of Korean Human Information in KISTI 이상호, 이승복한국과학기술정보연구원정보유통본부지식기반실 Sang-Ho Seung-Bock 요약 한국과학기술정보연구원 (KISTI) 는 2000 년부터한국인의고유한인체특징을나타낼수있는디지털코리언, 비저블코리언이라는한국인인체정보구축사업을시작하였다. 비저블코리언사업은한국인시신에대해 CT, MRI 영상을촬영한다음연속절단하여절단면영상을얻고이절단면영상에서인체장기를구역화하여구역화영상을제작하였다. 남성및여성전신과남성머리및여성골반의절단면영상제작을마쳤으며현재구역화영상을이용한 3D 영상제작이진행중이다. 디지털코리언사업은약 100 여명의한국인시신에대해촬영한 CT 영상으로구성되어있는데 CT 영상으로부터개별뼈를구역화하여 3D 골격모델을제작하였고피부모델도추가하였다. 또한개별뼈들의기계적물성값도측정하여제공하고있다. 이러한인체정보들은 2001 년부터국내외연구자들에게제공되어왔는데지금까지국내약 70 여개기관, 해외약 20 여개기관들이한국인의인체데이터를제공받아연구활동을진행하고있으며지금까지약 160 여논문이발표되었다. 향후에도이러한한국인의인체정보는의료교육, 생체공학, 가상현실등의다양한분야에활용될의료정보인프라의역할을담당할것으로기대하고있다. 중심어 : 디지털코리언 비저블코리언 인체정보 의료영상 인체모델 Abstract The KISTI (Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information) began to produce the Korean human information called Visible Korean and Digital Korean since 2000 because there was no human information in Korea which could represent the physical characteristics of Korean human body. The Visible Korean consists of CT, MR, sectioned and segmented images of Korean human body. We obtained the serially sectioned images by grinding the Korean cadaver in horizontal direction and segmented these images by outlining the inner organs of human. We have produced the sectioned images of Korean male whole body, male head, and female pelvis in The segmentation and 3D reconstruction of these images are now in proceeding. The Digital Korean consists of CT images of about 100 Korean cadavers. These CT images were segmented by individual bone, reconstructed to produce the 3D bone models and the skin surface model was also added. The mechanical properties of individual bones were obtained by measuring the property of individual bone sample. We have distributed these Korean human informations to users in domestic and abroad. About 70 institutes in domestic, and 20 institutes in abroad have used our data in research use and nearly 160 proceedings and articles were published since We think these human informations have a role of medical information infrastructure that could be used in the field of medical education, biomechanics, virtual reality etc. keyword : Digital Korean Visible Korean Human Information Medical Image Human Model * 본논문은한국콘텐츠학회 ICCC2009 국제학술대회우수논문입니다. 접수번호 : # 심사완료일 : 2010년 05월 10일접수일자 : 2010년 04월 01일교신저자 : 이상호, shlee@kisti.re.kr

2 KISTI 에있어서한국인인체정보의생산과활용 417 I. Introduction The human information such as CT, MR, serially sectioned image, segmented image and 3D image are used as a primary image source in the field of biomechanics, medical image processing, medical education etc. However, there are no medical image data about the Korean human in domestic. So, many researchers in Korea have to use the human medical images of foreigners and it cannot represent the physical characteristics of Korean human body. By this reason, the KISTI (Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information) began to produce the Korean human information since 2000 and many kinds of Korean human data were prepared and serviced to the users in domestic and abroad. In this paper, we review the project of Korean human information called as Digital Korean and Visible Korean and we especially focus on the medical image data production and their usage. II. Production of Korean Human Information 1. Digital Korean The Digital Korean data is produced by CT scanning of the Korean cadavers. The total number of Korean cadavers is about 100 and half of them are the males. The average age of males and females is about 50 and 54 respectively. The cadaver is CT scanned by 1 mm interval to produce the full data set of CT images about the entire body. The CT images are obtained as DICOM files and converted to BITMAP Bitmap file for segmentation. The segmentation is done by individual bone and total 179 bones are segmented by the specific program. The segmented images of individual bones are reconstructed to generate 3D surface models of bone and about 100 bone models of Korean entire body are created by the specific program. The file format of bone model is STL file that could be handled by commercial CAD/CAE program. The average bone models of 1 male and 1 female are made by geometric averaging technique of bone using mass center and principal direction. The bone sizes of hands, feet and teeth are so small that the geometric characteristics of them cannot be revealed enough in each bone model. So, we scanned the Micro CT (Skyscan 1076, Belgium) about them. These Micro CT images are also segmented by 54 bones of hands, 52 bones of feet and 32 teeth respectively. These segmented images are also reconstructed to produce the detailed 3D models that can represent the characteristics of small hands, feet and teeth bone. We also make the 3D skin model of fat, normal and thin human body and added these skin models to the average bone model. We have measured the mechanical property of human bones. The 4 sample cadavers are selected from young and old male and female. The many kinds of human bone are extracted from cadavers and test bone samples are prepared by removing the other tissues from the bone. The property of cortical bone is measured by indentation test (AIS 2100, Frontics, Korea) first, and then, the specimen of trabecular bone is prepared by extracting the specimen from the bone and the property of trabecular bone is measured by compression test (Instron 5567, Instron, USA). In the mechanical property test, the value of modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and yield strength are obtained by measuring the total 1,672 points of cortical bone and 608 specimens of trabecular bone. [Table 1] shows the total amount of Digital Korean data.

3 418 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 '10 Vol. 10 No. 5 Table 1. Total Amount of Digital Korean Data Content Object Amount Format Remark CT Image Bone (Whole Body) M 50, F 50 Set BMP, DCM 1 mm interval Skin (Whole Body) M 3, F 3 Set BMP, DCM 1 mm interval Micro CT Image Bone (Hand, Foot, Teeth) M 1, F 1 Set BMP, DCM Bone (Whole Body) M 50, F 50 Set BNS, STL 3D Image Skin (Whole Body) M 3, F 3 Set BNS, STL Bone (Hand, Foot, Teeth) M 1, F 1 Set BNS, STL Averaged Skeletal Model (Whole Body) M 1, F 1 Set DAT (Text) NASTRAN Finite Element Model Skin (Whole Body) M 3, F 3 Set DAT (Text) NASTRAN Bone (Hand, Foot, Teeth) M 1, F 1 Set DAT (Text) NASTRAN Head Cortical 48 Text M 2, F 2 Trunk Trabecular 30, Cortical 124 Text M 2, F 2 Mechanical Property Trabecular 12, Upper Extremity Cortical 50 Text M 2, F 2 Lower Extremity Trabecular 110, Cortical 196 Text M 2, F 2 2. Visible Korean The Visible Korean data are produced by sectioning the entire Korean cadaver [1-3]. Among the donated cadavers, a young adult cadavers with no pathological findings are selected for obtaining the images of good quality. Before sectioning the cadaver, the entire cadaver is CT and MR scanned by 1 mm interval to compare the CT, MR image with the corresponding sectioned image. After scanning, the cadaver is put into the embedding box, the blue embedding agent is poured into the box by many times and the cadaver with embedding agent is finally frozen at -70 in the freezer. To sectioning the entire body, the regular milling machine is remodeled with establishing milling table and cutting blade, and is operated by the control program. The frozen embedding box with cadaver is placed on the milling table and moved toward to the cutting blade by constant speed. As the milling table is moved, the rotating cutting blade serially sections the entire body by 0.2 mm interval. As the one slice section is ended, the sectioned surface is cleaned with ethyl alcohol and photographed by digital camera (DSC 560 Kodak, resolution 3,040 2,008) which is connected to the personal computer. The photographed image is checked in quality and saved to the computer as the TIFF file. This procedure is repeated and all the serially sectioned anatomic image set of entire body can be obtained as the TIFF file. We have finished sectioning the Korean male entire body, male head, female pelvis while female entire body is now in sectioning. The segmented images are obtained by outlining the serial contours of one anatomic organ in the sectioned images. The TIFF files of anatomic image are converted to PSD file for Photoshop and the segmentations are done semi-automatically by using the Adobe Photoshop program. We extract the contours of many kinds of anatomic organs from the sectioned images and fill the specific color in the inner area of contour. All the segmented images are prepared by repeating this procedure for the specific anatomic organs that we want to segment [4]. The segmented images are stacked and reconstructed to produce the 3D surface images by using the Maya and Rhino program [5-7]. At first, the segmented images of PSD file are converted to Adobe Illustrator (AI) file to prepare the isolated segmented images, so that the contours of one anatomic organ

4 KISTI 에있어서한국인인체정보의생산과활용 419 Table 2. Total Amount of Visible Korean Data Whole Body (Male) Head (Male) Pelvis (Female) Whole Body (Female) Cadaver MR Image CT Image - Age 33, height 164 cm, weight 55 kg leukemia file size 239 MB, 1,702 images, TIFF file, RAW file - 7 Tesla, interval - Age 67, height mm, file size cm, weight 45 kg 73 MB, None images, BMP file, myasthenia gravis DICOM file - Age 43, height 152 cm, weight 54 kg alcoholics - Age 26, height 169 cm, weight 53 kg - None gastric cancer file size 98 MB, 230 images, BMP file, DICOM file file size 239 MB, 1,702 images, TIFF file, RAW file file size 98 MB, 256 images, BMP file, DICOM file Serially Sectioned Image - Interval 0.2 mm, r e s o l u t i o n 2,468*1,407, file size 82.5 GB, 8,505 images, TIFF file Segmented Image 3D Image - Interval 1.0 mm human structures of 13 - Continued systems - File size 578 MB, TIFF file -Interval 0.1 mm, r e s o l u t i o n 4,368*2,912, file - Continued - Continued size 177 GB, 2,500 images, TIFF file - Interval 0.1 mm, r e s o l u t i o n 4,368*2,912, file - Continued - Continued size 47.8 GB, 2,500 images, TIFF file file size 602 MB, 1,764 images, BMP file, DICOM file - Continued - Continued - Continued could be viewed. These isolated segmented images are opened in Maya that is the commercial program to produce the polygonal 3D images. All the isolated segmented images are opened, stacked and saved as a drawing exchange format (DXF) files in Maya program. By using the Rhino program, the horizontal gaps between the contours are filled with triangular planar surfaces called polygons to produce the 3D surface images of specific organ and saved as DXF file. We are now preparing the segmented and 3D surface images of Korean male entire body, male head and female pelvis. [Table 2] shows the total amount of Visible Korean data. Table 3. The Distribution Status of the Digital and Visible Korean Data Digital Korean Visible Korean Year Total Domestic Foreign Domestic Foreign Total Most of the users are professors or researchers who are studying in the university or research institute. The Digital Korean data are usually used in developing the human models in the fields of III. Usage of Korean Human Information These Korean human informations that were produced as the information infrastructure in science and technology have been distributed to the users in domestic and foreign since the year of 2001 when the first Visible Korean project was started. biomechanics and Visible Korean data are used in medical image processing, medical education, or medical simulator development. [Table 3] shows the distribution of Digital and Visible Korean data. It seems to be that the users are not so many that we expected because we do not have many activities to advertise our data to research users. However, many researchers in foreign countries

5 420 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 '10 Vol. 10 No. 5 Table 4. The Research Status by using of the Digital and Visible Korean Data Digital Korean Visible Korean Year Domestic (SCI) Foreign (SCI) Domestic (SCI) Foreign (SCI) Total Proceeding Article Proceeding Article Proceeding Article Proceeding Article (2) 63(2) (1) 5 5(1) 8 6(4) 41(6) (4) 7-9 2(1) 34(5) (1) (3) 17(4) (1) 3 2(2) 8(3) Total (6) 41 17(2) 47 17(12) 163(20) have requested us to receive our data because many domestic professors have published a lot of proceedings and articles about our data to the international conference and journals. Table 4 shows the number of proceedings and articles that cite our data in their study. Since 2000, nearly 150 papers and proceedings have been published in academic scholar society. The users who want to use our data for research purpose must take an agreement with us and submit the research report by every year. 참고문헌 [1] J. S. Park, M. S. Chung, S. B. Hwang, Y. S. Lee, D. H. Har, and H. S. Park, "Visible Korean Human : Improved Serially Sectioned Images of the Entire Body," IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, Vol.24, No.3, pp , 2005(3). [2] J. S. Park, M. S. Chung, S. B. Hwang, B. S. Shin, and H. S. Park, "Visible Korean Human : Its Techniques and Applications," Clinical Anatomy, Vol.19, No.3, pp , [3] J. S. Park, T. W. Jung, J. W. Lee, D. S. Shin, M. S. Chung, M. Riemer, and H. Handels, "Generating Useful Images for Medical Applications from the Visible Korean Human," Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Vol.92, No.3, pp , [4] J. S. Park, M. S. Chung, S. B. Hwang, Y. S. Lee, and D. H. Har, "Technical Report on Semiautomatic Segmentation Using the Adobe Photoshop," J. of Digital Imaging, Vol.18, No.4, pp , [5] J. S. Park, D. S. Shin, M. S. Chung, S. B. Hwang, and J. O. Chung, "Technique of Semiautomatic Surface Reconstruction of the Visible Korean Human Data Using Commercial Software," Clinical Anatomy, Vol.20, No.8, pp , [6] D. S. Shin, J. S. Park, S. B. Lee, S. H. Lee, J. O. Chung, and M. S. Chung, "Surface Model of the Gastrointestinal Tract Constructed From the Visible Korean," Clinical Anatomy, Vol.22, No.5, pp , [7] J-F Uhl, J. S. Park, M. S. Chung, and V. Delmas, "Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Urogenital Tract from Visible Korean Human," Anatomical Record, Part A, 288A, pp

7월 ~ 현재 : 한국과학기술정보연구원책임연구원 < 관심분야 > : 과학기술데이터베이스, 인체정보, 의료정보학, 사실정보, 과학데이터 이승복 (Seung-Bock Lee) 정회원 1991년 2월 :

6 KISTI 에있어서한국인인체정보의생산과활용 421 저자소개 이상호 (Sang-Ho Lee) 종신회원 1982년 2월 : 충북대학교화학공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1984년 2월 : 충북대학교화학공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1993년 4월 : 동경농공대학응용화학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2001년 3월 ~ 2005년 12월 : 청운대학교신소재응용화학과겸임교수 2004년 9월 ~ 현재 : 과학기술연합대학원대학교겸임교수 1983년 7월 ~ 현재 : 한국과학기술정보연구원책임연구원 < 관심분야 > : 과학기술데이터베이스, 인체정보, 의료정보학, 사실정보, 과학데이터 이승복 (Seung-Bock Lee) 정회원 1991년 2월 : 계명대학교전산학과 ( 공학사 ) 2007년 8월 : 충남대학교전산학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1991년 4월 ~ 현재 : 한국과학기술정보연구원선임연구원 < 관심분야 > : 그룹웨어, 소프트웨어공학, 인체정보, 과학데이터

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities