34.박소희.hwp

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16 Cancer site (ICD-10 code) Oral cav pharynx (C10) Oesophagus (C15) Stomach (C16) Colon (C18) Rectum (C19-20) Liver (C22) Gallbladder (C23) Pancreas (C25) Sinonasal (C30-31) Larynx (C32) Lung (C34) Melanoma (C43) Skin (C44) Mesothelioma (C45) Breast (C50) Cervix uteri (C53) Endometrium (C54) Ovary (C56) Kidney (C64) Bladder (C67) CNS (C71) Thyroid (C73) HL (C81) NHL (C82-85,96) MM (C90) Leukaemia (C91,92-94,95) Source of evidence Tobacco Alcohol Infection Obesity O O X O O O O O Physical Inactivity Diet O O O? O O? O O O O O O O O O Hormone replacement Occupation Pollutant Reproductive Radiation O O?? O O O O O X X Post menopause O O O O (asbestos) X X X O O? O? Monograph Monograph Monograph WCRF WCRF WCRF Monograph Monograph Monograph Review Monograph O : Confirmed factor Gray cell : 위험요인의관련성이없는것들 X : 위험요인이라고알려져있으나, 우리나라에서발표된내용이없는경우? : Suspicious factor O X? O

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19 Exposure Cancer Oral cav pharynx Esophagus Stomach Gender Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Tobacco Alcohol Infection Obesity o o Choi SY Choi SY (oral cav) Jee SH Choi SY (pharynx) Jee SH o Jee SH o Parkin DM o Jee SH o o o Choi SY Jee SH Jee SH Jee SH o o Jee SH Jee SH o Choi SY Jee SH o Jee SH Physical Inactivity Diet o o Chang WK Kim DS Lee SA Shin A Lee JK Park HS Lee SA Kim HJ Zhang YW o o o o Lim HJ Chung YW Kim DH Kim J Jee SH Yun YH Ahn EJ Hormone Replacement Occupation Pollutant Reproductive & Oral Factors Contraceptives Colon Rectum Colorectal Male o o Jee SH Jee SH Ahn EJ Lee SY Lee SY Female o Jee SH o o Shin HR Meng KH Total Shin HR Han BH Liver Huh K Male o o o Jee SH Jee SH Jee SH Female o o Jee SH Jee SH

20 Exposure Cancer Gender Tobacco Alcohol Infection Obesity Physical Inactivity Diet Hormone Replacement & Oral Occupation Contraceptives Pollutant Reproductive Factors o Choi D chung CS Kim YI Lee TY Shin HR Donato F Total Hsing AW Lee CH CLG Parkin DM Shaib YH Yamamoto S Zhou YM El-Serag Welzel TM Male Female Total Gallbladder Male Female Total o Jee SH Pancreas Male o o Jee SH Jee SH Female o o Jee SH Jee SH Total Sinonasal Male Female Total Larynx Male o o Choi SY Choi SY Female Jee SH Jee SH o

21 Exposure Cancer Gender Tobacco Alcohol Infectious Agents Obesity Physical Inactivity Diet Hormone Replacement & Oral Occupation Pollutant Reproductive Factors Contraceptiv es Total o o Lung Male Choi SY Jee SH Park JY Female o Jee SH Total Melanoma Male Female Total Mesothelioma Male Female Total Male Breast o o o o o o Do MH Jee SH Do MH Do MH SNU SNU Lee SY Lee EJ Moon SH Kim J Female Cervix uterine Endometrial Ovary Kidney Female Female Female Total Male Female o o o Jee SH Na JH Shon HD Wui JH o Jee SH o Moon SW o Jee SH o o Jee SH Jee SH o o Jee SH Jee SH

22 Exposure Cancer Gender Tobacco Alcohol Infection Obesity Physical Inactivity Diet Hormone Replacement Occupation Pollutant Reproductive Factors & Oral Contraceptives Total Bladder Male o Jee SH o Female Jee SH Seo SH Total o Boshoff C Hodgkin lymphoma Male Female Total o Dal Maso L NHL Male Female Total Leukemia Male Female KMCC KMCC : Korean Multi-center Cohort SNU : 서울대유방암환자-대조군연구자료 Gray cell : 위험요인의관련성이없는것들 X : 위험요인이라고알려져있으나, 우리나라에서발표된결과가없는경우

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29 표 13. Full reference list Cancer site References Note Oral cavity (Incidence) Cha IH, Park JY, Chung WY, Choi MA, Kim HJ, Park KK. Polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 Genes and susceptibility to oral cancer. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2007;48(2): E: Discordance of categories (Never vs. Light smoker, Heavy smoker) Pharynx (Incidence) Oral cav and Pharynx (Incidence) Choi SY, Kahyo H. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1991;20(4): Choi SY, Hiroaki Kahyo, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): Yang M, Kang MJ, Choi Y, Kim CS, Lee SM, Park CW, Lee HS, Tae K. Associations between XPC expression, genotype, and the risk of head and neck cancer. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2005;45(4): Yang M, Kim WH, Choi Y, Lee SH, Kim KR, Lee HS, Tae K. Effects of ERCC1 expression in peripheral blood on the risk of head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006;15(3): Choi SY, Kahyo H. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1991;20(4): Choi SY, Hiroaki Kahyo, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): Yang M, Kang MJ, Choi Y, Kim CS, Lee SM, Park CW, Lee HS, Tae K. Associations between XPC expression, genotype, and the risk of head and neck cancer. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2005;45(4): Yang M, Kim WH, Choi Y, Lee SH, Kim KR, Lee HS, Tae K. Effects of ERCC1 expression in peripheral blood on the risk of head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006;15(3): Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men : National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): E: Same population(kcch) I E: Discordance of gender and categories(male and female, Pack-year) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Pack-year) E: Same population(kcch) I E: Discordance of gender and categories(male and female, Pack-year) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Pack-year) E: Same population (NHIC) I: Provided updated data by author I: Included in the meta-analysis E: Excluded from the meta-analysis

30 Cancer site References Note Esophagus (Incidence) Choi SY, Hiroaki Kahyo, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): I Esophagus (Mortality) Stomach (Incidence) Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Bae JI, Song YM, Yoo JH. A hospital-based case-control study on the risk factors of stomach cancer. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 2001;22(4): Choi SY, Hiroaki K, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): Gwack J, Shin A, Kim CS, Ko KP, Kim Y, Jun JK, Bae J, Park SK, Hong YC, Kang D, Chang SH, Shin HR, Yoo KY. CagA-producing helicobacter pylori and increased risk of gastric cancer: a nested case-control study in Korea. British Journal of Cancer. 2006;95: Hong SH, Kim JW, Kim HG, Park IK, Ryoo JW, Lee CH, Sohn YK, Lee JY. Glutathione S-transferases(GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and N-acetyltransferases 2 polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer. J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(3): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Jun JK, Gwack J, Park SK, Choi YH, Kim YJ, Shin AS, Chang SH, Shin HR, Yoo KY. Fasting serum glucose level and gastric cancer risk in a nested case-control study. J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(6): Kim HJ, Chang WK, Kim MK, Lee SS, Choi BY. Dietary factors and gastric cancer in Korea: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2002;97(4): Kim YJ, Shin AS, Gwack J, Jun JK, Park SK, Jang DH, Shin HR, Chang SH, Yoo KY. Cigarette smoking and gastric cancer risk in a community-based cohort study in Korea. J Prev Med Pub Health. 2007;46(6): I: Provided updated data by author E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) I E: Discordance of gender E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) I: Provided updated data by author E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Pack-year 2 ) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female)

31 Cancer site References Note Stomach (Incidence) Lee JK, Park BJ, Yoo KY, Ahn YO. Dietary factors and stomach cancer: A case-control study in Korea. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1995;24(1): E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) Stomach (Mortality) Colorectal (Incidence) Lee SA, Kang D, Shim KN, Choe JW, Hong WS, Choi H. Effect of diet and helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of early gastric cancer. Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;13(3): Meng KH, Shin E, Kim HK, Song JS, Chung IS, Chung SS, Ahn WS, Han KT. Cigarette smoking and the risk of five major cancers among adult Koreans: A case-control study. J Korean Med Assoc. 1991;34(6): Ohrr HC, Jee SH, Joo JS, Lee SI. A case-control study of risk factors in stomach cancer. Korean J Epidemiol. 1994;16(2): Park JW, Song YJ, Yun HY, Kim H, Ahn YO, Kim SJ, Kim JP, Kang JW, Nan HM, Kim YD. The risk of gastric cancer in Koreans according to smoking, drinking, diet and the genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-Transferases and L-myc Protooncogene. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(6): Sung NY, Choi KS, Park EC, Park K, Lee SY, Lee AK, Choi IJ, Jung KW, Won YJ, Shin HR. Smoking, alcohol and gastric cancer risk in Korean men: the National Health Insurance Corporation Study. British Journal of Cancer. 2007;97: Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Lee SG, Nam CM, Yi SW, Ohrr HC. Cigarette smoking, alcohol and cancer mortality in men: The Kangwha cohort study. Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(2): Choi SY, Hiroaki Kahyo, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Smoking amount 11-20cigarette/day, 21cigarette/day) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Specific population group (Age 55years) I I

32 Cancer site References Note Liver (Incidence) Choi SY, Hiroaki Kahyo, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): E: Typographical errors (Reported OR outside 95% CI) Liver (Mortality) Pancreas (Incidence) Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Kim DH, Park BJ, Yoo KY, Ahn YO, Lee HS, Kim CY, Lee SI, Lee MS, Ahn HS, Kim Heon, Park TS. A case-control study of primary liver cancer and liver disease history. Korean J of Preventive Medicine. 1994;27(2): Meng KH, Shin E, Kim HK, Song JS, Chung IS, Chung SS, Ahn WS, Han KT. Cigarette smoking and the risk of five major cancers among adult Koreans: A case-control study. J Korean Med Assoc. 1991;34(6): Shin HR, Lee CU, Park HJ, Seol SY, Chung JM, Choi HC, Ahn YO, Takao S. Hepatitis B and C virus, clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: A case-control study in Busan, Korea. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1996;25(5): Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Jee SH, Ohrr H, Sull JW, Samet J.M. Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, hepatitis B, and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004;96(24): Joshi S, Song YM, Kim TH, Cho SI. Socio-economic status and the risk of liver cancer mortality: A prospective study in Korean men. Public Health. 2008;122: Lee SG, Nam CM, Yi SW, Ohrr HC. Cigarette smoking, alcohol and cancer mortality in men: The Kangwha cohort study. Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(2): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Yun JE, Jo I, Park J, Kim MT, Ryu HG, Odongua N, Kim E, Jee SH. Cigarette smoking, elevated fasting serum glucose, and risk of pancreatic cancer in Korean men. Int J cancer. 2006;119: I: Provided updated data by author E: Discordance of categories(smoking duration:years 19, 20-29years, 30years) E: Discordance of categories (Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of categories (Never vs. Moderate smoker, Heavy smoker) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (Korea Medical Insurance Corporation) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Specific population group (Age 55years) I: Provided updated data by author E: Same population (NHIC, Age 40years)

33 Cancer site References Note Pancreas (Incidence) Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): E: Same population (NHIC) Pancreas (Mortality) Larynx (Incidence) Larynx (Mortality) Lung (Incidence) Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Kim HJ, Jee SH, Lee HS, Lee SW, Shim KW. Fasting blood glucose level and its risk of pancreatic cancer among Koreans: A prospective study. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 2006;27: Yun JE, Jo I, Park J, Kim MT, Ryu HG, Odongua N, Kim E, Jee SH. Cigarette smoking, elevated fasting serum glucose, and risk of pancreatic cancer in Korean men. Int J cancer. 2006;119: Choi SY, Kahyo H. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1991;20(4): Choi SY, Hiroaki Kahyo, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Yang M, Kang MJ, Choi Y, Kim CS, Lee SM, Park CW, Lee HS, Tae K. Associations between XPC expression, genotype, and the risk of head and neck cancer. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2005;45(4): Yang M, Kim WH, Choi Y, Lee SH, Kim KR, Lee HS, Tae K. Effects of ERCC1 expression in peripheral blood on the risk of head and neck cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006;15(3): Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Bae JM, Lee MS, Shin MH, Kim DH, Li ZM, Ahn YO. Cigarette smoking and risk of lung cancer in Korean men: The Seoul Male Cancer Cohort Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2007;22: E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (Korea Medical Insurance Corporation) E: Same population (NHIC, Age 40years) E: Typographical errors (Reported OR outside 95% CI) I I: Provided updated data by author E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Pack-year) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Pack-year) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population

34 Cancer site References Note Lung (Incidence) Bae JS, Gwack Jin, Park SK, Shin HR, Chang SH, Yoo KY. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, tuberculosis and risk of lung cancer: The Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort Study. J Prev Med Pub Health. 2007;40(4): E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) Chae MH, Jang JS, Kang HG, Park JH, Park JM, Lee WK, Kam S, Lee EB, Son JW, Park JY. O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase gene polymorphisms and the risk of primary lung cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2006;45(4): Choi JE, Park SH, Kim KM, Lee WK, Kam S, Cha SI, Kim CH, Kang YM, Kim YC, Han SB, Jung TH, Park JY. Polymorphisms in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene and the risk of primary lung cancer- a case-control study. BioMed Central Cancer. 2007;7:199. Choi SY, Hiroaki Kahyo, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): Eom SY, Zhang YW, Kim SH, Choe KH, Lee KY, Park JD, Hong YC, Kim YD, Kang JW, Kim H. Influence of NQO1, ALDH2, and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms, smoking, and alcohol drinking on the risk of lung cancer in Koreans. Cancer Causes and Control. 2009;20: Han SG, Park KH, Sung JS, Whang YM, Kim YJ, Shin ES, Lee JW, Lee HJ, Ryu JS, Choi IK, Seo JH, Kim YH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of IGFBP-3 gene and lung cancer risk in a Korean population. Lung Cancer. 2008;62(2): Hwang JH, Kim KS, Kim YI, Kim EJ, Park KH, Cho GJ, Ju JY, Lim SC, Kim YC, Park KO, Park JT, Ahn SJ. Genetic polymorphism of epoxide hydrolase and GSTM1 in lung cancer susceptibility of Korean population. Cancer Research and Treatment. 2003;35(6): Jang JS, Choi YY, Lee WK, Choi JE, Cha SI, Kim YJ, Kim CH, Kam S, Jung TH, Park JY. Telomere length and the risk of lung cancer. Cancer Sci. 2008;99(7): Jang JS, Kim KM, Choi JE, Cha SI, Kim CH, Lee WK, Kam S, Jung TH, Park JY. Identification of polymorphisms in the Caspase-3 gene and their association with lung cancer risk. Mol Carcinog. 2008;47(5): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Jeon HS, Kim KM, Park SH, Lee SY, Choi JE, Lee GY, Kam Sin, Park RW, Kim IS, Kim CH, Jung TH, Park JY. Relationship between XPG codon 1104 polymorphism and risk of primary lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2003;24(10): E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) I E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Never vs. Ever) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) I: Provided updated data by author E: Discordance of gender

35 Cancer site References Note Lung (Incidence) Jo UH, Han SG, Seo JH, Park KH, Lee JW, Lee HJ, Ryu JS, Kim YH. The genetic polymorphisms of HER-2 and the risk of lung cancer in a Korean population. BMC Cancer. 2008;8: E: Discordance of gender Kim DS, Sung JS, Shin ES, Ryu JS, Choi IK, Park KH, Park Y, Kim EB, Park SJ, Kim YH. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in PIM-1 gene with the risk of Korean lung cancer. Cancer Res Treat. 2008;40(4): Lee CH, Lee KY, Choe KH, Hong YC, Kim YD, Kang JW, Kim H. Effects of oxidative DNA damage induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and genetic polymorphism of the paraoxonase-1 (PON1) gene on lung cancer. J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(3): Lee CH, Lee KY, Choe KH, Hong YC, Noh SI, Eom SY, Ko YJ, Zhang YW, Yim DH, Kang JW, Kim H, Kim YD. Effect of oxidative DNA damage and genetic polymorphism of the glutayhione peroxidase 1(GPX1) and 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1(hOGG1) on lung cancer. J Prev Med Pub Health. 2006;39(2): Lee GY, Jang JS, Lee SY, Jeon HS, Kim KM, Choi JE, Park JM, Chae MH, Lee WK, Kam S, Kim IS, Lee JT, Jung TH, Park JY. XPC polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2005;115(5): Lee KM, Lee SJ, Park SK, Lee SY, Im HJ, Yoon KJ, Choi IM, Lee YJ, Kim SU, Choi H, Choi SH, Kim YW, Cho SH, Kang D. Interaction between genetic polymorohisms of CYP2E1 & NAT1 and smoking in lung cancer development. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2001;33(1): Lee KM, Kang D, Lee SJ, Park SK, Lee KH, Choi JY, Kim SU, Choi H, Choi SH, Kim YW, Hong YC, Cho SH. Interactive effect of genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1 and smoking on squamous cell lung cancer risk in Korea. Oncology Reports. 2006;2006;(16): Lee SJ, Jeon HS, Jang JS, Park SH, Lee GY, Lee BH, Kim CH, Kang YM, Lee WK, Kam S, Park RW, Kim IS, Cho YL, Jung TH, Park JY. DNMT3B polymorphisms and risk of primary lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2005;26(2): Lee SY, Lee JH, Park JH, Kim EJ, Lee SJ, Jeon HS, Sohn JW, Cha SI, Kim CH, Jung TH, Park JY. DNMT3b 39179G>T polymorphism and risk of primary lung cancer in Koreans. Korean Journal of Medicine. 2004;66(6): Meng KH, Shin E, Kim HK, Song JS, Chung IS, Chung SS, Ahn WS, Han KT. Cigarette smoking and the risk of five major cancers among adult Koreans: A case-control study. J Korean Med Assoc. 1991;34(6): E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of categories (Never vs. Ever) E: Discordance of categories (Never vs. Ever) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker)

36 Cancer site References Note Lung (Incidence) Nam HM, Kim H, Kang JW, Bae JW, Choe KH, Lee KH, Kim ST, Won CH, Kim YM.. A case-control study on effect of genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 on risk of lung cancer. Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(2): E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) Park JH, Park JM, Kim EJ, Cha SI, Lee EB, Kim CH, Kam S, Jung TH, Park JY. Myeloperoxidase -463G>A polymorphism and risk of primary lung cancer in a Korean population. Cancer Detect Prev. 2006;30(3): Park JY, Lee SY, Jeon HS, Bae NC, Chae SC, Joo S, Kim CH, Park JH, Kam S, Kim IS, Jung TH. Polymorphism of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 and risk of primary lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(1): Park JY, Park JM, Jang JS, Choi JE, Kim KM, Cha SI, Kim CH, Kang YM, Lee WK, Kam S, Park RW, Kim IS, Lee JT, Jung TH. Caspase 9 promoter polymorphisms and risk of primary lung cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(12): Park JY, Park SH, Choi JE, Lee SY, Jeon HS, Cha SI, Kim CH, Park JH, Kam S, Park RW, Kim IS, Jung TH. Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum group A and risk of primary lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11: Park KH, Lo Han SG, Whang YM, Lee HJ, Yoo YD, Lee JW, Shin SW, Kim YH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TGFB1 gene and lung cancer risk in a Korean population. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2006;169(1): Park SH, Lee GY, Jeon HS, Lee SJ, Kim KM, Jang SS, Kim CH, Lee WK, Kam S, Park RW, Kim IS, Jung TH, Park JY. -93G-->A polymorphism of hmlh1 and risk of primary lung cancer. Int J Cancer. 2004;112(4): Park SK, Cho LY, Yang JJ, Park B, Chang SH, Lee KS, Kim H, Yoo KY, Lee CT; The Scientific Committee, Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. Lung cancer risk and cigarette smoking, lung tuberculosis according to histologic type and gender in a population based case-control study. Lung Cancer. 2009;Epub ahead of print Son JW, Kang HK, Chae MH, Choi JE, Park JM, Lee WK, Kim CH, Kim DS, Kam S, Kang YM, Park JY. Polymorphisms in the caspase-8 gene and the risk of lung cancer. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2006;169(2): Sung JH, Cho SH, Kang DH, Yoo KY. Lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and air pollution Yang M, Choi Y, Hwangbo B, Lee JS. Combined effects of genetic polymorphisms in six selected genes on lung cancer susceptibility. Lung Cancer. 2007;57(2): E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) I E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Pack-year) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female) E: Discordance of gender (Male and female)

37 Cancer site References Note Lung (Incidence) Yoon KA, Park S, Lee SH, Kim JH, Lee JS. Comparison of circulating plasma DNA levels between lung cancer patients and healthy controls. Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. 2009;11(3): E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) Lung (Mortality) Cervix (Incidence) Yoon KA, Hwangbo B, Kim IJ, Park S, Kim HS, Kee HJ, Lee JE, Jang YK, Park JG, Lee JS. Novel polymorphisms in the SUV39H2 histone methyltransferase and the risk of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27(11): Yoon KA, Park S, Hwangbo B, Shin HD, Cheong HS, Shin HR, Lee JS. Genetic polymorphisms in the Rb-binding zinc finger gene RIZ and the risk of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2007;28(9): Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Kim IS, Jee SH, Ohrr H, Yi SW. Effects of smoking on the mortality of lung cancer in Korean men. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2001;42(2): Lee SG, Nam CM, Yi SW, Ohrr HC. Cigarette smoking, alcohol and cancer mortality in men: The Kangwha cohort study. Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(2): Choi SY, Hiroaki Kahyo, Shim YS. Effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on risk of cancers. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;14(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Koo HW, Yoo KY, Kim DH, Song YS, Park NH, Kang SB, Lee HP, Ahn YO, Lee CU. A case-control study on risk factors of uterine cervix cancer in Korea. J Prev Med Pub Health. 1996;29(2): Lee HP, Song YS, Park CS, Park NH, Kang SB, Kim DH, Yoo KY, Park SH. Human papillomavirus infection and the risk for cervical cancer in Korea. Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gymecology. 1994;37(9): Lee SA, Kang D, Seo SS, Jeong JK, Yoo KY, Jeon YT, Kim JW, Park NH, Kang SB, Lee HP, Song YS. Multiple HPV infection in cervical cancer screened by HPV DNA Chip. Cancer Lett. 2003;198(2): E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Never vs. Ever) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Never vs. Ever, Current, Former) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (Korea Medical Insurance Corporation) E: Specific population group (Age 55years) I I: Provided updated data by author E: Discordance of categories E: Discordance of categories (Never vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of categories (Never vs. Ever)

38 Cancer site References Note Cervix (Incidence) Meng KH, Shin E, Kim HK, Song JS, Chung IS, Chung SS, Ahn WS, Han KT. Cigarette smoking and the risk of five major cancers among adult Koreans: A case-control study. J Korean Med Assoc. 1991;34(6): E: Discordance of categories (Non-smoker vs. Smoker) Cervix (Mortality) Kidney (Incidence) Kidney (Mortality) Bladder (Incidence) Moon SW, Choi SY, Lee TY, Chung YC. Studies on risk factors in cancers of the breast, uterine cervix and ovary. Korean J Epidemiol. 1997;19(2): Odongua N, Chae YM, Kim MR, Yun JE, Jee SH. Associations between smoking, screening, and death caused by cervical cancer in Korean women. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2007;48(2): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Odongua N, Chae YM, Kim MR, Yun JE, Jee SH. Associations between smoking, screening, and death caused by cervical cancer in Korean women. Yonsei Medical Journal. 2007;48(2): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Choi JY, Lee KM, Cho SH, Kim SW, Choi HY, Lee SY, Im HJ, Yoon KJ, Choi H, Choi I, Hirvonen A, Hayes RB, Kang D. CYP2E1 and NQO1 genotypes, smoking and bladder cancer. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13(6): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Jeong HJ, Kim HJ, Seo IY, Kim HJ, Oh GJ, Chae SC, Lim JS, Chung HT, Kim JJ. Association between glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms and increased risk for bladder cancer in Korean smokers. Cancer Lett. 2003;202(2): Kim H, Kim WJ, Lee HL, Lee MS, Kim CH, Kim Rosa, Nam HM. A case-control study on the effect of the genetic polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase 2 and glutathione S-transferase mu and theta on the risk of bladder cancer E: Discordance of categories (Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) I: Provided updated data by author E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Discordance of categories (Pack-year) I: Provided updated data by author E: Discordance of categories (Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of categories

39 Cancer site References Note Bladder (Incidence) Kim WJ, Lee HL, Lee SC, Kim YT, Kim H. Polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase 2, glutathione S-transferase mu and theta genes as risk factors of bladder cancer in relation to asthma and tuberculosis. J Urol. 2000;164(1): E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) Bladder (Mortality) Kim WJ, Kim H, Kim CH, Lee MS, Oh BR, Lee HM, Katoh T. GSTT1-null genotype is a protective factor against bladder cancer. Urology. 2002;60(5): Lee SJ, Kang D, Cho SH, Kim SU, Park MS, Choi HY, Choi W. Association of genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 and bladder cancer. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(3): Lee SW, Jang IJ, Shin SG, Lee KH, Yim DS, Kim SW, Oh SJ, Lee SH. CYP1A2 activity as a risk factor for bladder cancer. J Korean Med Sci. 1994;9(6): Seo HS, Lee NK, Jee SH. The effect of cigarette smoking on bladder cancer in Korean: A prospective cohort study. The Korean Journal of Urology. 2005;46(3): Yun YH, Jung KW, Bae JM, Lee JS, Shin SA, Park SM, Yoo T, Huh BY. Cigarette smoking and cancer incidence risk in adult men: National Health Insurance Corporation Study. Cancer Detect Prev. 2005;29(1): Jee SH, Samet J.M, Ohrr HC, Kim JH, Kim IS. Smoking and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15(4): Seo HS, Lee NK, Jee SH. The effect of cigarette smoking on bladder cancer in Korean: A prospective cohort study. The Korean Journal of Urology. 2005;46(3): E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of categories (Non-smoker vs. Smoker) E: Discordance of gender and categories (Male and female, Non-smoker vs. Smoker) I E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (NHIC) E: Same population (KMIC's dependents)

40 Author (year) Choi SY et al. (1992) Jee SH et al. (2004) Study period Type and source Hospital-based (Korea Cancer Center Hospital) National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) Definition Study Cases: newly diagnosed histologically cases Controls: cancer-free patients at the same hospital Cohort 758,193 men Cohort 758,193 men Cohort 758,193 men Cohort 830,139 men subjects Cancer site Oral cavity & Pharynx No. of cases Category of smoking No. of controls Never Former Current Esophagus Never Former Current Stomach Never Former Current Rectum Never Former Current Larynx Never Former Current Lung Never Former Current Oral cavity & Pharynx Esophagus ,045 Stomach 2,184 3,046 8,850 Colon Never Former Current Never Former Current Never Former Current Never Former Current

41 Author (year) Jee SH et al. (2004) Park JY et al. (2002) Study period Type and source National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) Hospital-based (Kyungpook National University Hospital) Definition Cohort 441,883 men Cohort 758,193 men Cohort 758,193 men Cohort 758,193 men Cohort 758,193 men Cohort 758,193 men Cases: diagnosed with lung cancer Controls: randomly selected from a pool of healthy volunteers Study subjects Cancer site No. of cases Liver 963 1,131 3,520 Pancreas ,126 Larynx Lung 758 1,332 6,657 Kidney Bladder ,348 No. of controls Category of smoking Never Former Current Never Former Current Never Former Current Never Former Current Never Former Current Never Former Current Lung Never Former Current

42 Author (year) Choi SY et al. (1992) Study period Type and source Hospital-based (Korea Cancer Center Hospital) Definition Cases: newly diagnosed histologically cases Controls: cancer-free patients at the same hospital Study subjects Cancer site Category of No. of No. of smoking cases controls Cervix Never Former Current Jee SH et al. (2004) National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) Cohort 434,145 women Cohort 434,145 women Oral cavity & Pharynx Esophagus Never Former Current Never Former Current Cohort 121,822 women Liver Never Former Current Cohort 434,145 women Pancreas Never Former Current Cohort 434,145 women Larynx Never Former Current Cohort 434,145 women Lung 1, Never Former Current Cohort 434,145 women Cervix 2, Never Former Current Cohort 434,145 women Kidney Never Former Current

43 표 14 Author (year) Jee SH et al. (2004) Study period Type and source National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) Definition Cohort 434,145 women Study subjects Cancer site No. of cases Bladder No. of controls Category of smoking Never Former Current Seo HS et al. (2005) Korean Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC)'s dependents Cohort 263,915 women Bladder Never Former Current

44 Cancer site Lung (Male) Author (year) Study period Exposure to smoking at home Tse LA et al. (2009) Type and source Study subjects Definition Population-based Cases: nonsmoker with newly diagnosed primary lung cancer No. of cases No. of controls ( (0 Controls:nonsmokingcommuni tyreferents Akiba S et al. (1986) Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Cases: non-smoking men with newly diagnosed cases of primary lung cancer among cohort members (0 Controls: non-smoking men among cohort members without lung cancer Exposure to smoking at workplace Tse LA et al. (2009) Population-based Cases: nonsmoker with newly diagnosed primary lung cancer (0 Controls:nonsmokingcommuni tyreferents

45 표 17. Cancer site Lung (Female) Author (year) Study period Exposure to smoking at home Jee SH et al. (1999) Type and source Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) Study subjects Definition Cohort 157,436 non-smoking wives No. of cases No. of controls ( (1 Kurahashi N et al. (2008) Japan Health Center-based Prospective study (JPHC Study) Prospective cohort 28,414 non-smoking (0 Wen W et al. (2006) Shanghai Women s Health Study (SWHS) Prospective cohort 72,829 non-smoking women (0 Nishino Y et al. (2001) Population-based Prospective cohort 9,675 lifelong nonsmoking women (0. Lee CH et al. (2000) Hospital-based Cases: non-smoking female lung cancer patients Controls: non-smoking women at the same hospital with conditions unrelated to tobacco use (1.

46 표 16. (Continued) Cancer site Lung (Female) Author (year) Study period Exposure to smoking at home Zhong L et al. (1999) Type and source Population-based Shanghai Residential Registry Study subjects Definition Cases: non-smoker diagnosed with primary lung cancer Controls: non-smoker selected randomly from the Shanghai Residential Registry No. of cases No. of controls ( (0. Rapiti E et al. (1999) Wu-Williams AH et al. (1990) Hospital-based Cases: non-smoker with newly diagnosed primary lung cancers Controls: non-smoker among patients admitted to the hospital and the patient s visitors Population-based Cases: non-smoker with newly diagnosed primary lung cancers in cancer registries of Harbin and Shenyang Controls: non-smoker with randomly selected from the general populations of Harbin and Shenyang ( (0 Wang TJ et al. (1996) Hospital-based Cases: non-smoker with newly diagnosed of primary lung cancer in 18 hospitals of Shenyang Controls: non-smoker with randomly selected from the general population located in urban areas of Shenyang (0

47 표 16. (Continued) Cancer site Lung (Female) Author (year) Study period Exposure to smoking at home Lei YX et al. (1996) Type and source Study subjects Definition 1986 Population-based Cases: lung cancer deaths in non-smoker Controls: non-tumor deaths in non-smoker No. of cases No. of controls ( (0 Liu Q et al. (1993) Hospital-based Cases: newly diagnosed cases of primary lung cancer from 8 hospitals Controls: individually matched hospital controls (0 Akiba S et al. (1986) Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Cases: non-smoker with newly diagnosed cases of primary lung cancer among cohort members (1. Controls: non-smoker among cohort members without lung cancer Hirayama T (1984) Censuspopulation-based Prospective cohort 91,540 nonsmoking wives (1 Lam TH et al. (1987) Hospital-based Cases: non-smoking lung cancer patients Controls: non-smoking healthy neighborhood controls matched for age (1

48 표 16. (Continued) Cancer site Lung (Female) Author (year) Study period Exposure to smoking at home Liu ZY et al. (1991) Type and source Population-based Study subjects Definition Cases: newly-diagnosed lung cancer patients Controls: No. of cases No. of controls ( (total) 426 (total) 0.77 (0 Fang et al. (2006) Hospital-based Cases: no-smoking female patients with the primary lung cancer from hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu Controls: one hospital control and one population control 1.77 (1 Wang SY et al. (1996) Hospital-based Cases: diagnosed of primary lung cancers from 5 hospitals of Sun Yat-sen Medical University, Jinan Medical College and Guangzhou Medical College Controls: non-malignant tumor patients who were hospitalized during the same time period in the same hospital (1

49 표 16. (Continued) Cancer site Lung (Female) Author (year) Study period Exposure to smoking at workplace Kurahashi N et al. (2008) Type and source Japan Health Center-based Prospective study (JPHC Study) Study subjects Definition Prospective cohort 28,414 non-smoking No. of cases No. of controls ( (0 Wen W et al. (2006) Shanghai Women s Health Study (SWHS) Prospective cohort 72,829 non-smoking women (1 Lee CH et al. (2000) Hospital-based Cases: non-smoking female lung cancer patients Controls: non-smoking women at the same hospital with conditions unrelated to tobacco use (0. Zhong L et al. (1999) Population-based Shanghai Residential Registry Cases: non-smoking women diagnosed with primary lung cancer Controls: non-smoking women selected randomly from the Shanghai Residential Registry (1.

50 표 16. (Continued) Cancer site Lung (Female) Author (year) Study period Exposure to smoking at workplace Wu-Williams AH et al. (1990) Type and source Study subjects Definition Population-based Cases: non-smoker with newly diagnosed primary lung cancers in cancer registries of Harbin and Shenyang Controls: non-smoker with randomly selected from the general populations of Harbin and Shenyang No. of cases No. of controls ( (0 Wang TJ et al. (1996) Hospital-based Cases: nonsmoker with newly diagnosed of primary lung cancer in 18 hospitals of Shenyang Controls: non-smoker with randomly selected from the general population located in urban areas of Shenyang (0

51 Cancer site (ICD-10code) Former Smoker Men Women Current Smoker Former Smoker Current Smoker Oral Cavity (C00-C09) 1.03 ( ) 2.19 ( ) ( ) Pharynx (C10-C14) 1.03 ( ) 2.19 ( ) ( ) Esophagus (C15) 1.19 ( ) 2.25 ( ) 1.10 ( ) 1.60 ( ) Stomach (C16) 1.29 ( ) 1.50 ( ) 1.29 ( ) 1.50 ( ) Colorectal (C18-C20) 1.11 ( ) 0.79 ( ) 1.11 ( ) 0.79 ( ) Liver (C22) 1.20 ( ) 1.40 ( ) 0.80 ( ) 2.50 ( ) Pancreas (C25) 1.20 ( ) 1.50 ( ) 0.80 ( ) 1.20 ( ) Larynx (C32) 2.01 ( ) 4.65 ( ) 0.90 ( ) 9.10 ( ) Lung (C34) 1.60 ( ) 3.73 ( ) 1.60 ( ) 2.30 ( ) Cervix (C53) ( ) 1.04 ( ) Kidney (C64) 1.10 ( ) 1.10 ( ) 1.10 ( ) 1.00 ( ) Bladder (C67) 1.50 ( ) 2.00 ( ) 0.92 ( ) 1.73 ( ) RR for men was used for women

52 Cancer site Men Women Lung Exposure to smoking at home 0.96 ( ) 1.38 ( ) Exposure to smoking at workplace 1.15 ( ) 1.32 ( )

53 Men Women Year Never Smoker Former Smoker Current Smoker Never Smoker Former Smoker Current Smoker 1989 * * Korea National Health Examination Survey Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Year Home Workplace Men Women Men Women 1990 * Korea National Health Examination Survey Prevalence to passive smoking was estimated from extrapolating the data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2005 and 2007 *

54

55

56 Men Women Cancer site (ICD-10 code) PAF (%) No. of cases No. of deaths No. of smokingrelated cases No. of smokingrelated deaths PAF (%) No. of cases No. of deaths No. of smokingrelated cases No. of smokingrelated deaths PA (% Oral Cavity (C00-C09) , Pharynx (C10-C14) Esophagus (C15) ,790 1, Stomach (C16) ,035 6,875 4,761 1, ,282 3, Colorectum (C18-C20) ,070 3, ,101 2, Liver (C22) ,738 8,377 2,520 1, ,539 2, Pancreas (C25) ,109 1, ,601 1, Larynx (C32) Lung (C34) ,166 10,536 8,115 7, ,505 3, among non-smokers , Cervix (C53) , Kidney (C64) , Bladder (C67) , , Total 82,121 42,521 19,703 13,158 73,650 24,591 1,810 1,368 % of all cancers

57

58

59 Male Cancer site PAF (%) 95% UI Incidence Mortality No. 95% UI No. 95% UI PAF (%) 95% UI Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach ,761 4,636-4,890 1,922 1,871-1, Colorectal Liver ,520 2,390-2,657 1,966 1,864-2, Pancreas Larynx Lung ,115 7,553-8,719 7,028 6,541-7, among non-smokers Cervix Kidney Bladder , , Total 19,703 18,249-21,357 13,158 12,195-14,231 % of all cancers

60 Cancer Men Women Korea Germany France * China Korea Germany France * China Lung Pancreas Larynx 73 n/a n/a Stomach 28 n/a n/a Esophagus 48 n/a n/a Bladder Cervix Total John and Hanke, * IARC working group report, Wang JB et al, 2010.

61 달평균음주량 달평균음주횟수하루평균음주량 Total (N) ~2 Cup 1/2 Bottle 1 Bottle 2 Bottle 3 Bottle+ Men (%) 100 (4,262) Women (%) 100 (3,107) Total (N) Non drink 1~5 day 6~10 day 11~15 day 16~20 day 21~31 day Mean Men (%) Women (%) 100 (4,262) 100 (3,107)

62 Cancer site Reference Note Oral cavity Choi SY, Kahyo H Effect of cigarette smonking and alcogol consumption in the aetiology of cancer of the Oral cavity, Pharynx and Larynx. Int. J. Epidemiol 1991;20(4): E Discordance of categories Oesophagus Colon Choi SY, Kahyo H, Shin YS. Effect of Cigarette Smoking and alcohol Drinking on Risk of Cancer. Korean J. Epidemiol. 1992;14(1): Jee SH, Ohrr HC, Sull JW, Samet M. J. Ciggarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Hepatits B, and Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96: Choi SY, Kahyo H, Shin YS. Effect of Cigarette Smoking and alcohol Drinking on Risk of Cancer. Korean J. Epidemiol. 1992;14(1): Jee SH, Ohrr HC, Sull JW, Samet M. J. Ciggarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Hepatits B, and Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96: Choi SY, Kahyo H, Shin YS. Effect of Cigarette Smoking and alcohol Drinking on Risk of Cancer. Korean J Epidemiol. 1992;14(1): Lee AK, Lee SY, Park SI, Yoon TH, Jeong BG. Developing the predictive model for the group at high risk for colon cancer. J Prev Med Pub Health. Sep 2007;39(5): Lee SY, Lee WC, Choi KY, Kim MK, Lee JH, Meng KH. A Casecontrol Study of the Relationships between Reproductive Factors and Degree of Dysplasia of the Colorectal Adenoma and Cancer. Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(3): Lim HJ, Park BJ. Cohort Study on the Association between Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Korean Elderly. J Prev Med Pub Health. 2008;41(1): Jee SH, Ohrr HC, Sull JW, Samet M. J. Ciggarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Hepatits B, and Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96: E Same population I E Not present number of cases I E Not present number of cases E Discordance of categories (non-drinker/drinker) E Discordance of categories (non/ex/current drink) I I I: Included in the meta-analysis E: Excluded from the meta-analysis

63 Cancer site Reference Note Liver Choi SY, Kahyo H, Shin YS. E Effect of Cigarette Smoking and alcohol Drinking on Risk of Cancer. Not present Korean J Epidemiol. 1992;14(1): number of cases Larynx Breast Gwack J, Hwang SS, Ko KP, Jun JK, Park SK, Chang SH, Shin HR, Yoo KY. Fasting serum glucose and subsequent liver cancer risk in a Korean prospective cohort. J Prev Med Pub Health. Jan 2007;40(1): Jee SH, Ohrr HC, Sull JW, Samet M. J. Ciggarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Hepatits B, and Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96: Shin HR, Lee CU, Park Hj, Seol SY, Chung JM. Choi HC, Ahn YO, ShigemastuT Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of Liver Cancer: A casecontrol study in Pusan, Korea. Int. J. Epidemiol 1996; 25(5) Choi SY, Kahyo H Effect of cigarette smonking and alcogol consumption in the aetiology of cancer of the Oral cavity, Pharynx and Larynx. Int. J. Epidemiol 1991;20(4): Choi SY, Kahyo H, Shin YS. Effect of Cigarette Smoking and alcohol Drinking on Risk of Cancer. Korean J. Epidemiol. 1992;14(1): Jee SH, Ohrr HC, Sull JW, Samet M. J. Ciggarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Hepatits B, and Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96: Cha KH, Lee TH, Kim HS. The Availability of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Estimating the Obesity on the Relative Risk in the Breast Cancer Journal of Breast Cancer. 1999; 2: Choi JY, Lee KM, Park SK, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Yoo KY, Kang DH. Association of paternal age at birth and the risk of breast cancer in offspring: a case control study. BioMed Central. 2005; 143(5): Choi SY, Kahyo H, Shin YS. Effect of Cigarette Smoking and alcohol Drinking on Risk of Cancer. Korean J Epidemiol. 1992;14(1): Do MH, Lee SS, Jung PJ, Lee MH. Relation of Breast Cancer Risk with Alcohol Consumption and Physical Activity: A CaseControl Study. The Korean Nutrition Society. 2003;36(1): Han SH, Lee KM, Choi JY, Park SK, Lee JY, Lee JE, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Han WS, Kim DH, Hong YC, Ha EH, Yoo KY, Kang DH. CASP8 polymorphisms, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;110: Jee SH, Ohrr HC, Sull JW, Samet M. J. Ciggarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Hepatits B, and Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96: E Discordance of categories (never/ever) I I E Discordance of categories E Not present number of cases I E Discordance of categories (never/ever) E Discordance of categories (Reported by consumption frequency) E Not present number of cases I E Discordance of categories (Reported by consumption frequency) E Discordance of categories (non-drinker/drinker) I: Included in the meta-analysis E: Excluded from the meta-analysis

64 Cancer site Reference Note Breast Kim MK, Kim JY, Gong GY, Ahn SH Effect of p53 and p16 Protein Expression in Relation to Body Mass Index for Breast Cancer Risk. J Korean Caner Assoc. 2001;33(2): E Discordance of categories (non/ex/current drink) Kim SU, Lee KM, Park Sk, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Ahn SH, Kang DH. Glutathione Stransferase P1 Genetic polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Research and Treatment 2002;34(3): Moon SW, Choi SY, Lee TY, Chung YC. Studied on Risk Factors in Cancer of the Breast, Uterine Cervix and Ovary. Korean J of Epidemiology. 1997;19(2): Park SK, Kang DH, Yoo KY, Lee SJ, Kim YC, Kang HS, Suh JS, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Choe KJ. A casecontrol Study of the Association between Glutathione S tradnsferase (GST) M1 and T1 Genetic Polymorphism and Breast Cancer in Korean Women. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(4): Yim DS, Park SK, Yoo KY, Yoon KS, Chung HH, Kang HJ, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Jang IJ, Shin SG, Paul T. Strickland, Ari Hirvonen, Kang DH. Relationship between the Val158Met polymorphism of catechol O methyl transferase and breast cancer. pharmacogenetics. 2001; 11: Yoo KY, Park SK, Sung JH, Kim YC, Kang HS, Suh JS, Yun IJ, Han SH, Noh DY, Choe KJ. High risk group for female breast cancer in Korea. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(1): E Discordance of categories (never/ever) E Discordance of categories (non-drinker/drinker) E Discordance of categories (never/ever) E Discordance of categories (never/ever) E Discordance of categories (non/ex/current drink) I: Included in the meta-analysis E: Excluded from the meta-analysis

65 Author (year) Oral cavity Jee SH et al (2004) Study period Korea Mesical Insurance Corporation Study subjects Type and source Definition No. of cases No. of controls Cohort study 846,907 men 482,618 women Category of Alcohol intake (95 0 1~ ~ ~ ( ( ( (1 Esophagus Jee SH et al (2004) Korea Mesical Insurance Corporation Cohort study 846,907 men 482,618 women ~ ~ ~ ( ( ( (3 Colon Jee SH et al (2004) Korea Mesical Insurance Corporation Cohort study 846,907 men 482,618 women 1,041 2, ~ ~ ~ ( ( ( (1 Lim HJ et al. (2008) Korea Mesical Insurance Corporation Cohort study 4,834 men 9,470women never 24 24< 48 48< 72 72< ( ( ( (0 Liver Jee SH et al (2004) Korea Mesical Insurance Corporation Cohort study 823,158 men 459,954women 2,180 4, ( ( ( (1

66 Author (year) Liver Shin HR et al (2004) Study period Hospital-based (Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital) Study subjects Type and source Definition No. of cases No. of controls Cases: newly histologically confirmed cases Controls: patients of the same hospital no moderate heavy Category of Alcohol intake (95 no moderate heavy ( ( ( (0. Larynx Jee SH et al. (2004) Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Cohort study 823,158 men 459,954women ( ( ( (1 Breast Do MH et al. (2003) Hospital -based (Hanyang and Soonchunhyang University Hospitals) Cases: newly histologically confirmed cases Controls: patients of the same hospital 108 women 121 women none < ( ( (0 none < ( ( (1

67 표 29. Cancer Site LN Men Women (Risk per g/d) RR 95% CI RR RR 95% CI RR Oral cavity* ( ) 1.05 ( ) Pharynx* ( ) 1.05 ( ) Esophagus* ( ) 1.07 ( ) Colon ( ) 1.01 ( ) Rectum ( ) 1.01 ( ) Liver ( ) 1.02 ( ) Larynx* ( ) 1.11 ( ) Breast ( )

68 Year Men Women Total 1989* * ,521 73,650 24,591

69

70 1, , ,790 1, ,965 1, ,518 2,050 4,643 1,791 11,161 3, ,552 1,685 3,458 1,076 9,010 2, ,738 8,377 3,539 2,751 14,277 11, , ,121 42,521 73,650 24, ,771 67,112 2,170 1,

71

72 Male Female Larynx Breast Liver Larynx Rectum Colon Esophagus Liver Rectum Colon Esophagus Pharynx Pharynx Oral cavity Oral cavity Larynx Male Breast Female Liver Larynx Rectum Liver Rectum Colon Colon Esophagus Esophagus Pharynx Pharynx Oral cavity Oral cavity prevalence (28.53 g/d) 1998 prevalence (6.38 g/d) 2001 prevalence (26.68 g/d) 2001 prevalence (5.70 g/d) 2005 prevalence (25.33 g/d) 2005 prevalence (7.92 g/d)

73 Cancer site PAF (%) 95% UI Male Incidence Mortality PAF No. 95% UI No. 95% UI (%) 95% UI Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Colon Rectum Liver Larynx Breast Total ,764-2, ,017-1,534 % of all cancers

74 C a n c e r site Men Women PAF 1) PAF (Q3) 2) PAF (Q1) 3) PAF (Q3-Q1) PAF 1) PAF (Q3) 2) PAF (Q1) 3) PAF (Q3-Q1) Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Colon Rectum Liver Larynx Breast

75 표 34. Cancer site Reference Note Colon Chung YW, Han DS, Park YK, Paik CH, Lee HL, Jeon YC, Sohn JH. Association of obesity, serum glucose and lipids with the risk of advanced colorectal adenoma and cancer: A case-control study in Korea. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38(9): I Jee SH, Yun JE, Park EJ, Cho ER, Park IS, Sul JW, Ohrr H, Samet JM. Body mass index and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Int J Cancer. 2008;123: Oh SW, Yoon YS, Shin SA. Effects of Excess Weight in Cancer Incidences among Men : Korea National Health Insurance. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23(21). Oh TH, Byeon JS, Myung SJ, Yang SK, Choi KS, Chung JW, Kim B, Lee D, Byun JH, Jang SJ, Kim JH. Visceral obesity as a risk factor for colorectal neoplasm. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;23(3): I E; Discordance of categories (<22.6, , , 26.1) E; Discordance of categories (<22.6, , , 26.1) I: Included in the meta-analysis E: Excluded from the meta-analysis

76 Cancer site Reference Note Colon Shin AS, Yoon HC, Yoo KY. A case-control study on the relationship between obesity and female colorectal cancer. Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(2): E; Discordance of categories (<19.8, , , 23.4) Pancreas Kidney Song YM, Sung JH, Ha MN. Obesity and risk of cancer in Postmenopausal Korea J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(20): women. Gonzalalez B. A., Yun JE, LEE SY, Klein P. A, Jee SH. Pancreatic cancer and factors associated with the insulin resistance syndrome in the Korea cancer prevention study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(2): Jee SH, Yun JE, Park EJ, Cho ER, Park IS, Sul JW, Ohrr H, Samet JM. Body mass index and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Int J Cancer. 2008;123: Kim HJ, Jee SH, Lee HS, Lee SH, Shim KW. Fasting blood glucose level and its risk of pacreatic cancer among Koreans: A prospective study. J Korean Acad Fam Med. 2006;27: Oh SW, Yoon YS, Shin SA. Effects of Excess Weight in Cancer Incidences among Men : Korea National Health Insurance. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23(21). Song YM, Sung JH, Ha MN. Obesity and risk of cancer in Postmenopausal Korea women. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(20): Jee SH, Yun JE, Park EJ, Cho ER, Park IS, Sul JW, Ohrr H, Samet JM. Body mass index and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Int J Cancer. 2008;123: E; Same population (National Health Insurance Corporation) E; Discordance of categories (<18.5, , ) I E; Same population (National Health Insurance Corporation) E; Same population (National Health Insurance Corporation) E; Same population (National Health Insurance Corporation) I Oh SW, Yoon YS, Shin SA. Effects of Excess Weight in Cancer Incidences among Men : Korea National Health Insurance. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23(21). Song YM, Sung JH, Ha MN. Obesity and risk of cancer in Postmenopausal Korea J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(20): women. Endometrial Tong SY, Ha SY, Ki KD, Lee JM, Lee SK, Lee KB, Kim MK, Cho CH, Kwon SY. The effects of obesity and HER-2 polymorphisms as risk factors for endometrial cancer in Korean women. BLOG 2009;116(8): E; Same population (National Health Insurance Corporation) E; Same population (National Health Insurance Corporation) I Breast Ahn SH, Kim MK, Kim SI. Relation between Body size and Body Mass Index and breast cancer by Menopausal status in Korea. J Kor Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(1): Cha KH, Lee TH, Kim HS. The availability of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Estimating the Obesity on the Relative Risk in the Breast Cancer. Journal of Korean Breast Cancer Society. 1999;2: E; Discordance of categories ( , , , , ) E; Discordance of categories ( 21.99, , 24.77) I: Included in the meta-analysis E: Excluded from the meta-analysis

77 Cancer site Reference Note Breast Choi JY, Lee KM, Park SK, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Yoo KY, Kang DH. E; Discordance of Association of paternal age at birth and the risk of breast cancer in offspring: categories (<25.0, a case control study , 30.0) BioMed Central. 2005;5.:143 Do MH, Lee SS, Jong PJ, Lee MH. Relation of Breast Cancer Risk with Alcohol Consumption and Physical Activity : A Case-Control Study. Korea Journal of Nutrition. 2003;36(1): Do MH, Lee SS, Jong PJ, Lee MH. Intake of Dietary Fat and Vitamin in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in Korean Women : A Case-Control Study. J Korean Med Sci. 2003;18: Han SH, Lee KM, Choi JY, Parkk SK, Lee JY, Lee JE, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Han WS, Kim KH, Hong YC, Ha EH, Yoo KY, Kang DH. CASP8 polymorphisms, estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;110: Jee SH, Yun JE, Park EJ, Cho ER, Park IS, Sul JW, Ohrr H, Samet JM. Body mass index and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Int J Cancer. 2008;123: Kim MK, Kim JY, Gong GY, Ahn SH. Effect of p53 and p16 protein expression in relation to body mass index for breast cancer risk. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2001;34(3): Km SU, Lee KM, Park SK, Yoo KY, Noh, KY, Choe KJ, Ahn SH, Kang DH. Glutathione S-transferase P1 Genetic Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Research and Treatment. 2002;34(3): Lee SA, Lee KM, Park WY, Kim BC, Nam JW, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Ari Hirvonen, Kang DH. Obesity and genetic polymorphism of ERCC2 and ERCC4 as modifiers of risk of breast cancer. Experimental and Molecular Medicine. 2005;37(2): Lee SA, Yoo KY, Noh KY, Cheo KJ, Ahn SH, Park SK, Kang DH. Diet and the Risk of Breast Cancer in Korean Women : A Case-Control Study. Journal of Korean Breast Cancer Society. 2003;6(4): Lee SY, Kim MY, Kim SW, Song MS, Yoon SJ. Effect of lifetime lactation on breast cancer risk, Korean women's cohort study. Int. J. Cancer. 2003;105: Lim SM. Association between body mass index and breast cancer incidence Moon SH, CHoi SY, Lee TY, Jeong YC. Studies on Risk Factors in Cancers of the Breast, Uterine Cervix and Ovary. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1997;19(2): Park SK, Kang DH, Yoo KY, Leej SJ, Kim YC, Kang HS, Suh JS, Ahn SH, Noh, YK, Choe KJ. A Case-Control Study of the Association between Glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 Genetic Polymorphism and Breast Cancer in Korea Women. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(4): Park SK, Yoo KY, Kang DH, Ahn SH, Noh SH, Choe KJ. The Estimation of Breast Cancer Disease-Probability by Difference of Individual Susceptibility. Cancer Research and Treatment. 2003;35(1): E; Discordance of categories (<20, , , 30) E; Discordance of categories (<20, , , 30) E; Discordance of categories (<25.0, , 30.0) I E; Discordance of population (included premenopausal women) E; Discordance of categories (<26, 26) E; Discordance of categories (<25, 25) E; Discordance of categories (<25, 25) E; Discordance of categories (<23, 23) E; Discordance of categories ( 20.6, , ) E; Discordance of categories ( 22.5, , 25.6) E; Discordance of categories (<20, 20 22, 22 24, 24 26, >26) E; Discordance of categories (<22, 22)

78 표 35. Cancer site Reference Note Colon Kim DH, Ahn YO, Lee BW, Whang DY, Lee HJ. A case-control study on the association between physical activity and colorectal cancer in Korea. Kor J. Association Cancer Prev. 2002; 7(2): I Breast Yun YH, Lim MK, Won YJ, Park SM, Chang YJ, Oh SW, Shin AS. Dietary preference, physical activity, and cancer risk in men: national health insurance corporation study. BMC Cancer. 2008;11(8):366. Do MH, Lee SS, Jong JP, Lee MH. Relation of Breast Cancer Risk with Alcohol Consumption and Physical Activity: A Case-Control Study. Korea Journal of Nutrition. 2003; 36(1): Lee SY, Kim MY, Kim SW, Song MS, Yoon SJ. Effect of lifetime lactation on breast cancer risk: a Korean women's cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2003; 105: Moon SH, Choi SY, Lee TY, Jeong YC. Studies on Risk Factors in Cancers of the Breast, Uterine Cervix and Ovary. Korean Journal of Epidemiology. 1997; 19(2): I I E; Discordance of categories (Yes/No) E; Discordance of categories (Yes/No) I: Included in the meta-analysis E: Excluded from the meta-analysis

79 Author (year) Colon Jee SH et al. (2008) Chung YW et al. (2006) Pancreas Jee SH et al. (2008) Study period Study subjects Type and source Definition No. of cases No. of controls National Health Insurance Corporation Hanyang University Guri Hospital National Health Insurance Corporation Cohort study 2,756 1,915 1,909 Case-Control Study Cohort study 1, Category of Alcohol intake (95 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ( ( ( ( (1 Kidney Jee SH et al. (2008) National Health Insurance Corporation Cohort study ~ ~ ( (1 Breast Jee SH et al. (2008) National Health Insurance Corporation Cohort study ~ ~ ( (1 Endometrial Tong SY et al (2009) Tumor registry databases of Medical centers in Korea Cases; histologically confirmed endometrioid adenocarcinoma Control; Benign gynaecologic disease 125 women 302 women < ( (1

80 Author (year) Colon Kim DH et al (2002) Study period Study subjects Type and source Definition No. of cases No. of controls Hospital- based (Seoul National University Hospital National Medical Center, Korea Cancer Center Hospital) Cases: histologically confirmed incident cases Controls: patients of the same hospital 138 men 97 women 69 men 59 women Category of Alcohol intake (95 Sedentary Moderate Active ( (0 Yun YH et al (2008) 1996 National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) Cohort study 444,963 men 1, Low Moderate-high (0 Breast Do MH et al. (2003) Hospital-based (Hanyang and Soon-chunhyang University Hospital) Cases: histologically confirmed incident cases Controls:patients of the same hospital 108 women 121 women No Yes (0 No Yes (0

81 표 38. Cancer Site Men Women 23 BMI<25 BMI BMI<25 BMI 25 Colon 1.12 ( ) 1.16 ( ) 1.12 ( ) 1.16 ( ) Rectum 1.12 ( ) 1.16 ( ) 1.12 ( ) 1.16 ( ) Pancreas 1.03 ( ) 1.09 ( ) 0.93 ( ) 1.15 ( ) Kidney 1.28 ( ) 1.46 ( ) 1.53 ( ) 1.40 ( ) Breast (postmenopausal) ( ) 1.25 ( ) Endometrial ( ) 2.65 ( ) * Using for Colon's RR 표 39. Cancer Site Men Women Low Moderate-High Low Moderate-High Colon ( ) ( ) Breast ( )

82 표 40. Year Men Women BMI<23 23 BMI<25 BMI 25 BMI<23 23 BMI<25 BMI * (39.2) 23.2 (26.3) 26.8 (34.4) (38.8) 21.3 (24.0) 28.2 (37.2) (33.5) 22.9 (26.0) 30.2 (40.5) 표 41. Year Men Women Low Moderate-High Low Moderate-High 1989 * *

83 기여위험도추정

84 Cancer Site The total numbers of cases and deaths No. of cancer cases and Men Women Total Men Women Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths PAF(%) Cases Deaths PAF(%) Cases Colon 6,518 2,050 4,643 1, Rectum * 5,552 1,685 3,458 1,076 9,010 2, Pancreas 2,109 1,916 1,601 1, Kidney 1, Breast (post-menopausal) - - 5,044 1,058 5,044 1, Endometrial - - 1, Total 82,121 42,521 73,650 24, ,771 67,112 1, ,605 % of all cancer * Using Colon's PAF The total numbers of cases and deaths No. of cancer cases and death Cancer Site Men Women Total Men Women Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths PAF(%) Cases Deaths PAF(%) Cases Colon 6,518 2,050 4,643 1,791 11,161 3, Breast ,536 1,970 11,569 1, Total 82,121 42,521 73,650 24, ,771 67, % of all cancer

85

86 Cancer site Category of Physical inactivity OR Prevalence PAF Case Death 95% C.I. 95% C.I. 95% C.I. Colon Total % of cancer Low Moderate-high 1.01( ) 21.6 ( ) 51 (-451-5,909) 51 (-451-5,909) 0.06 ( ) 16 ( ) 16 ( ) 0.04 ( ) Cancer site Colon Breast Total % of cancer Category of Physical inactivity OR Prevalence Low Moderate-high ( ) ( ) Low Moderate-high 1.10( ) 12.2 ( ) PAF Case Death 95% C.I. 95% C.I. 95% C.I. 40 ( ) 931 (-3,080-2,943) 972 (-3, ) 1.32 ( ) 16 ( ) 159 ( ) 175 ( ) 0.71 ( ) Cancer site Category of Physical inactivity OR Prev1 Prev2 Prev3 PAF1 PAF2 PAF3 Colon Low Moderate-high Cancer site Category of Physical inactivity OR Prev1 Prev2 Prev3 PAF1 PAF2 PAF3 Colon Low Moderate-high Breast Low Moderate-high

87 Kidney Male Endometrium Female Breast Pancreas Kidney Pancreas Rectum Rectum Colon Colon prevalence 1998 prevalence 2005 prevalence prevalence 1998 prevalence 2005 prevalence

88 Cancer site PAF (%) 95% UI Male Incidence Mortality PAF No. 95% UI No. 95% UI (%) 95% UI Colon Rectum Pancreas Kidney Breast (postmenopausal) Endometrium Total 1, % of all cancers Cancer site PAF (%) 95% UI Male Incidence Mortality PAF No. 95% UI No. 95% UI (%) 95% UI Colon Breast Total % of all cancers

89 표 50. List of group 1 carcinogenic biological agents and related cancer sites Cancers Sufficient evidence in humans Group 1 agent Inclusion Reason for exclusion Oral cavity Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) Yes Oropharynx Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) Yes Nasopharynx Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Yes Non-cardia gastric cancer Helicobacter pylori Yes Anus human immunodeficiency virus, type-1(hiv-1) Yes Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) Yes Liver Hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Yes Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Yes Cholangiocarcinoma Clonorchis sinensis Yes Hepatitis B virus (HBV)* Yes Hepatitis C virus (HCV)* Yes Opisthorchis veverrini No No exposure in Korea Vulva Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) Yes Vagina Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) Yes Cervix uteri Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16)/human Yes immunodeficiency virus, type-1(hiv-1) Penis Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) Yes Hodgkin lymphoma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Yes Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Yes human immunodeficiency virus, type-1(hiv-1) Yes Non-Hodgkin lymphoma human immunodeficiency virus, type-1(hiv-1) Yes Immune suppression- related non-hodgkin s lymphoma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) No Lack of data on incidence and mortality Burkitt s lymphoma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Yes Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Yes (nasal type) *: cancer sites with limited evidence in humans

90 Cancers Sufficient evidence in humans Adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma Group 1 agent Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type-1 (HTLV-1) Inclusion No Reason for exclusion Ignorable number of cases and lack of prevalence data Primary effusion lymphoma Kaposi s sarcoma herpes virus(kshv) No Ignorable number of cases Kaposi sarcoma Kaposi s sarcoma herpes virus(kshv)/human Yes immunodeficiency virus, type-1(hiv-1) Conjunctiva human immunodeficiency virus, type-1(hiv-1) No Ignorable number of cases low-grade B-cell Helicobacter pylori Yes mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) gastric lymphoma Urinary bladder cancer Schistosoma heamatobium No No exposure in Korea

91 표 51. Full reference list Cancer site References Note Oral cavity (HPV) Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): I: Reported PAF Oropharynx (HPV) Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): I: Reported PAF Nasopharynx (EBV) Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): I: Reported PAF Non-cardia gastric (H.pylori) Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut 2001;49(3): I: Reported pooled OR Gastric MALT lymphoma (H.pylori) Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1994;330(18): I: Reported OR Anus (HPV) Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): I: Reported PAF Anus (HIV) Boshoff C, Weiss R. AIDS-related malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2(5): I: Reported OR Hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV) Han BH, Lee SY, Koo JY, Park BC. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C viral markers in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. J Korean Cancer Association. 1991;23(4): E: Too low prevalence for HBV among control group Huh K, Lee JK, Choi SY, Hong SI, Lee DS. A Study on the prevalence of HBsAg and Anti-HCV in patient with Hepatocelluar Carcinoma Comparative Study with healthy Blood Donors. Korean J Clin Pathol. 1998;18(3): E: Too high prevalence for HBV among control group Jee SH, Ohrr H, Sull JW, Samet JM. Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, hepatitis B, and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004;96(24): I I: Included in the meta-analysis E: Excluded from the meta-analysis

92 Cancer site References Note Hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV) Meng KH. A case-control study on risk factors of five major cancers in adult Korean J Epidemiol. 1993;15(1): Koreans. I Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV) CLG * (Clonorchis sinensis) Shin HR, Lee CU, Park HJ, Seol SY, Chung JM, Choi HC, Ahn YO, Shigemastu T.Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea. International journal of epidemiology. 1996;25(5): Yoo KY, Kim H, Lee MS, Park BJ, Ahn YO, Lee HS, Kim CY, Park TS. A reconstructed cohort study on the hepatitis B virus infection as a risk factor of liver cancer in Korea. Journal of Korean medical science. 1991;6(4): Han BH, Lee SY, Koo JY, Park BC. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C viral markers in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. J Korean Cancer Association. 1991;23(4): Huh K, Lee JK, Choi SY, Hong SI, Lee DS. A Study on the prevalence of HBsAg and Anti-HCV in patient with Hepatocelluar Carcinoma Comparative Study with healthy Blood Donors. Korean J Clin Pathol. 1998;18(3): Shin HR, Lee CU, Park HJ, Seol SY, Chung JM, Choi HC, Ahn YO, Shigemastu T. Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea. International journal of epidemiology. 1996;25(5): Choi D, Lim JH, Lee KT, Lee JK, Choi SH, Heo JS, Jang KT, Lee NY, Kim S, Hong ST. Cholangiocarcinoma and Clonorchis sinensis infection: a case-control study in Korea. Journal of hepatology 2006;44: Chung CS, Lee SK. An epidemiological study of primary liver carcinomas in Busan area with special reference to clonorchis. Korean J Pathol 1976;10: Kim YI, Yang DH, Chang KR. Relationship between Clonorchis sinensis infestation and cholangiocarcinoma of the liver in Korea. Seoul J Med 1974;15: Lee TY, Lee SS, Jung SW, Jeon SH, Yun SC, Oh HC, Kwon S, Lee SK, Seo DW, Kim MH, Suh DJ. Hepatitis B virus infection and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Korea: a case-control study. The American journal of gastroenterology 2008;103: Shin HR, Lee CU, Park HJ, Seol SY, Chung JM, Choi HC, Ahn YO, Shigemastu T. Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea. International journal of epidemiology. 1996;25(5): I E: Same population (KMIC) I I I I I I I I * CLG : Cholangiocarcinoma

93 Cancer site References Note CLG * (HBV) Choi D, Lim JH, Lee KT, Lee JK, Choi SH, Heo JS, Jang KT, Lee NY, Kim S, Hong ST. Cholangiocarcinoma and Clonorchis sinensis infection: a case-control study in Korea. Journal of hepatology. 2006;44: I Donato F, Gelatti U, Tagger A, Favret M, Ribero ML, Callea F, Martelli C, Savio A, Trevisi P, Nardi G. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis C and B virus infection, alcohol intake, and hepatolithiasis: A case-control study in Italy. Cancer Causes and Control. 2001;12: Hsing AW, Zhang M, Rashid A, MacGlynn KA, Wang BS, Niwa S, Ortiz-Conde BA, Goedert JJ, Fraumeni Jr. JF, O Brien TR, Gao YT. Hepatitis B and C virus infection and the risk of biliary tract cancer: A population-based study in Chian.Int. J. Cancer. 2008;122: Lee CH, Chang CJ, Lin YJ, Yeh CN, Chen MF, Hsieh SY. Viral hepatitis-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma shares common disease processes with hepatocellular carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer. 2009;100: Lee TY, Lee SS, Jung SW, Jeon SH, Yun SC, Oh HC, Kwon S, Lee SK, Seo DW, Kim MH, Suh DJ. Hepatitis B virus infection and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Korea: a case-control study. The American journal of gastroenterology 2008;103: Parkin DM, Srivatanakul P, Khlat M, Chenvidhya D, Chotiwan P, Insiripong S, L'Abbé KA, Wild CP. Liver cancer in Thailand. I. A case-control study of cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1991;48(3): Shaib YH, El-Serag HB, Nooka AK, Thomas M, Brown TD, Patt YZ, Hassan MM. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A hospital-based case-control study. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;102: Shin HR, Lee CU, Park HJ, Seol SY, Chung JM, Choi HC, Ahn YO, Shigemastu T. Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea. International journal of epidemiology. 1996;25(5): Yamamoto S, Kubo S, Hai S, Uenishi T, Yamamoto T, Shuto T, Takemura S, Tanaka H, Yamazaki O, Hirohashi K, Tanaka T. Hepatitis C virus infection as a likely etiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2004;95(7): Zhou YM, Yin ZF, Yang JM, Li B, Shao WY, Xu F, Wang YL, Li DQ. Risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A case-control study in China. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008;14(4): I I I I I I I I I * CLG : Cholangiocarcinoma

94 Cancer site References Note CLG * (HCV) Choi D, Lim JH, Lee KT, Lee JK, Choi SH, Heo JS, Jang KT, Lee NY, Kim S, Hong ST. Cholangiocarcinoma and Clonorchis sinensis infection: a case-control study in Korea. Journal of hepatology. 2006;44: I Donato F, Gelatti U, Tagger A, Favret M, Ribero ML, Callea F, Martelli C, Savio A, Trevisi P, Nardi G. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis C and B virus infection, alcohol intake, and hepatolithiasis: A case-control study in Italy. Cancer Causes and Control. 2001;12: El-Serag HB, Engels EA, Landgren O, Chiao E, Henderson L, Amaratunge HC, Giordano TP. Risk of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers after hepatitis C virus infection: A population-based study of U.S. veterans. Hepatology. 2009;49(1): Hsing AW, Zhang M, Rashid A, MacGlynn KA, Wang BS, Niwa S, Ortiz-Conde BA, Goedert JJ, Fraumeni Jr. JF, O Brien TR, Gao YT. Hepatitis B and C virus infection and the risk of biliary tract cancer: A population-based study in Chian.Int. J. Cancer. 2008;122: Lee CH, Chang CJ, Lin YJ, Yeh CN, Chen MF, Hsieh SY. Viral hepatitis-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma shares common disease processes with hepatocellular carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer. 2009;100: Lee TY, Lee SS, Jung SW, Jeon SH, Yun SC, Oh HC, Kwon S, Lee SK, Seo DW, Kim MH, Suh DJ. Hepatitis B virus infection and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Korea: a case-control study. The American journal of gastroenterology 2008;103: Shaib YH, El-Serag HB, Nooka AK, Thomas M, Brown TD, Patt YZ, Hassan MM. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A hospital-based case-control study. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;102: Shin HR, Lee CU, Park HJ, Seol SY, Chung JM, Choi HC, Ahn YO, Shigemastu T. Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea. International journal of epidemiology. 1996;25(5): Welzel TM, Graubard BI, El-Serag HB, Shaib YH, Hsing AW, Davila JA, McGlynn KA. Risk factors for intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a population based case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(10): Yamamoto S, Kubo S, Hai S, Uenishi T, Yamamoto T, Shuto T, Takemura S, Tanaka H, Yamazaki O, Hirohashi K, Tanaka T. Hepatitis C virus infection as a likely etiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Sci. 2004;95(7): I I I I I I I I I * CLG : Cholangiocarcinoma

95 Cancer site References Note Vulva (HPV) Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): I: Reported PAF Vagina (HPV) Uterine cervix (HPV) Uterine cervix (HIV) Penis (HPV) Hodgkin's lymphoma (EBV) Hodgkin's lymphoma (HIV) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (HCV) Non-Hodgkin's lymphom (HIV) Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): Na JH, Choi HS. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA and p53, p21 gene expression in CIN3 and uterine cervical cancer. J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(1): Sohn HD, Cho YL, Chun SS, Lee TH, You BJ, Jeung HI. Detection rate and prognostic significance of human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 using PCR method in uterine cervical cancer. Korean J Gynecol Oncol Colposc. 1994;5(3): Wui JH, Seong HJ, Lee TS, Oh HK, Park KK, Choi YS. The distribution of HPV subtype and multiple HPV infection in cervical cancer and precancerous lesion. Korean J Gynecol Oncol. 2006;17(1): Boshoff C, Weiss R. AIDS-related malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2(5): Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): Boshoff C, Weiss R. AIDS-related malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2(5): Dal Maso L, Franceschi S. Hepatitis C virus and risk of lymphoma and other lymphoid neoplasms: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(11): Boshoff C, Weiss R. AIDS-related malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2(5): I: Reported PAF I I I I: Reported OR I: Reported PAF I: Reported PAF I: Reported OR I: Reported pooled OR I: Reported OR Burkitt's lymphoma (EBV) Kaposi sarcoma (KSHV/HIV) Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year Int J Cancer 2006;118(12): Boshoff C, Weiss R. AIDS-related malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2(5): I: Reported PAF I: Reported OR

96 Author (year) Chang WK et al. (2001) Study period Type and source Hospital-based (Hallym University Hospital & Hanyang University Hospital) Study subjects Definition Cases: histologically confirmed cases Controls: no gastrointestinal symptoms No. of cases 136 (93 men, 43 women) No. of controls 136 (93 men, 43 women) Category of infection (95 Negative Positive (1 Kim DS et al. (2005) Hospital-based (Seoul National University Hospital & Asan Medical Center) Cases: histologically confirmed cases Controls: no chronic diseases 295 (208 men, 87 women) 295 (208 men, 87women) Negative Positive (1 Lee SA et al. (2003) 1999 Hospital-based (Asan Medical Center) Cases: histologically confirmed cases Controls: healthy subjects who visited the Health Promotion Center of the same hospital 69 (50 men, 19 women) 199 (116 men, 83 women) Negative Positive (1.7 Shin A et al. (2005) Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort Cases: incident cases Controls: cancer-free subjects 86 (57 men, 29 women) 344 (228 men, 116 women) Negative Positive (0

97 Author (year) Jee SH et al. (2004) Study period Type and source Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study subjects Definition Cohort 823,158 men No. of cases 734 1,522 No. of controls Category of infection (95 Negative Positive (2 Meng KH (1993) Hospital-based (Catholic University Hospital) Cases: histologically confirmed cases Controls:cancer-freesu bjects 133 (114 men, 19 women) 220 (182 men, 38 women) Negative Positive (1 Shin HR et al. (1996) Hospital-based (Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital) Cases: histologically confirmed cases Controls: 203 healthy people and 203 inpatients without liver disease 203 (159 men, 44 women) 406 (318 men, 88 women) Negative Positive (1 Meng KH (1993): Reported liver cancer

98 Author (year) Jee SH et al. (2004) Study period Type and source Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study subjects Definition Cohort 459,954 women 9 37 No. of cases No. of controls Category of infection (95 Negative Positive (2 Meng KH (1993) Hospital-based (CatholicUniversity Hospital) Cases: histologically diagnosed cases Controls:cancer-freeco ntrols 133 (114 men, 19 women) 220 (182 men, 38 women) Negative Positive (1 Shin HR et al. (1996) Hospital-based (Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital) Cases: newly diagnosed histologically cases Controls: 203 healthy people and 203 inpatients without liver disease 203 (159 men, 44 women) 406 (318 men, 88 women) Negative Positive (1 Meng KH (1993): Reported liver cancer

99 Author (year) Han BH et al. (1991) Study period Type and source Hospital-based (Kosin medical College Hospital) Study subjects Definition Cases: histologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma cases Controls: patients that visited the hospital for disease unrelated to liver disease No. of cases 118 (97 men, 21women) No. of controls 231 (176 men, 55women) Category of infection (9 Negative Positive ( Huh K et al. (1998) Hospital-based (Korea Cancer Center Hospital) Cases: histologically confirmed cases Controls: healthy blood donors from the Central Blood Center of the Korea Red Cross 892 (723 men, 169 women) 4,269 (3,537 men, 732 women) Negative Positive ( Shin HR et al. (1996) Hospital-based (Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital) Cases: histologically confirmed cases Controls: 203 healthy people and 203 inpatients without liver disease 203 (159 men, 44 women) 406 (318 men, 88 women) Negative Positive (1.7

100 Author (year) Choi D et al. (2006) Study period Type and source Hospital-based (Samsung Medical Center) Study subjects Definition Cases: newly diagnosed cholangiocarcinoma Controls: non-hepatobiliary diseases patients No. of cases 185 (115 men, 70 women) No. of controls 185 (115 men, 70 women) Category of infection (9 Negative Positive (0 Chung CS et al. (1976) Hospital-based (Busan National University Hospital) Cases: newly diagnosed cholangiocarcinoma Controls: subjects who visited with disease other than of the liver Negative Positive (2 Kim YI et al. (1974) Hospital-based (Busan Gospel Hopital, Busan and Seoul National University Hospital) Cases: autopsy and surgical cases found to have cholangiocarcinoma Controls: autopsy and surgical cases found to have no liver cancer Negative Positive Lee TY et al. (2008) Hospital-based (Asan Medical Center) Cases: histologically confirmed intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Negative Positive ( Controls: healthy subjects that health promotion center Shin HR et al. (1996) Hospital-based (InjeUniversityPusa npaikhospital) Cases: newly diagnosed cases Controls: 203 healthy people and 203 inpatients without liver disease 203 (159 men, 44 women) 406 (318 men, 88 women) Negative Positive

101

102 Prevalence (%) Cancer sites (ICD-10code) Agents Pooled RR (OR) Men Women Oral cavity (C00-C09) Oropharynx (C10) Nasopharynx (C11) HPV HPV EBV Non-cardia gastric (C161-C168) Helicobacter pylori (3.41, 10.30) Gastric MALT lymphoma (9699/3) Helicobacter pylori (2.0, 19.9) Anus (C21) HPV HIV Men: 3.3 Women: 3.0 Hepatocellular carcinoma (C220) HBV Men: (22.11, 27.04) Women:33.73 (22.32, 50.96) HCV (2.91, 45.80) Cholangiocarcinoma (C221+C24.0) Clonorchis sinensis (2.21, 9.79) HBV (1.49, 4.59) HCV (1.39, 2.42) Vulva (C51) HPV Vagina (C52) HPV Uterine cervix (C53) HPV 8.5 HIV Penis (C60) Hodgkin s lymphoma (C81) HPV EBV HIV Men: 8.0 Women: 6.4 Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma (C82-85, 96) HCV (2.08, 3.01) HIV Men: 37.4 Women: 54.6 Burkitt s lymphoma (C /3) Kaposi sarcoma (9140/3) EBV KSHV/HIV

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104 Agents Cancer sites (ICD-10code) Men Women PAF (%) Cases Deaths PAF (%) Cases Deaths Helicobacter pylori Non-cardia gastric (C161-C168) ,965 5, ,271 2,789 Gastric MALT lymphoma (9699/3) HBV Hepatocellular carcinoma (C220) ,027 4, ,713 1,382 Cholangiocarcinoma (C221+C24.0) HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma (C220) ,345 1, Cholangiocarcinoma (C221+C24.0) Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma (C82-85, 96) HPV Uterine cervix (C53) , Vulva (C51) Vagina (C52) Penis (C60) Oral cavity (C00-C09) Oropharynx (C10) Anus (C21) Clonorchis sinensis Cholangiocarcinoma (C221+C24.0) EBV Nasopharynx (C11) Hodgkin lymphoma (C81) Burkitt s lymphoma (C /3) HIV Anus (C21) Uterine cervix (C53) Hodgkin s lymphoma (C81) Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma (C82-85, 96) KSHV/HIV Kaposi sarcoma (9140/3) Total 1) 20,633 10,973 12,402 5,580 % of all cancer

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107 Men Agents Cancer sites PAF (95% CI) 2) Cases (95% CI) 2) Helicobacter pylori Non-cardia gastric ( ) 12,965 (10,771-14,299) MALT gastric lymphoma ( ) 84 (47-97) HBV Hepatocellular carcinoma ( ) 6,027 (5,821-6,224) Cholangiocarcinoma ( ) 320 ( ) HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma ( ) 1,345 (278-3,827) Cholangiocarcinoma 1.39 ( ) 35 (16-59) Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma 2.49 ( ) 43 (32-58) Clonorchis sinensis Cholangiocarcinoma ( ) 296 ( ) HPV Uterine cervix - - HPV Vulva - - Vagina - - Penis Oral cavity 3 30 Oropharynx 12 9 Anus EBV Nasopharynx Hodgkin lymphoma Burkitt s lymphoma 25 8 HIV Anus Uterine cervix - - Hodgkin s lymphoma Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma KSHV/HIV Kaposi sarcoma Total 1) 20,633 (17,469-23,400) % of all cancer ( ) 1) 2) Joint effect of co-infections of HBV and HCV on hepatocellular carcinoma, and HBV, HCV and Clonorchissinensisoncholangiocarci Confidence intervals were calculated by sensitivity analysis using 95% confidence intervals for relative risks

108 Men Agents Cancer sites PAF (95% CI) 2) Cases (95% CI) 2) Helicobacter pylori Non-cardia gastric ( ) 6,271 (5,141-6,973) MALT gastric lymphoma ( ) 107 (58-125) HBV Hepatocellular carcinoma ( ) 1,713 (1,475-1,911) Cholangiocarcinoma ( ) 159 (52-312) HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma ( ) 461 (99-1,216) Cholangiocarcinoma 1.79 ( ) 28 (13-47) Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma 3.19 ( ) 41 (30-54) Clonorchis sinensis Cholangiocarcinoma 5.52 ( ) 85 (29-190) HPV Uterine cervix 100 3,575 HPV Vulva Vagina Penis - - Oral cavity 3 14 Oropharynx 12 0 Anus EBV Nasopharynx Hodgkin lymphoma Burkitt s lymphoma 25 4 HIV Anus Uterine cervix Hodgkin s lymphoma Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma KSHV/HIV Kaposi sarcoma Total 1) 12,402 (10,709-13,698) % of all cancer ( ) 1) 2) Joint effect of co-infections of HBV and HCV on hepatocellular carcinoma, and HBV, HCV and Clonorchissinensisoncholangiocarci Confidence intervals were calculated by sensitivity analysis using 95% confidence intervals for relative risks

109 Agents Cancer sites Male PAF (%) 95% UI No. 95% UI No. 95% UI PAF (%) 95% 1) Joint effect of co-infections of HBV and HCV on hepatocellular carcinoma, and HBV, HCV and Clonorchissinensisoncholangiocarci Helicobacter pylori Non-cardia gastric ,965 7,665-16,149 5,143 3,040-6, MALT gastric lymphoma HBV Hepatocellular carcinoma ,027 3,264-8,851 4,856 2,630-7, Cholangiocarcinoma HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma , ,379 1, , Cholangiocarcinoma Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma Clonorchis sinensis Cholangiocarcinoma HPV Uterine cervix Vulva Vagina Penis Oral cavity Oropharynx Anus EBV Nasopharynx Hodgkin lymphoma Burkitt s lymphoma HIV Anus Uterine cervix 0.24 Hodgkin s lymphoma Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma KSHV/HIV Kaposi sarcoma Total 1) 20,633 12,205-26,313 10,973 6,402-14,225 %of all cancers

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230 PAR PAR F S ås= + å = ps ( RRs - 1) = 1 - S 1 p ( RR - 1) S å S 1 1 s= 1 å S s p å s RR å å å s= 1 p RR s å s å s= 1 T åt å = s= 1 s= 1 st 1s 2t s= 1 t = 1 st 2t = 1. t 2t p = 1 - S T S T s= 1 RR p - RR t = 1 st 1s 2t S RR T p RR p p RR RR RR t = 1 st 1s 2t

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234 Exposure to tobacco Prevalence* RR Incorrect AF Correct AF Never 24.10% Former 27.70% % 11.8% Current 48.20% % 41.8% Overall 100% 66.40% 52.8% 4

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236 AF Lung cancer / Tobacco smoking DFS* French study Men 90% 83% Women 42% 69% Indirect method (CPSII mortality rate) Direct method (Levin s formula) * Deaths From smoking project Peto et al., 2006(

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281 Footnote Heterogeneity: χ 2 selected. = (d.f. = 5) p = 0.047; I 2 = 55.5 %; Random effect estimate was

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294 표 213. Medium level of salted food (ref : low) meta-analysis output (Gastric)