한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권 3 호 2018 년 9 월 pp J. Korean Geosynthetics Society Vol.17 No.3 September 2018 pp. 19 ~ 32 DOI:
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1 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권 3 호 2018 년 9 월 pp J. Korean Geosynthetics Society Vol.17 No.3 September 2018 pp. 19 ~ 32 DOI: ISSN: (Print) ISSN: (Online) GCP 복합지반의거동분석을위한유한요소해석 Finite Element Analysis for Investigating the Behavior of Gravel Compaction Pile Composite Ground 김경업 1, 박경호 2, 김호연 3, 김대현 4 * Gyeong-eop Kim 1, Kyung-Ho Park 2, Ho-Yeon Kim 3, Daehyeon Kim 4 * 1 Member, Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Chosun Univ., 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea 2 Member, Head of Research Center, SOIL-ROCK E&C Co., Ltd, 39-5 Us-samlyegil, Samlyeeub, Wanju 55340, Republic of Korea 3 Member, Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Chosun Univ., 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea 4 Member, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Chosun Univ., 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Gravel Compaction Pile (GCP) method is currently being designed and constructed by empirical method because quantitative design method has not been developed, leading to various types of and frequent destruction such as expansion failure and shear failure and difficulties in establishing clear cause and developing measure to prevent destruction. In addition, despite the difference with domestic construction equipment and material characteristics, the methods applied to the overseas ground is applied to the domestic as it is, leading to remarkable difference between applied values and measured values in variables such as bearing capacity and the settlement amount. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to propose a reasonable and safe design method of GCP method by analyzing the settlement and stress behavior characteristics according to ground strength change under GCP method applied to domestic clay ground. For the purpose, settlement amount of composite ground, stress concentration ratio, and maximum horizontal displacement and expected location of GCP were analyzed using ABAQUS. The results of analysis showed that the settlement and Settlement reduction rate of composite ground decreased by more than 60% under replacement ratio of 30% or more, that the maximum horizontal displacement of GCP occurred at the depth 2.6 times pile diameter, and that the difference in horizontal displacement is slight under replacement ratio of 30%. 요 지 GCP(Gravel Compaction Pile, 이하 GCP) 공법은현재정량적인설계법이제시되어있지않아경험적인방법에의해설계및시공되고있어팽창파괴, 전단파괴등다양한형태의파괴가빈번히발생하고있으나명확한원인규명과파괴예방대책수립이어려운실정이다. 또한국내와시공장비, 재료특성등이다름에도불구하고해외의지반에적용하는공법을그대로국내에적용하고있어지지력, 침하량등이실측값과큰차이를나타내고있다. 본연구에서는 GCP 공법의합리적이고안전한설계법을제안하기위한연구로써국내점토지반에 GCP 공법을적용하여지반강도변화에따른침하및응력거동특성을분석하고자하였다. 이를위해 ABAQUS 를이용하여복합지반의침하량과침하감소율, 응력분담비, GCP 의최대수평변위량및발생예상위치를분석하고자하였다. 분석결과, 치환율 30% 이상에서복합지반의침하감소율이 60% 이상감소하는것을확인하였고, GCP 의최대수평변위량은말뚝직경의 2.6 배의깊이에서발생하였으며, 치환율 40% 이상에서는수평변위량의차이가미미한것을확인하였다. Keywords : GCP, 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis, Area replacement ratio, Stress concentration ratio, Settlement, Settlement reduction ratio, Lateral displacement Received 26 Jul. 2018, Revised 7 Sep. 2018, Accepted 18 Sep *Corresponding author Tel: ; Fax: address: dkimgeo@chosun.ac.kr (D. H. Kim) GCP 복합지반의거동분석을위한유한요소해석 19
2 1. 서론 1.1 연구배경및목적 GCP(Gravel Compaction Pile, 이하 GCP) 공법은연약지반에모래또는쇄석등조립토재료를사용하여연약지반을 10 40% 정도치환하고일정하게압입하는과정을통해말뚝을조성하여연약지반을개량하는공법이다. 또한쇄석다짐말뚝으로개량된복합지반은쇄석말뚝과지반의서로다른강성으로인해지반상부의하중이상대적으로강성이높은다짐말뚝으로집중된다. 이로인해다짐말뚝공법은연직집중응력에대한말뚝의마찰저항력과점토지반의점착력이활동면에서전단응력에저항하게된다. 그러나 GCP공법은시공과정중교란으로인해점토지반에서강도를쉽게상실하여시공의불확실성과내부파괴의문제점을가지고있으며, 시공사례가증가함에따라간극막힘 (Clogging) 현상, 선단부팽창파괴 (Bulging Failure) 등의피해사례가급격히증가하고있다. 현재국내 GCP공법은정량적인설계법이제시되어있지않아경험적인방법에의해설계및시공되고있어팽창파괴, 전단파괴등다양한형태의파괴가빈번히발생하고있으나명확한원인규명과파괴예방대책수립이어려운실정이다. 또한국내와시공장비, 재료특성등이다름에도불구하고해외의지반에적용하는공법을그대로국내에적용하고있어지지력, 침하량등이실측값과큰차이를나타내고있다. 기존에 Na et al.(2017) 에의해연구되었던 2D-축대칭을이용한 GCP 복합지반의거동특성분석은복합지반의일부평면을축대칭함으로써전체복합지반의특성으로일반화하여분석한결과이므로지중응력을고려하기에한계가있다. 또한, GCP로개량된복합지반은 GCP 중심으로수평방향및수직방향으로 3차원적배수가발생한다. 따라서이와같은 3차원적배수와지중응력의변화를고려하기적합한 3차원으로모델링하여 GCP 거동특성분석의정확성을높이고자하였다. 이를위해 ABAQUS를이용하여복합지반의침하량과침하감소율, 응력분담비, GCP 의최대수평변위량및발생예상위치를분석하고자하였다. 1.2 연구동향조립토다짐말뚝공법은 1830년대에이미무기고의기초를건설하는데임의의심도에서지반의다짐이가능한실용 적인장비와기법이개발되어사용되었다. 이 GCP는 Vibro flotation 기술이개발되기전인 1930년대까지는거의사용되지않았으며 (Hughes and Withers, 1974), 1960년대이후 GCP에대한연구가본격적으로시작되었다. 국내에서는 1980년대에일본에서개발된 GCP공법을국내에최초로설계및시공하였고, 1990년대이후시험시공및연구결과들이발표되었다. 그러나일본실정에맞는설계기준및시공법을그대로적용하여국내에서의시공시경험적인방법에의존하므로파괴원인및예측이어려울뿐만아니라정확한 GCP의거동에대한예측이어려워잘못된설계로인해 2차손실을초래한다 침하량에관한연구설계와시공단계에서침하량을예측하는것은시공성, 안정성, 경제성을확보하는데가장큰영향을미친다고할수있으며, 복합지반의침하량에관한거동특성분석의정확성을높이는것이중요하다고할수있다. 침하량에관한선행연구를정리하면다음과같다. Hughes et al.(1975) 는방사선기법을이용하여다짐말뚝공법의주요파괴형태는팽창파괴의형태라고제안하였고, 지지력산정방법에대해제시하였다. Hughes and Withers (1974) 은현장재하시험을통하여 GCP가조성된지반을증분하여응력-변형률의관계를분석하여지층별침하를분석하고그값의총합으로침하량산정법을제안하여기존이론지지력식을증명하였다. 또한 Chun et al.(2000) 은실내모형시험을통하여 GCP공법을적용한지반의최종침하량은 SCP(Sand Compaction Pile, 이하 SCP) 공법을적용한지반보다침하량이약 20% 크게발생하는것을확인하였다. Shin et al.(2005) 은단위셀 (Unit-Cell) 시험과대형토조시험을통하여차이를분석하였다. GCP로개량된복합지반의침하특성을분석하여지반압축특성으로응력분담비 (Stress Concentration Ratio) 를제안하는식을제시하였으며, 기존의침하량예측기법에대해적용성을검토하고변형률과압축지수개념을이용한새로운침하량예측기법을제안하였다. Bae et al.(2007) 은침하특성을분석하기위하여현장재하시험과수치해석을실시하였으며, 이후비교를위하여현장원형시험도실시하였다. 분석결과, 강성기초보다연성기초가경계면조건에더크게영향을받았으며, 자유변형률로인하여침하는다짐말뚝에서는감소하고점토지반 20 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권제 3 호
3 은증가함을보였다. Zahmatkesh and Choobbasti(2010) 은유한요소해석인 Plaxis Software 를이용하여스톤컬럼 (Stone Column) 으로개량된연약지반의침하해석을수행하여침하저감비 (Settlement Reduction Ratio, SRR) 를산출하고기존의이론들과비교하였다. 침하저감비는재하성토조건에서의계산을통해산정된침하량과동일한재하조건에서수치해석으로산정된침하량의비로산정된다. 분석결과, 치환율이증가할수록마찰재의사용으로인하여침하가상당히감소되며, 본연구에서얻은 SRR의값은실제 SRR의값과유사하게나타나는것을확인하였다. Moon et al.(2012) 은단일말뚝을저치환율로개량된지반에대하여 1g 모형시험을실시한결과, 압밀압력이증가할수록침하량은증가하였으나, 침하량증가폭은점차감소하는경향을보였다. 증가폭은 SCP로개량된복합지반보다 GCP로개량된복합지반에서현저하게감소한것으로확인하였다. 즉, 동일한조건으로시험한결과, GCP로개량된복합지반에서침하저감효과가큰것으로확인하였다. Mohamed and Basuony(2016) 은 PLAXIS를사용하여 GCP로개량된복합지반에서말뚝간거리, 말뚝직경, 말뚝길이등의변화에따라말뚝의지지력, 침하저감효과, 말뚝의휨모멘트에미치는요인들에대한영향을분석하였다. 분석결과, 치환율, 말뚝길이의증가와말뚝간격비율의감소에따라지지력과침하저감효과는크게나타났으며말뚝길이비가 0.75의말뚝을이용하는것이지지력과침하저감효과개선과경제성측면에서효과적이라판단하였다. 현재기존의이론적침하해석을국내지반요건에적용하기위해다양한연구가진행되고있다. 침하량은치환율, 말뚝의직경, 말뚝의거리, 지반강도등의요인에의해각각침하저감효과의차이가나타나고있으며, 이러한침하해석은 GCP공법의설계및시공에가장큰영향을미치는요소이다 응력분담비에관한연구응력분담비는 GCP 설계및시공에서가장중요한부분이다. GCP가받는응력과지반이받는응력의비로표현되는응력분담비는선행연구중가장많이수행되어지고있다. Goughnour and Bayuk(1979) 는조립토단일말뚝을등 가원주 (Unit-Cell) 개념을적용하여수치해석을수행하였다. 수치해석결과를토대로조립토다짐말뚝과주변점토지반의강성차이에따른응력분담비를제안하였으며, 이응력분담비는현재설계와시공과정에적용되고있다. 또한, Hong et al.(2003) 은모형실험과유한요소해석을통하여치환율에따른다짐말뚝의수직응력을비교 분석한결과, 점토지반의응력이 SCP로전이되는현상이발생하였으며, 이로인해응력분담비는깊이가깊어질수록증가함을보였다. Lee(2004) 는직경 0.7m의 GCP를현장에시공하여저치환율에대한현장재하시험을수행하여단일말뚝의응력분담비가삼각형배치의응력분담비보다 배, 사각형배치의응력분담비보다 배정도크게나타나는것을확인하였다. Lee et al.(2005) 은 PENTAGON 3D 프로그램을이용하여치환율 20 70% 에대하여재하하중별로 GCP으로개량된복합지반을모델링하여수치해석을수행하여재하하중이클수록, 치환율이낮을수록 GCP의횡방향변위는증가함을확인하였으며, 하중단계별응력분담비는 의값으로산정하였다. Bae et al.(2007) 은 GCP가조성된연약점토지반에서의침하거동특성과하중분담비에관한이론을정립하고자 GCP과지반의치환율, 형상계수및상재하중등을고려한 GCP의설계정수산정을위하여현장재하시험과수치해석을수행하고해석결과를비교 검증하기위하여현장원형시험을진행하였다. Kim et al.(2013) 은저치환율 SCP과 GCP의거동특성을비교하고자치환율 10~30% 에따라단일말뚝으로 1g 모형시험을수행하였다. 실험결과, SCP로개량된복합지반의경우응력분담비의범위가 로나타나고, GCP로개량된복합지반의경우응력분담비의범위가 의범위가나타남을확인하였다. 이처럼많은연구자들이 GCP공법을다양하게연구하였으나현장재하시험, 실내모형실험, 수치해석등을통해제시된응력분담비는연구자마다상이한결과가나타나고, 이러한연구결과는실제설계에반영되지못하고있는실정이다 유한요소해석에관한연구선행연구를수행한결과, 다양한설계요소에대하여가장많이수행되고있는연구방법이며, 현재국내에서주로 GCP 복합지반의거동분석을위한유한요소해석 21
4 수행되고있다. 또한많은양의데이터를체계적으로정리하여분석할수있는연구방법이다. 수치해석에관한선행연구는다음과같다. Balaam and Poulos(1978) 은유한요소해석을이용하여 GCP의침하량을산정하였고, 등가원주개념을적용한탄소성해석과 GCP-CLAY의인터페이스에마찰과부착을고려한유한요소해석결과, 현장에서측정된값과유사하게나타나는것을확인하였다. Hong et al.(2003) 은실내실험과유한요소해석을실시하여각각의치환율에따른이론을적용하여 SCP의수직응력을비교하였다. 그결과, 점토의응력이모래말뚝으로전이되는현상이발생하여응력분담은하부로갈수록증가하는것을확인하였다. Hwang et al.(2005) 은 m로굴착하고 GCP 를군말뚝형태로설치하여현장재하시험을실시하였고, 현장모습과유사하게 3차원으로모델링하여수치해석을수행하였다. 수치해석결과, 사용한모델중 Modified Cam-Clay 모델은침하량및거동특성이매우유사한결과를보였으며, Mohr-Coulomb 모델은지반의거동특성을과소평가할수있다고판단하였다. Lee et al.(2005) 은 PENTAGON 3D를이용한유한요소해석기법을이용하여치환율에따른지반의응력분담비및복합지반의거동을분석하였다. 그결과, 응력분담비는치환율이증가할수록높아지고지반과말뚝의상대침하량의차이는감소한다고하였으며, 치환율 70% 이상의경우말뚝과지반의침하량차이는거의없다고하였다. Yoo et al.(2007) 은 ABAQUS를이용하여점토지반은 Modified Cam-Clay모델을적용하고지오그리드는멤브레인요소로모델링하여유한요소해석을수행하였다. 분석결과, 단위셀모델링에서과잉간극수압이미소하게발생하는것은단위셀의좌 우측면에배수경계조건을적용하기때문에 GCP를통하여즉시배수되었기때문이라고하였다. 또한시공단계별모델링을통해연약지반의배수특성모델링이가능하고 Modified Cam-Clay모델을사용하였을경우복합지반의압밀침하특성을잘반영할수있다고하였다. Na et al.(2016; 2017), Na(2017) 는 ABAQUS를 GCP의쇄석과모래의배합비에따라응력분담비를분석하여배합비 70:30( 쇄석 : 모래 ) 를최적배합비로산정하였고 GCP 로개량된복합지반의관통률에따른응력분담비를 2차원축대칭으로분석하였으며응력분담비는관통률보다치환 율에더큰영향을받는것을확인하였다. 또한치환율과지반강도에따른응력에대한분석결과, 상부에서의응력관련계수는응력감소계수와응력증가계수가유사하게감소하는경향이나타났지만, 두값의감소폭이상이하여오히려응력분담비는감소하는결과가나타나응력분담비산정시주의가필요하다고하였다. GCP로개량된연약지반은 GCP와점토지반의응력거동변화에따라응력분담현상이나타나고침하량및수평방향변위의변화가나타난다. 또한기존의 2차원-축대칭을이용한 GCP공법의유한요소해석은복합지반의일부평면을축대칭함으로써전체적인특성으로일반화하여분석한결과이므로지반의지중응력을고려한세밀한분석을수행하기에한계가있다. 2. GCP 공법의기본설계개념 2.1 등가원주 (Unit Cell) 개념 GCP공법은지반의지지력증가, 침하량감소, 압밀촉진, 지반의액상화방지등의연약지반보강목적으로사용하며등가원주개념은 GCP 복합지반을평가하는설계기법과침하거동특성을분석하기위해개발되었다. 또한정삼각형또는정삼각형배열로설치된 GCP에서영향을미치는주변지반의범위는규칙적인육각형형태또는등가원으로표현이가능하다. 등가원주개념의기본가정사항을정리하면다음과같다. 1 원지반과쇄석기둥은같이침하한다. 2 원주측면의수평변위는구속되어있다. 3 변위는연직방향으로만발생한다. 4 원주의저면은강성지반에정착되어있다. GCP 등가원의유효직경은다음식 (1), 식 (2) 과같다. 삼각형배열 : (1) 사각형배열 : (2) 여기서, s : GCP의간격이며, 치환율 (Area Replacement Ratio, ) 은식 (3) 과같이 GCP 복합지반에서전체면적에대한 GCP 면적의비로나타낼수있다. 22 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권제 3 호
5 (3) (4) 여기서, : GCP 의면적 : 주변점토지반의면적 여기서, : GCP 에전달되는응력 : 점토지반에전달되는응력 2.2 응력분담비 GCP공법으로개량한복합지반은 GCP와주변점토지반으로구성된복합지반 (Composite Soil) 을형성한다. 복합지반에하중재하시 GCP와점토지반은강성과변형특성에의해말뚝과지반은서로다른응력을분담하게되며, 점토의압밀과같이시간을가진하중전이는주변지반침하감소에서 GCP와연약지반의강성차이에의한추가적인부마찰력으로인하여원지반에서 GCP에응력이집중된다. 이처럼 GCP와점토지반에작용하는응력의비를응력분담비 (Stress concentration Ratio, m) 라고하며, 식 (4) 과같이나타낼수있다. GCP의강성이주변흙에비해상대적으로크기때문에작용된하중의큰부분이쇄석으로전이되며, 점토의압밀처럼시간을가진하중전이는주변지반침하감소에서추가적인부마찰력결과로인하여자연상태의흙으로부터 GCP로전이된다 (Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, 2001). 복합지반은 Fig. 1과같이복합지반위에평균응력 가재하될때지반반력으로말뚝에, 점성토에 의응력이발생하게된다. 등가원주개념을적용하여등가원주내부의수직응력분포는응력분담비로다음식 (4) 와같다. Fig. 1. Conceptual Diagram of GCP Composite Ground 3. GCP 복합지반분석을위한수치해석및설계정수 3.1 수치해석조건 선행연구에서 2D-축대칭을이용한 GCP 복합지반의거동특성분석은복합지반의일부평면을축대칭함으로써전체복합지반의특성으로일반화하여분석한결과이므로지중응력을고려하기에한계가있다. GCP로개량된복합지반은 GCP 중심으로수평방향및수직방향으로 3차원적배수가발생되며, 이와같은 3차원적배수와지중응력의변화를고려하기적합한 3차원으로모델링하여 GCP 거동특성분석의정확성을높이고자하였다. 따라서본연구에서는 ABAQUS를이용하여해석단면 Fig. 2와같이단일 GCP로개량된복합지반을 3D 모델링으로분석하였다. Fig. 2(a) 에서보이는바와같이단일말뚝에대한거동분석을위해등가원주형태로모델링하였다. 또한, 점토지반과 GCP는깊이 10m, Sand mat 길이는 0.5m, GCP의직경을 0.7m로모델링하였으며, 점토지반의크기를다르게하여치환율 (10 40%) 에맞게변화시켜모델링하였다. 현장시공여건상말뚝의직경을변화시키기는어려워 GCP의직경을고정하고지반의크기를조절하여치환율을변화시켰고, 치환율 50% 이상의고치환율의적용은현장여건상어려움이많아 40% 까지만적용하였다. GCP을개량한복합지반을 Fig. 2(c) 와같이 3차원유한요소망을사용하였으며, 복합지반의측면은수평방향 (X, Y) 변위를구속, 하단면은선단지지층까지 GCP가관입되었음을가정하고수평방향 (X, Y), 연직방향 (Z) 변위를구속하였다. 또한재하하중에의한과잉간극수압은점토층상부에서의간극수압이 0 으로소산되도록하였으며, 해석의편의상쇄석다짐말뚝은점토지반에매입된상태로가정하였다. 현장시공과정모델링을위해재하하중기간은 1일로지정하고압밀기간을 100일로지정하여과잉간극수압이 GCP 복합지반의거동분석을위한유한요소해석 23
6 (a) GCP composite ground (b) GCP composite ground Section (c) 3D Modeling Fig. 2. Composite ground modeling for finite element analysis (a) Stress, Settlement Measurement position Fig. 3. Measurement Position for finite element analysis (b) Lateral displacement Measurement position 완전히소산될수있도록하였다. 요소는응력-간극수압연계요소 CAX4P(4-node biquadratic displacement, bilinear pore pressure element), 4절점을사용하였으며, 요소의크 기는 m로하여모델을분석하였다. Fig. 3(a) 는유한요소해석분석시응력분담비및침하량의측정위치를나타낸것이며, Fig. 3(b) 는 GCP의수평 24 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권제 3 호
7 변위량의측정위치를나타낸것이다. 팽창범위를더욱명확하게확인하기위해측정위치를세분화하여약 2배이상증가시켰고, 측정위치 (z/h) 는깊이 / 전체길이로표현하였다. 3.2 수치해석에사용된설계정수비선형유한요소해석에서는적합한구성모델과매개변수의결정이가장중요한요소이다. 본연구에서는점토지반의거동을잘표현할수있는 Cam-clay 탄 소성모델을적용하고, GCP는 Mohr-coulomb, 상부기초는탄성모델로 적용하였다. Table 1, 2와같이설계정수는실제현장에사용되었던데이터로점토지반 1은부산신항만지역의 SCP 복합지반설계시적용된값을사용하였으며 (Busan New Port Corp, 1999), 점토지반 2는해상에호안을설치하고준설매립하여조성된지반에서매립후 1~2년의시간이경과된후지반개량이실시되었던지반을사용하였다 (Han et al. 2013). 점토지반 3은광양항컨테이너부두조성공사부지로써실제연약지반개량이실시되었던점토지반의값을사용하였으며 (Seong, 2003), 점토지반 4는연약해성점성토층인전남율촌산업단지의인근해성점토에대한 Table 1. Design parameter of GCP and sand mat for finite element analysis Material Model Parameter Value ( ) 50.9 GCP Mohr-Coulomb Model Sand mat Elastic Table 2. Design parameter of clay for finite element analysis Material and Model Clay and Modified Cam- Clay Model Parameter Value Clay ground 1 Clay ground 2 Clay ground 3 Clay ground e e e e e e e e e e e e-3 GCP 복합지반의거동분석을위한유한요소해석 25
8 일반적인값을사용하였다 (Kim, 2003). 또한 GCP의물성치는쇄석에의한거동분석을위해 GCP현장에서가장많이적용되는입경에해당하는약 25 40mm직경의쇄석을을사용하여대형직접전단시험을통하여구한물성치를사용하였다 (Na et al., 2016). GCP의점착력은실내실험결과 0으로나타났으나본연구에서사용된 ABAQUS 프로그램에서점착력을 0으로입력하게되면해석오류가발생하기때문에 0에가까운값, 0.1로고정하여해석을수행하였다 (Table 1 참조 ). 점토지반의지반강도를일축압축강도를통한점토분류 (Korean Geotechnical Society, 1997) 로부터근거하여 25kPa, 50kPa, 75kPa로변화시켜적용하였다. 4. GCP 복합지반의응력거동 4.1 하중재하단계별응력분담비분석결과일반적으로상재하중증가에따른응력분담비의분포는동일양상으로나타난다고단정짓기는힘들며실내, 현장시험및수치해석조건에따라증가또는감소하는양상이다르게나타날수있다 (Ko, 2000). GCP공법으로복합지반을조성하는경우실제시공을 설계할때는성토단계를설정하게된다. 이때성토하중의단계에따라복합지반의총침하량에미치는영향을분석하기위해성토 1단계를 50kPa로설정하고총 5단계까지재하하여치환율과지반강도에응력분담비를분석하였다. 나승주 (2017) 는성토단계가진행될수록복합지반내에서의응력분담비는전반적으로증가하는경향을나타내고산정위치에따라증가폭과감소하는폭이다르다하였다. 본연구에서도다소차이는있지만이러한연구결과가유사한거동을나타내었다. Fig. 4는하중재하단계별지반강도별응력분담비를분석한그림이다. 상부하중의단계별로증가할수록복합지반에서의응력분담비가평균적으로증가하는경향으로나타났다. 이는점토지반에비해상대적으로강성이큰 GCP 의연직유효응력이상재하중에의해증가하는폭이점토지반보다더높아응력분담비가증가한것으로판단된다. 또한 Fig. 6에서보이는바와같이점토강도 75kPa 이상인지반인경우, 상재하중의단계가증가할수록복합지반상부에서의응력분담비가감소하는경향이나타났다. 이는단단할수록점토지반의유효응력이증가하여말뚝의유효응력으로부터저항력이증가되므로말뚝내상부에서의응력이하부로전이되는응력이증가하기때문인것으로판단된다. 또한 Fig. 4 Fig. 6에서나타난바와같이치환 (a) =10%, Shear strength=25kpa (b) =20%, Shear strength=25kpa (c) =30%, Shear strength=25kpa (d) =40%, Shear strength=25kpa Fig. 4. Stress concentration rato of depths with stage, Shear Strength 25 kpa and Area replacement ratio 26 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권제 3 호
9 (a) =10%, Shear strength=50kpa (b) =20%, Shear strength=50kpa (c) =30%, Shear strength=50kpa (d) =40%, Shear strength=50kpa Fig. 5. Stress concentration rato of depths with stage, Shear Strength 50kPa and Area replacement ratio (a) =10%, Shear strength=75kpa (b) =20%, Shear strength=75kpa (c) =30%, Shear strength=75kpa (d) =40%, Shear strength=75kpa Fig. 6. Stress concentration rato of depths with stage, Shear Strength 75 kpa and Area replacement ratio 율에따라감소하는응력분담비의폭보다지반강도에의해감소하는응력분담비의폭이더큰것을확인할수있 으며, 치환율이복합지반의응력분담비에미치는영향보다단계별상재하중의영향이더큰것을확인할수있다. GCP 복합지반의거동분석을위한유한요소해석 27
10 4.2 하중재하단계에따른치환율별침하량분석결과하중재하단계에따른치환율과지반강도별침하량을분석한결과, Fig. 7과같이성토단계가진행될수록침하량이증가하였고, 치환율과지반강도가증가할수록침하량이큰것으로나타났고, 지반강도가증가함에따라최종침하량이감소하는것으로나타났다. Fig. 8에서보이는바와같이점토지반 1에서침하감소율이가장크게나타나는연약한지반인 25kPa인경우, 치환율 10% 에서치환율 40% 로증가함에따라평균최종침하량이 mm에서 42.64mm로약 80.46% 감소하였고, 지반강도 50kPa에서는치환율 10% 에서치환율 40% 로증가함에따라평균최종침하량이 mm에서 37.67mm로약 73% 감소하였으며단단한지반인 75kPa 에서는약 64% 가감소하였다. 이는치환율이커지면 GCP가적용된복합지반에서원지반보다상대적으로강성이큰 GCP가차지하는비율이커지고, 지반강도가단단해질수록압밀에대한저항성이증가하여침하량은감소하는것으로판단된다. Hwang (2004) 은치환율의감소에따라침하량이증가하는결과를보였으며, 그변화의폭도상대적으로크게나타나원지반의강도가감소할수록치환율변화에따른침하량변 화또한큰것을확인하였다. 본연구에서도다소차이는있으나유사한거동을나타내었다. Fig. 7은 GCP로개량된점토지반 1의하중재하단계에따른침하량을분석한것이다. Fig. 8은 GCP가적용된점토지반 1, 2, 3, 4의치환율에따른지반강도별침하감소율 (Rate of Settlement Decrease) 을분석한그림이다. 침하감소율은가장침하량이높게발생한치환율 10% 의연약한지반인지반강도 25kPa를기준으로치환율과지반강도에따른성토단계별침하량감소비율을나타낸다. 또한, 점토지반의조건에따라복합적인특성이침하거동특성이발생할수있으나치환율과지반강도에대한분석을위해각점토지반의침하감소율에대한그래프를작성하였다. 대체적으로치환율 10% 대비, 치환율이증가할수록침하감소율은증가하였으며, 치환율이 30% 일때침하감소율의기울기가가장높게나타났다. 침하감소율이가장높은치환율 40% 에서는연약지반에서최대평균 81% 감소율을나타내고치환율 20% 에서는최대평균 44% 의감소율을나타내었다. GCP공법설계시침하량은중요한설계요소이기때문에향후추가적인점토지반에대한연구를수행하고, 실내시험및현장시험의검증을통해침하량예측에대한정량적인설계법도입 (a) =10% (b) =20% (c) =30% (d) =40% Fig. 7. Settlement with Load Stage and shear strength of Clay 1 28 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권제 3 호
11 (a) Clay 1 (b) Clay 2 (c) Clay 3 (d) Clay 4 Fig. 8. Settlement Reduction Ratio with area replacement ratio and shear strength of Clay 1, 2, 3, 4 Table 3. Settlement Reduction Ratio with Area Replacement Ratio and Shear Strength Ground Condition Area Replacement Ratio 10% 20% 30% 40% Clay 1 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) kPa Clay 2 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) Clay 3 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) Clay 4 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) Clay 1 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) kPa Clay 2 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) Clay 3 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) Clay 4 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) Clay 1 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) kPa Clay 2 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) Clay 3 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) Clay 4 Settlement (mm) Reduction Ratio (%) 이가능할것으로판단된다. Table 3은치환율 10 40% 에서지반강도에따른침하량과침하감소율을나타낸것이다. 가장침하량이높게발 생한치환율 10% 의연약한지반인지반강도 25kPa를기준으로치환율과지반강도에따른성토단계별침하량과침하감소율을나타내었다. GCP 복합지반의거동분석을위한유한요소해석 29
12 (a) Shear Strength 25kPa (a) Shear Strength 25kPa (b) Shear Strength 50kPa (b) Shear Strength 50kPa (c) Shear Strength 75kPa Fig. 9. Lateral displacement by depths with Area replacement ratio 10% of Clay 1, 2, 3, 4 (c) Shear Strength 75kPa Fig. 10. Lateral displacement by depths with Area replacement ratio 40% of Clay 1, 2, 3, 하중재하단계에따른치환율별 GCP 의수평변위량분석결과 Barksdale and Bachus(1983) 은다짐말뚝길이가다짐말뚝직경의 2 3배이상의길이를가진 GCP에서는팽창파괴가발생한다하였고, 점토지반인경우지반의전단응력이최소가되는지점에서팽창파괴가발생한다고하였다. 따라서 GCP가적용된복합지반의측방이동과다짐말뚝의팽창파괴의양상을파악할수있는 GCP의최대수평변위량을말뚝의깊이 (z/h) 별로파악하고자하였다. 하중재하단계에따른치환율과지반강도별 GCP의수평변위량을분석한결과, 재하단계가진행될수록수평변 위량은증가하였고, 치환율과지반강도가증가할수록수평변위량은확연하게감소하였다. Fig. 9, Fig. 10은치환율 10% 와치환율 40% 의비교 분석을위해지반강도별측정위치에따른 GCP의수평변위량을각성토단계가끝난시점에서나타낸것이다. GCP의최대수평변위량은 Fig. 9에서보이는바와같이전반적으로 GCP의직경 (D) 0.7m의 2.6배 (2.6D) 인깊이약 1.8m (z/h=0.18) 에서발생하였다. 이는 Barksdale and Bachus (1983) 이균질한지반에서단일 GCP의파괴거동이일어날때는 2D 3D 사이에서발생한다는연구결과와유사한경향을확인하였다. 30 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권제 3 호
13 연약한지반인지반강도 25kPa의경우, 깊이 2.6D에서뿐만아니라 GCP 중간부위치에서도수평변위가다소발생하는것으로나타났다. 이는상부하중이진행됨에따라 GCP 내응력이하부지반으로전이되는과정에서변위가발생하는것으로판단되며, 단단한지반또는치환율이높은 40% 이상에서의지반에서는 GCP의팽창이다소미미한것으로파악하였다. 치환율별측정위치에따라 GCP의수평변위량을분석한결과, 치환율이증가함에따라수평변위량이확연히감소하였고, 성토단계가증가할수록수평변위량은증가하였다. 치환율이증가하여 GCP의면적비율이증가할수록성토에따른지반에서의유효면적이감소하였고, 이에따라점토지반의유효응력이증가하게되어 GCP의측방유동을억제하는것으로판단된다. 타났고, 지반강도 25kPa인연약한지반에서최대 88% 의감소율이나타났다. 본연구에서는단일말뚝의경우, 하나의복합지반에대해분석한결과로추후다양한점토지반과실제현장에서의거동특성에대한비교및세밀한분석을통해국내 GCP공법연약지반개량에적용해야할것으로사료된다. Acknowledgement This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Plannning (NRF-NRF-2015R1D1A1A ). 5. 결론 References 본연구에서는 GCP공법의거동에대한유한요소해석에대한정확성을높이고자 3차원모델링을사용하였으며, 하중재하단계별지반강도및치환율변화에따라 GCP 복합지반의거동을분석한결과는다음과같다. (1) 하중단계별응력분담비분석결과, 하중단계가증가할수록 GCP 복합지반의응력분담비는증가하는경향이나타났으나지반강도 75kPa인단단한지반의상부에서는오히려감소하는경향이나타났다. 이는단단한지반일수록원지반의유효응력이증가하여말뚝의유효응력으로부터저항력이증가하며이에따라 GCP 내에서상부에서하부로전이되는응력이증가하는것으로판단된다. (2) 침하량분석결과, 지반강도는치환율에비해상대적으로침하량에미치는영향이더작은것으로확인되었으며, 치환율이증가함에따라연약한지반에서최대약 81% 가감소하였고, 단단한지반에서는최대약 65% 가감소하였다. 치환율을 40% 로설계한다면과도한압밀침하를예방하여설계할수있을것으로판단된다. (3) 깊이별쇄석다짐말뚝의수평변위량은전반적으로말뚝직경의 2.6배 (2.6D) 인깊이 1.8m에서최대수평변위량이발생하였다. 또한치환율 40% 에서는치환율 10% 에비해상대적으로확연하게감소하는경향이나 1. Bae, W. S., Kim, J. W., and Kwon, Y. C. (2007), Finite Element Analysis for The Effects on The Stiffness of The Embankment and Sandmat on The Deformation Property and The Safety of Road Embankment, International journal of safety. Vol.22, pp Balaam, N. P. and Poulos, H. G. (1978), Method of analysis of single stone columns, Res. Rep. R. No. 335, School of Civ. Engrg., University of Sydney. 3. Barksdale, R. D. and Bachus, R. C. (1983), Design and construction of Column stones, Vol.1, Report No. FHWA/ RD-83/026, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Verginia, pp Busan New Port Corp. (1999), Report of North Container Terminal, pp Chun, B. S., Choi, H. S., and Lee, Y. H. (2000), A Study on Bearing Capacity Characteristics of Gravel Piles, Journal of The Civil Engineering Conference Contents, Vol.2000, pp Goughnour R. R. and Bayuk A. A. (1979), A Field Study of Long-Term Settlement of Loads Supported by Stone Columns in Soft Ground, Proceedings, International Conference on Soil Reinforcement: Reinforced Earth and Other Techniques, Vol.1, Paris: Han, S. J., Yoo, H. K., Kim, B. I., and Kim, S. S. (2013), Settlement Characteristics fo Soft Ground Applying the Suction Drain Method, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.29, No.3, pp Hong, E. J., Kim, J. K., Jeong, S. S., and Kim, S. I. (2003), Analysis of Sand Compaction Piles Under Flexible Surcharge Loading, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society. Vol.19, GCP 복합지반의거동분석을위한유한요소해석 31
14 pp Hughes, J. M. O. and Withers, N. J. (1974), Reinforcing Soft Cohesive Soil with Stone Columns, Ground Engineering, Vol.7, No.3, pp Hughes, J. M. O., Withers, N. J., and Greenwood, D. A. (1975), A field trial of the reinforcing effect of a stone column in soil, Geotechnique, Vol.25, No.1, pp Hwang, J. S. (2004), (The) estimation methods of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of granular compaction piles in soft ground, Hongik University, Ph. D. Thesis. 12. Hwang, J. S., Kim, H. T., Kim, S. W., and Koh, Y. I. (2005), Suggestion of the Settlement Estimation Method for Granular Compaction Piles Considering Lateral Deformations, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.21, No.3, pp Kim, B. I., Yoo, W. K., Kim, Y. U., and Moon, I. J. (2013), An Experimental Study on the Behavior of Composite Ground Improved by SCP and GCP with Low Replacement Rati, Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol.14, No.2, pp Kim, I. G. (2003), Finite element Analysis for the behavior Lateral Displacement due to Embank on Soft Ground, Chosun Univeristy, Master Thesis. 15. Kim, M. S., Na, S. J., Yang, Y. H., and Kim, D. H. (2016), Analysis on the Analytical Behavior of Soft Ground Reinforced with Granular Compaction Piles, Journal of Korean Geo- Environmental Society, Vol.15, No.3, pp Korean Geotechnical Society. (1997), Soft Ground, Vol.1, No.1, pp Ko, Y. H. (2000), A Study on Stress Concentration Ratio of Ground Improved by Sand Compaction Pile Using FEM Analysis, Myongji University, Master Thesis. 18. Lee, M. H. (2004), A Study on the Load Support Mechanism and Stress Distribution Characteristic of Crushed-Stone Compaction Piles, Busan University, Ph. D. Thesis. 19. Lee, C. H., Lim, H. D., and Lee, W. J. (2005), Finite Element Analysis of GCP Ground with Replacement Ratio, Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.2005, No Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. (2001). Technologies for Breakwaters in Deep Water and Soft Ground Improvement (IV), Vol Mohamed, E. and Basuony, E. G. (2016), Behavior of Raft Foundation Resting on Improved Soft Soil with Conventional Granular Piles, Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol.3, No.4, pp Moon, I. J., Yoo, W. K., and Kim, B. I. (2012), A Study on the Settlement and Bearing Capacity of the SCP, GCP Method with Low Replacement Ratio by 1g Model Tests, Journal of The Civil Engineering Conference Contents, Vol. 2012, No.10, pp Na, S. J. (2017), A Prediction on Stress and Settlement Behavior of Granular Compaction Pile Composite Ground with Different Ground Conditions, Chosun University, Master Thesis. 24. Na, S. J., Kim, M. S., Par, K. H., and Kim, D. H. (2016), Stress Concentration Ratio of GCP Depending on the Mixing Ratio of Crushed Stone and Sand, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.32, No.9, pp Na, S. J., Kim, D. H., and Kim, G. E. (2017), The Behavior on Stress and Settlement of GCP Composite Ground with Different Shear Strength of Soil, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.16, No.3, pp Park, S. S. and Jeong, S. T. (2007), Type and design of construction methodnal of Stone Column, Journal of Korean Geo-Environmental Society, Vol.6, No.4, pp Seong, K. H. (2003), (A) Study on the Behavior aspect of Soft Ground under a Embankment Loading, Chosun University, Master Thesis. 28. Shin, H. Y., Han, S. J., Kim, S. S., and Kim J. K. (2005), Behavior of Composite Ground Improved by SCP with Low Replacement Ratio, Journal of The Civil Engineering Conference Contents, Vol.25, No.6, pp Yoo, C. S., Song, A. R., Kim, S. B., and Lee, D. Y. (2007), Finite Element Modeling of Geogrid-Encased Stone Column in Soft Ground, Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.23, No.10, pp You, S. K. (2007), A Comparative Study on the Effect of Promoting Consolidation between SCP and GCP, Journal of Korean Geo-Environmental Society, Vol.8, No.2, pp Zahmatkesh, A. and Choobbasti, A. J. (2010), Settlement Evaluation of Soft Clay Reinforced by Stone Columns, Considering the Effect of Soil Compaction, Department of Civil Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol, Irn. 32 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 17 권제 3 호
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