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1 ISSN(print) (4): , December 2018 < 초청논문 > Evaluation of Visual Function under Mesopic Conditions in Individuals Wearing Cosmetic Soft Contact Lenses Sung-Hwi Oh, Chang-Jin Kim, and Hyun-Il Kim* Dept. of Optometry, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea (Received August 4, 2018: Revised August 25, 2018: Accepted October 26, 2018) Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the tinted part of cosmetic soft contact lenses (SCLs) on visual function under mesopic conditions, as well as to compare these differences between SCLs with different diameters of the central clear zone. Methods: Pupil size, shielded pupil size in each tinted lens zone, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and temporal visual field were evaluated in 30 participants who had worn either clear or cosmetic SCLs with different clear-zone diameters (5.2 mm and 6.4 mm) under mesopic conditions. Results: Pupil size increased, while visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and temporal visual field decreased in individuals who had worn cosmetic SCLs under mesopic conditions. Cosmetic SCLs with a smaller central clear zone diameter were associated with greater visual function deterioration. Every evaluation item showed a statistically significant difference between individuals who had worn cosmetic SCLs with a central clear zone diameter of 5.2 mm and those who had worn clear SCLs. Conclusions: After wearing cosmetic SCLs under mesopic conditions, the tinted lens zone covered dilated pupils. This caused a reduction in visual function. Therefore, we recommend that opticians, when selling these lenses, explain the disadvantages of wearing them at night to the buyers. Key words: Mesopic vision, Cosmetic soft contact lens, Shielded pupil, Pupil size, Visual acuity, Contrast sensitivity, Temporal visual field 서론박명시 (mesopic vision) 는암소시와명소시의중간밝기로문헌마다차이는있지만대략휘도 (luminances) 는 10 8 ~3 cd/m 2 로추체및간체세포가모두작용하고있는시각적상태를의미한다. [1,2] 박명시환경에서는충분한광량을받지못하여중심시력과색인지능력이부정확해지는문제점이야기되는데대표적인원인으로는동공의산동 (mydriasis), 눈부심 (glare) 및수차 (aberration) 의증가등이있다. [3-5] 야간활동이활발해진현대인의생활환경에서건물의옥외조명및 LED 조명등으로야간에도자연광의소실에의한암소시가아닌인공조명장치의영향으로중등도밝기인박명시환경에서생활하는경우가많아지고있다. [6] 최근눈이화려하게보이고자하는미용적목적때문에다양한컬러와중심부부터주변부까지넓게착색된그래픽의미용소프트콘택트렌즈가많이사용및판매되고있다. 현재콘택트렌즈제조회사에서제공하는렌즈정보 는정점굴절력 (power), 전체직경 (DIA: diameter), 베이스커브 (B.C: base curve) 등으로한정되어있고, 한국산업규격 (KS: Korea Industrial Standards) 에서는컬러콘택트렌즈의경우중심부 6 mm내에는색소층이포함되지않는것을권고하고있고, 허용오차범위는따로두고있지않다. [7] 시중에판매중인미용소프트콘택트렌즈중인터넷홈페이지등을참조해서직접조사한 234여종의평균중심부투명직경은 6.3 mm이었다. Ko [8] 등은 20대평균야간동공크기는 7.1 mm로보고하였다. 그결과박명시상태에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용을하면동공을가리게되고이로인해시력, 대비감도, 시야등의시각성능에영향을미칠것으로생각된다. 따라서낮의명소시환경에서는입사하는빛의양을조절하기위해축동 (miosis) 이되기때문에동공크기가작아미용소프트콘택트렌즈의착색부분에영향을받지않지만, 야간에산동된상태에서는문제가야기될수있을것으로판단된다. Carkeet [9] 은굴스트란트모형안에서동공크기와콘택트 *Corresponding author: Hyun-Il Kim, TEL: , hyunik@konyang.ac.kr 351

2 352 Sung-Hwi Oh, Chang-Jin Kim, and Hyun-Il Kim 렌즈의중심부투명직경, 전방깊이를사용하여렌즈착용시절반전체시야 (half the total field, HTF) 및절반전체조명시야 (half the field of full illumination, HFoFI) 를계산할수있는이론적인내용을보고하였다. 따라서, 본논문에서는투명소프트콘택트렌즈, 중심부투명직경이평균크기인미용소프트콘택트렌즈, 중심부투명직경이가장작은크기의미용소프트콘택트렌즈총 3종의렌즈착용후박명시상태에서시력, 대비감도, 이측시야를검사하였다. 동공크기및미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용시동공가려짐, 미용소프트콘택트렌즈의중심부투명직경크기의변화에따른시력과 HTF( 절반전체시야 ), HFoFI( 절반전체조명시야 ) 개념을적용하여대비감도, 이측시야의관계를비교분석하여미용소프트콘택트렌즈중심부투명직경확보에대한중요성에대해알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 이론적배경 1) 절반전체시야 (half the total field, HTF) 및절반전체조명시야 (half the field of full illumination, HFoFI) Carkeet [9] 은굴스트란트모형안에서동공크기와콘택트렌즈의중심부투명직경, 전방깊이를사용하여렌즈착용시 HTF 및 HFoFI를계산할수있는이론적인공식을보고하였다. 본연구에서는미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용시시각성능의저하를유발하는이론적인원인을파악하고자콘택트렌즈의중심투명직경크기와절반전체시야 (HTF) 및절반전체조명시야 (HFoFI) 의관계를광학적인근거에의거해연구한 Carkeet [9] 의논문에서발표한공식 (1), (2) 를사용하여이론적으로계산된수치와임상적으로검사한결과를비교및대조하였다. 절반전체시야 (HTF) 는미용소프트콘택트렌즈의조리개 Fig. 2. Lines defining field of full illumination for cosmetic soft contact lenses. [9] ( 투명영역 ) 와동공의반대면가장자리를지나는선의내부영역의절반을의미하고 (Fig. 1), 절반전체조명시야 (HFoFI) 는콘택트렌즈조리개와동공의동일한방향의가장자리를지나는선의내부영역의절반으로정의된다 (Fig. 2). HTF에서 c는콘택트렌즈구경 ( 착색되지않은중심투명영역 ) 의직경, g는동공직경, w는콘택트렌즈구경과동공사이의거리이고 ( 식 1)(Fig. 1), w는 Carkeet [9] 이제시한것처럼 d' s c 로계산했다. d' 은콘택트렌즈정점에서동공까지의거리이고, 본연구에서는 IOL Master (Carl zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) 로측정한전방깊이로대신하 2 였고, s c (= r c r c ( c 2) 2 : r c = 콘택트렌즈곡률반경 ) 는콘택트렌즈구경의새그높이다. 따라서동공혹은 / 그리고콘택트렌즈구경이커지거나, w 값이작아질수록 HTF는증가한다. HTF = tan 1 c g (1) 2w HFoFI를구하는공식에서사용된 d, g, w 기호는공식 (1) 과같다 ( 식 2)(Fig. 2). 따라서 HFoFI의범위는동공크기와콘택트렌즈구경의차이값과관계가있다. 만약동공크기와콘택트렌즈구경의직경이같다면식을통해 HFoFI는 0 가되지만, 이것은절반전체조명시야가없다는것을의미하는것은아니며 0은기준상태를제시한다. 따라서콘택트렌즈의구경이동공크기보다작거나크면조명시야는 0을기준으로증가한다. 본연구에서는중심부투명직경이 6.4 mm인 cosmetic SCL1에서만투명직경과동공크기가동일한경우가다수가있어서 cosmetic SCL1 의값을제외한 clear SCL과중심부투명직경이 5.2 mm 인 cosmetic SCL2의 HFoFI 값만비교하였다. HFoFI = tan 1 c g 2w (2) Fig. 1. Lines defining total field for cosmetic soft contact lenses. [9] 2. 실험대상본연구에관련된모든임상시험에대한규약과검사과

3 Evaluation of Visual Function under Mesopic Conditions in Individuals Wearing Cosmetic Soft Contact Lenses 353 Table 1. Demographics and biometric data of subjects (n = 60) Characteristic Age (years) 23.23±3.23 Gender (male:female) 16:44 (27%:73%) Spherical refractive error (D) (range) Cylindrical refractive error (D) (range) SER (D) 1.74±1.51 ( 0.50 D to 7.50 D) 0.34±0.33 ( 0.75 D) 2.22±1.630 Corrected visual acuity (logmar) 0.00±0.06 Pupil size under photopic conditions (mm) 4.50±0.65 Temporal visual field ( ) 95.04±1.39 Spherical equivalent of refractive error Note: Values are given as mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. Fig. 3. Lines defining clear zone diameter, tinted zone diameter and total diameter for cosmetic lens. Table 3. Properties of the contact lenses used in the study 정은건양대학교생명윤리위원회 (IRB, Institutional Review Board) 의승인을받았다. 대상자는전신질환및시력에영향을주는안질환이없으며굴절이상교정및안과관련수술경험이없는 20대성인남녀 30명 ( 남자 8명, 여자 22 명 ) 을대상으로하였다. 대상자의평균연령은 23.23±3.23 세이었고, 평균구면굴절이상은 1.74±1.51 D, 난시굴절이상은 0.34±0.33 D, 등가구면굴절이상은 2.22±1.63 D 이었다 (Table 1). 등가구면교정후렌즈착용시원거리단안교정시력 20/25(0.8) 이상인자를기준으로투명소프트콘택트렌즈착용후검사한대비감도값이제조사에서제공하는정상인의 90% 수치안에포함되는자를대상으로하였다. 3. 실험재료 1) 사용된콘택트렌즈일회용렌즈와연속착용렌즈의구분없이국내안경원과렌즈샵에유통중인렌즈 234 종을대상으로미용소프트콘택트렌즈의착색된부분의직경과베이스커브, 전체직경을조사및분석한결과평균전체직경은 14.21±0.21 mm, 착색부분평균직경은 13.54±0.40 mm, 중심부투명부분평균직경은 6.30±0.82 mm, 베이스커브 8.63±0.08 mm로 Clear SCL Cosmetic SCL1 Cosmetic SCL2 Material Hioxifilcon A Methafilcon A HEMA Base curve (mm) Diameter (mm) Clear zone diameter (mm) 분석되었다 (Table 2)(Fig. 3). 사전조사로분석한렌즈중중심부투명직경이가장작은제품과중심부투명직경이가장큰제품을선정하였다. 투명소프트콘택트렌즈는베이스커브와전체직경이동일한렌즈를선택하였다. 콘택트렌즈도수는원거리완전교정굴절력을정점간거리를보정한값으로결정하였으며, 난시 (C 0.75 D 이하 ) 가있는경우에는등가구면을적용하였다. 본연구에서는투명소프트콘택트렌즈를 clear SCL로표시하고, 2종의미용소프트콘택트렌즈중비착색된중심부투명직경이 6.4 mm인미용소프트콘택트렌즈1을 cosmetic SCL1으로표시하고, 중심부투명직경이 5.2 mm인미용소프트콘택트렌즈2를 cosmetic SCL2로표기하였다 (Table 3). Table 2. Properties of cosmetic soft contact lenses (n = 234) Parameter Total diameter (mm) 14.21±0.21 Tinted diameter (mm) 13.54±0.40 Clear zone diameter (mm) 6.30±0.82 Base curve (mm) 8.63± 실험방법 1) 콘택트렌즈피팅상태확인렌즈착용후눈물안정화를위해최소 30분이지난후세극등현미경 (slit lamp) 을이용해푸쉬업 (push up), 래그 (lag) 검사를진행하여순목후렌즈의움직임과피팅상태및중심안정을확인하였다. 렌즈가중심안정이적절한경우정면주시시렌즈의움직임허용범위는 mm

4 354 Sung-Hwi Oh, Chang-Jin Kim, and Hyun-Il Kim 로제한하였고, [10] 측면주시시움직임허용범위는 1.5 mm 로제한하였다. [11] 또한렌즈착용후피검자가정면및상, 하, 좌, 우방향을주시시렌즈가 1 mm 이상각막주변부를덮고있을때를적절한피팅상태라고제한하였다. 2) 검사순서모든검사는렌즈착용후박명시환경에서검사를진행하였고, 명소시환경에서 clear SCL 착용후대상자선정을위한대비감도검사그리고박명시환경과비교를위해동공크기, 시력검사를추가적으로진행하였다. 박명시와명소시환경의검사시표의밝기는 Mavo-spot2(Gossen, Germany) 휘도계로시표중심부를 10회반복측정하여평균값을구하였다 (Table 4). 동일집단으로대조군이없고실험군만있는것으로설계하였기에시간의흐름에따른렌즈착용순서가결과값에미치는영향을최소화하기위해서 3종의렌즈착용순서를무작위로바꿔가며검사하였다. 박명시상태에서검사할경우렌즈착용후 30분정도충분히어두운환경에적응할시간을가진후검사를진행하였다. (1) 콘택트렌즈교정굴절력양안개방형자동굴절계 (Natural Vision-K 5001, Shinnipon, Japan) 를이용하여 5 m 정면에주시시표를위치시킨뒤굴절이상도를 3회반복측정하여평균값을기초로원거 리단안최대시력을제공하는자각적굴절검사를실시한후정점간거리를보정하고난시량을등가구면한값을콘택트렌즈굴절력으로선정하였다. (2) 동공크기명소시및박명시상태에서동공크기를실시간으로측정하기위해양안개방형자동굴절계 (Natural Vision-K 5001, Shinnipon, Japan) 의외부모니터로확대되어보이는수치를환산하여동공크기를측정하였다 (Fig. 4). [12] 명소시와박명시상태환경을만들기위한조도측정은디지털분광조도계 IM-1000(Topcon, Japan) 를이용하였다. Clear SCL 착용시에만추가적으로명소시환경에서동공크기를측정하였고, 박명시환경에서는 3종의콘택트렌즈착용후동공크기를측정하였다. (3) 시력측정 Optec 6500(Stereo Optical, USA) 을사용하여명소시와박명시환경에서원거리단안시력검사를진행하였고검사결과는 logmar 표기로나타내었다. 기기내부의밝기는 Day와 Night로구분된다. 명소시상태를만드는 Day의밝기는 85 cd/m 2 이고박명시상태인 Night의밝기는 3.0 cd/m 2 의휘도광레벨값을갖는다고제조사에서제공하고있지만, 본연구에서는휘도계로직접시표의중심부를 10회반복측정한평균값으로표기하였다 (Table 4). Table 4. Luminance of photopic vision and mesopic vision in the test Fixation target Luminance (cd/m 2 ) Fixation target Photopic vision Mesopic vision Optec 6500 test chart 80.30± ±0.07 Vision disk target 78.82± ±0.03 (4) 원, 근거리시력및대비감도검사 Optec 6500에내장된 Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT) 를이용하여측정하였다. 대비감도의정상범위에대해서는박명시상태에서측정한대비감도정상범위는제조사에서제공하고있지않아동일한기기와시표로 Haughom 등 [13] 이측정한대비감도의 90% 에해당하는영역을외부의직선영역으로, 75% 에해당하는영역은내부 Fig. 4. Scales of measuring the pupil size.

5 Evaluation of Visual Function under Mesopic Conditions in Individuals Wearing Cosmetic Soft Contact Lenses 355 의음영으로적용하여평가하였다. 검사환경은이전시력검사와동일한조건에서시행하였다. (5) 시야검사대상자의이측수평방향단안시야측정은 Vision Disk(Hubbard Scientific, USA) 를이용하였다 (Fig. 5). 본연구에서는박명시환경에서시야를측정해야했기때문에검사조도를세팅할수있는 Vision disk를선택하여검사를진행하였다. 측정오차를감안하여 3회반복측정하였고저감부위인귀쪽부터고감부위인코쪽으로시표를천천히이동하면서측정하였다. 상, 하방시야의경우눈꺼풀에의해영향을받을수있고, 비측시야 ( 내방 ) 의경우시야가약 60 정도로좁기때문에동공혹은미용소프트콘택트렌즈의착색부분에의해영향을받는지명확하지않기때문에시야범위가가장넓은이측시야만측정하였다. (6) 전방깊이 IOL Master (Carl zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) 를이용하여대상자의전방깊이를측정하였다 (Fig. 6). 본 연구에서는 HTF 및 HFoFI를계산하기위해전방깊이를측정하였고, IOL Master 로측정한전방깊이는각막상피층으로부터수정체전면까지의거리가측정된다. 검사의정확성을위해 5회반복측정후평균값을사용하였다. 3. 통계처리검사결과는 SPSS(version 17.0) 를사용하여실시하였다. 렌즈종류별로측정된동공크기, 시력, 대비감도, 시야각각의비교를위해일원배치분산분석과 Duncan의사후검정을실시하였다. 가려진동공크기와대비감도및시야변화와동공크기및전방깊이와시야변화의상관분석을실시하였다. 신뢰도 95% 를기준으로유의수준 p<0.05일경우통계적으로유의한것으로간주하였다. p<0.05인경우 *, p<0.01인경우 **, p<0.001인경우 *** 로표시하였다. 결과및고찰 1. 박명시환경의동공크기 Clear SCL, cosmetic SCL1, cosmetic SCL2를각각착용한상태에서측정한동공크기는 6.41±0.53 mm, 6.59±0.51 mm, 6.91±0.54 mm로측정되었고 (Table 5) 집단간유의한차 Table 5. Comparison of pupil size after wearing each lens under mesopic conditions Fig. 5. Measurement of temporal visual field by Vision disk (Hubbard Scientific, USA). Lens type Pupil size (mean±sd) Clear SCL (mm) 6.41±0.53 a Cosmetic SCL1 (mm) 6.59±0.51 a Cosmetic SCL2 (mm) 6.91±0.54 b F=14.06, p=0.000*** a,b Post-hoc analysis using Duncan s multiple range test Fig. 6. IOL Master (A), Measurement of anterior chamber depth (B).

6 356 Sung-Hwi Oh, Chang-Jin Kim, and Hyun-Il Kim 이가있었다 (F=14.06, p=0.000). 2. 박명시환경에서 cosmetic SCL 착용시가려진동공크기의분포 Cosmetic SCL의착색부분이동공을가리는정도는수평방향동공크기를기준으로하여중심부투명및동공직경의차이값으로계산하였다. Cosmetic SCL1 착용시수평방향평균동공직경은 6.59±0.51 mm이었고착색부분에의해동공이평균 0.31±0.36 mm 가려졌으며, 가장적게가려진경우는 0.00 mm, 가장크게가려진경우는 1.60 mm이었다. 착색부분에의해가려진동공크기가 0.00~0.29 mm인경우는전체대상자의 55%, 0.30~0.59 mm인경우는 28% 로, 전체대상자의약 83% 가동공크기의 0.00~0.59 mm 정도가렌즈에의해가려졌다 (Fig. 7). Cosmetic SCL2 착용시수평방향평균동공직경은 6.91±0.54 mm이었고착색부분에의해동공이평균 1.70±0.54 mm 가려졌으며, 가장적게가려진경우는 0.60 mm, 가장크게가려진경우는 2.90 mm이었다. 착색부분에의해가려진동공크기가 1.50~1.79 mm인경우는전 체대상자의 25%, 1.80~2.09인경우는 21%, 2.10~2.39 mm인경우가 18% 로전체대상자의약 64% 가 1.50~2.39 mm 정도가렌즈에의해가려졌다 (Fig. 7). 3. 박명시환경의시력 Clear SCL, cosmetic SCL1, cosmetic SCL2를각각착용한상태에서측정한 logmar 단안시력은각각 0.11±0.06, 0.11±0.07, 0.17±0.09로측정되었고, clear SCL 및 cosmetic SCL2 착용시비교시에는유의한차이가있었다 (p=0.000). 4. 박명시환경의대비감도 Clear SCL, cosmetic SCL1 및 SCL2를착용후각각측정한대비감도값은 6(F=3.50, p=0.030), 12(F=12.10, p=0.000), 18 cpd(f=17.66, p=0.000) 에서공간주파수별로집단간에유의한차이가있었다 (Table 6). Clear SCL, cosmetic SCL1을각각착용후측정한대비감도 log 값은 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd에서각각 1.55±0.16, 1.67±0.16, 1.64±0.17, 1.07±0.14, 0.66±0.21 및 1.54±0.15, 1.65±0.14, 1.65±0.16, 0.94±0.39, 0.47±0.37로 6, 12, 18 Fig. 7. Distribution of pupil shielded by wearing cosmetic SCL1 and cosmetic SCL2. Table 6. Contrast sensitivity after wearing each lens under mesopic conditions Lens type Contrast sensitivity (logmar) (mean±sd) Lens type Spatial frequency (CPD) Lens type Clear SCL 1.55±0.16 a 1.67±0.16 a 1.64±0.17 a 1.07±0.14 a 0.66±0.21 a Cosmetic SCL1 1.54±0.15 a 1.65±0.14 a,b 1.65±0.16 b 0.94±0.39 b 0.47±0.37 b Cosmetic SCL2 1.50±0.13 a 1.61±0.16 b 1.57±0.16 b 0.73±0.51 b 0.31±0.36 c p = p = p = 0.030* p = 0.000*** p = 0.000*** a,b,c Post-hoc analysis using Duncan s multiple range test

7 Evaluation of Visual Function under Mesopic Conditions in Individuals Wearing Cosmetic Soft Contact Lenses 357 Fig. 8. Comparison contrast sensitivity after wearing each lens under mesopic condition. cpd인중간및고영역대공간주파수에서 Duncan의사후검정결과 claer SCL과 cosmetic SCL1 집단에서유의한차이가있었다 (Table 6)(Fig. 8). Cosmetic SCL2 착용후측정한대비감도 log 값은 1.50±0.13, 1.61±0.16, 1.57±0.16, 0.73±0.51, 0.31±0.36 이었고, 6, 12, 18 cpd인중간및고영역대공간주파수에서 Duncan의사후검정결과 claer SCL과 cosmetic SCL2 집단에서유의한차이가있었고 cosmetic SCL1 과 2 집단에서는 18 cpd에서만유의한차이가있었다 (Table 6)(Fig. 8). Clear SCL를착용했을경우에비해 cosmetic SCL1 및 2 착용시각각중간및고영역대공간주파수에서모두유의한정도로대비감도가저하되었고, 고영역대로갈수록대비감도저하가커졌으며 cosmetic SCL2 집단에서그차이가더컸다 (Table 6)(Fig. 8). 1) 렌즈착용에따른절반전체조명시야 (HFoFI) 변화 Carkeet [9] 의공식 (2) HFoFI = tan 1 c g 에대입해보면 2w clear SCL 및 cosmetic SCL2 을착용한경우각각 16.29±5.32 및 14.48±4.48 로유의한차이가있었고 (p=0.000), 렌즈의중심투명부분이작을수록 HFoFI가작아졌다. Fig. 9. The correlation between contrast sensitivity at 1.5 cpd and shielded pupil size after wearing cosmetic SCL1 and cosmetic SCL2. Fig. 10. The correlation between contrast sensitivity at 3 cpd and shielded pupil size after wearing cosmetic SCL1 and cosmetic SCL2. 2) 가려진동공크기와대비감도관계모든공간주파수에서두렌즈모두동공가림크기가커질수록대비감도가감소하는경향을보였다. 1.5 cpd에서는대비감도가감소하는경향을보였지만두렌즈모두유의한수준은아니었다 (Fig. 9). 3 cpd에서는 cosmetic SCL2 착용시에서만추세선기울기는 , R 2 =0.1228(p=0.006) 로유의성을보였다 (Fig. 10). 6 cpd 에서는 cosmetic SCL2 착용시에서만추세선기울기는 , R 2 =0.0377(p=0.035) 로상관성을보였다 (Fig. 11). 12 cpd에서는 cosmetic SCL2 착용시에 Fig. 11. The correlation between contrast sensitivity at 6 cpd and shielded pupil size after wearing cosmetic SCL1 and cosmetic SCL2.

8 358 Sung-Hwi Oh, Chang-Jin Kim, and Hyun-Il Kim Table 7. Comparison of temporal visual field after wearing each lens under mesopic conditions Temporal visual field Lens type (mean±sd) Clear SCL ( ) 89.43±3.64 a Cosmetic SCL1 ( ) 85.78±3.49 b Cosmetic SCL2 ( ) 80.98±3.30 c F=13.19, p=0.000*** a,b,c Post-hoc analysis using Duncan s multiple range test Fig. 12. The correlation between contrast sensitivity at 12 cpd and shielded pupil size after wearing cosmetic SCL1 and cosmetic SCL2. 1) Vision disk로측정한렌즈별이측시야및절반전체시야 (HTF) 의상관성비교 Vision disk를이용해측정한이측시야는착용한렌즈의중심부투명부분직경이작아질수록유의한정도의시야감소가나타났다 (p=0.000)(table 7). Carkeet [9] 의공식 (1) HTF = tan 1 c g 에의해계산된 2w HTF 또한 clear SCL 착용시 69.34±1.44, cosmetic SCL1 착용시 64.59±1.59, cosmetic SCL2 착용시 61.40±1.65 로렌즈의중심부투명부분직경이작아질수록유의한정도의시야감소가나타났다 (p=0.000). Fig. 13. The correlation between contrast sensitivity at 18 cpd and shielded pupil size after wearing cosmetic SCL1 and cosmetic SCL2. 서만추세선기울기는 , R 2 =0.0912(p=0.019) 로상관성을보였다 (Fig. 12). 18 cpd에서는 cosmetic SCL2 착용시에서만기울기는 , R 2 =0.0376(p=0.022) 으로상관성을보였다 (Fig. 13). 5. 박명시환경의시야 Clear SCL, cosmetic SCL1, cosmetic SCL2를각각착용한상태에서 Vision disk 를사용하여검사한이측단안시야범위는각각 89.43±3.64, 85.78±3.49, 80.98±3.30 로측정되었고각집단군사이에서유의한차이가있었고 (F=13.19, p=0.000), Duncan의사후검정을실시한결과 clear SCL을착용한후시야와 cosmetic SCL1 및 cosmetic SCL2 착용후시야를각각비교했을때유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (Table 7). 2) 동공크기와 Vision disk로측정한렌즈별이측시야및절반전체시야 (HTF) 의상관성비교동공크기에따른시야변화의상관성을알아본결과 Vision disk로측정한이측시야는 clear SCL, cosmetic SCL1, cosmetic SCL2에서모두유의한상관관계를나타내지않았다. 반면에계산된 HTF는각각의렌즈에서모두동공크기가커질수록시야가증가하는상관성을보였다 (p<0.01)(fig. 14). 3) 전방깊이와 Vision disk로측정한렌즈별이측시야및절반전체시야 (HTF) 의상관성비교전방깊이에따른시야변화의상관성을알아보기위해전방깊이별 w( 콘택트렌즈구경과동공사이의거리 ) 에따른시야변화를확인한결과 Vision disk로측정한이측시야는 clear SCL, cosmetic SCL1, cosmetic SCL2에서모두전방깊이가깊어질수록시야가감소하는경향을보였으나유의하진않았다. 반면에계산된 HTF는각각의렌즈에서모두전방깊이가깊어질수록시야가유의하게감소했다 (p<0.01)(fig. 15). 4) 가려진동공크기와 Vision disk로측정한이측시야의상관성비교 Cosmetic SCL의착색부분에의해가려진동공크기에따른이측시야변화의상관성을알아본결과동공가림

9 Evaluation of Visual Function under Mesopic Conditions in Individuals Wearing Cosmetic Soft Contact Lenses 359 Fig. 14. (A) The correlation between temporal visual field and pupil size after wearing each lenses. (B) The correlation between HTF and pupil size. Predictions are based on Equation 1. 크기가커질수록시야가감소하는경향을보였다. 동공가림크기별이측시야변화추세선기울기는 이었고, R 2 =0.4607(p<0.01) 로유의성있는감소를보였다 (Fig. 16). Fig. 15. (A) The correlation between temporal visual field and anterior chamber depth after wearing each lenses. (B) The correlation between HTF and anterior chamber depth. Predictions are based on Equation 1. 5) 시야감소에따른시야범위변화 Clear SCL을착용했을때보다 cosmetic SCL1 및 2를착용하면시야가각각약 4 및 8 가감소하였고, 시야크기에따른평면시야범위는주시거리가멀수록그차이가크게나타난다. Tangent 공식을이용하여시야변화에따른평면시야범위를구할수있다 ( 식 3)(Fig. 17). 예를들어 5 m 전방을주시할때공식 3을사용하면시야변화 4 및 8 는평면시야범위약 35 cm 및 70 cm 정도이다. a= b tan x o 대중매체의영향으로미용소프트콘택트렌즈에대한관심이커지면서 [14-16] 다양한디자인과색깔의렌즈가출시되었고, 콘택트렌즈전문매장이생길정도로콘택트렌즈시장이활발해지고있다. 또한다양한야간활동으로생활시간이길어짐과더불어밤까지렌즈를착용하는경 (3) Fig. 16. The correlation between temporal visual field and shielded pupil size after wearing lenses. 우가많아졌다. 야간활동을하는밤환경은박명시상태로동공의산동, 수차의증가, 눈부심증가 [3-5] 등으로인해중심시력감소와같은시각적문제점을야기한다. 더불어미용콘택트렌즈착용을하면시력저하, 대비감도저하

10 360 Sung-Hwi Oh, Chang-Jin Kim, and Hyun-Il Kim Fig. 17. Calculate the field of view from viewing distance. 등시력의질이저하될수있다고알려져있다. [17,18,23] 박명시환경에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈를착용한다면어두운환경에맞춰산동된동공을콘택트렌즈의착색된부분이가려시각기능에불편을유발할수있을것이라고생각된다. 기존에미용소프트콘택트렌즈와박명시에관한연구가많지않았고, 선행논문으로굴절이상교정수술후미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용시시력의질에미치는영향에대한연구, [23] 미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용시조도에따른동공가림및시력에관한연구 [19] 등이있었다. 본연구에서는미용소프트콘택트렌즈중심부투명직경의크기가다른두종류의렌즈를투명렌즈와비교하여박명시상태에서시각기능에어떤영향을미치는지알아보고자하였다. Clear SCL 착용시박명시상태에서평균동공크기는 6.41±0.53 mm이었고, cosmetic SCL1 착용시 6.59±0.51 mm로렌즈착용으로인해동공크기가증가하였으나유의한정도의증가가나타나지않았다. 반면 cosmetic SCL2 착용시평균동공크기는 6.91±0.54 mm로유의한정도로동공크기의증가가있었다. Kim 등 [19] 의연구에서도중심부투명직경이 6.2 mm인렌즈착용시수평방향의동공크기가통계적으로유의한차이가없어미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용으로는동공크기에영향을줄만큼의광량감소가없다고하였다. 본논문에서도마찬가지로투명직경이 6.4 mm인렌즈착용시 0.31±0.36 mm 정도의동공가림이있었고유의한동공크기의증가가일어나지않았다. 반면에중심부투명직경이더작은 5.2 mm 착용시렌즈에의한동공가림이평균 1.70±0.54 mm이 었고, 투명직경 6.4 mm 대비약 1.39 mm 동공을가리는정도가더커서그결과망막에도달하는광량이적어유의한동공크기의증가가일어났고, 그로인해박명시환경에서시각적불편함을유발할수있을것이라생각된다. 콘택트렌즈착용후시력의변화에대한 Kim 등 [19] 의연구에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용은시력감소에영향을미치게되며동공이클수록시력의감소가커진다고한것과비교하여본연구에서도모든피검자가미용소프트콘택트렌즈를착용시시력의감소가나타났지만 cosmetic SCL1의경우동공을가리는정도가적고, 동공크기증가량도적었기때문에유의한정도의시력감소가나타나지않았다. 하지만 cosmetic SCL2의경우중심부투명부분직경이작아동공을가리는정도가크고, 그로인해동공크기가커짐에따라유의한시력감소가나타나는결과를얻을수있었다. 동일한시력값이나오더라도상의선명도가다르게느껴질수있는데미용콘택트렌즈를착용후시력의질을평가한 Park 등 [23] 의연구결과에따르면통계적으로유의한수준의변조전달기능 (modulation transfer function, MTF) 이감소했고, 객관적산란지수 (objective scatter index, OSI) 는증가하였으며망막에맺히는상의집속률 (Strehl ratio) 감소가나타났다. 본연구에서 clear SCL 착용시평균 logmar 시력 0.11±0.06, cosmetic SCL1 착용시 0.11±0.07로 logmar 시력의차이는없었지만시력의질에차이가있을것이라생각되었다. 일반시력검사의시표는고대비시표를사용하기때문에일반적인수치의측정은가능하지만시력의질을평가하기에는부족하여임상적으로시력의질의측정은민감도가높은대비감도검사를활용한다. 대비감도검사는일반적인시력표를이용한시력검사보다약 3~5배민감하고광학적혼탁과망막감도의측정이가능하여시력검사로는나타나지않는안매체에서의변화를인지해낼수있다. [20-22] Park 등 [23] 의연구에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용은망막에맺히는상의집속률과객관적산란지수를저하시킨다고한것과비교하였을때본연구에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용후대비감도는 clear SCL를착용했을때보다전체적으로감소한경향을보였고 1.5, 3 cpd의저공간주파수보다 6, 12, 18 cpd의중간, 고공간주파수에서감소폭이더크게나타났다. 이는렌즈착용으로인해수차가증가하여상의흐림이발생했기때문이라고사료된다. 또한 Carkeet [9] 의공식에의해계산된절반전체조명시야 (HFoFI) 도감소한것으로볼때중심투명직경이작을수록망막에도달하는빛의양이감소하여대비감도감소가더크게나타나는것이라고사료된다. 이측시야는미용소프트콘택트렌즈착색부분에의한

11 Evaluation of Visual Function under Mesopic Conditions in Individuals Wearing Cosmetic Soft Contact Lenses 361 Fig. 18. Clear image (A), Overlapping the clear image and blurred image (B). [10] 동공가림이클수록감소하고통계적으로유의한상관성을보였다. Carkeet [9] 의공식을통해계산된절반전체시야 (HTF) 와 Vision disk로측정한결과모두렌즈중심부투명직경이작을수록통계적으로유의한이측시야의감소가나타났다. 계산된절반전체시야 (HTF) 는동공크기가클수록, 전방깊이가작을수록증가하는경향을보였지만, Vision disk로측정해서얻은결과값에서는동공크기나전방깊이의증가에따른상관관계가유의하지않았다. 하지만 Vision disk로측정한이측시야는콘택트렌즈의착색영역에의한동공가림이클수록통계적으로유의한정도의감소가나타났다. 따라서측정된이측시야는동공의크기나전방깊이보다콘택트렌즈의착색부분에의한동공가림에의해영향을받는다는것을알수있었다. Gabriel [24] 등은피검자의동공을산동시키고반투명한주변부를가진소프트콘택트렌즈착용후골드만시야계를사용한주변부시야검사결과콘택트렌즈투명영역을 3.0 mm에서 6.8 mm로증가시키면시야범위가증가한다고보고하였다. Josephson과 Caffery, [25] Insler [26] 등은반투명컬러소프트콘택트렌즈착용시골드만시야계를사용한검사에서시야감소를보고하였다. 본연구에서는박명시환경에서 clear SCL을착용했을때보다투명직경 6.4 mm 및 5.2 mm의 cosmetic SCL을착용한경우평면시야가 5 m 거리기준으로각각약 4 및 8 의시야감소가발생하였고, 투명직경이작은렌즈에서시야감소가더증가하였다. 평면시야변화범위로환산하면 5 m 전방을주시할때각각약 35 cm 및 70 cm 정도이었다. 미용소프트콘택트렌즈의착색된부분은일반적으로반투명하다. 본연구에사용된실험렌즈도착색된주변부가반투명한경우였다. Treiber [10] 에따르면 Fig. 18(A) 처럼대비가명확한사물이결상되면그경계가명확히인식되 지만, 선명한상과흐린상이중첩되면 Fig. 18(B) 처럼그경계가명확하게인식되지않고, 이러한현상을 lightdark-edge 효과라고한다. Fig. 18(B) 의첫번째그림은대비가명확한상의휘도관계, 두번째그림은대비가명확하지않은상의휘도관계이고세번째그림은선명한 ( 대비가명확한 ) 상과흐린 ( 대비가명확하지않은 ) 상이중첩된상에서의휘도관계, 네번째그림은중첩된상이실제사람에게인식되는상태를보여준다. 미용소프트콘택트렌즈의경우착색된주변부위는반투명한상태이므로렌즈의중심투명부분에의해맺히는선명한상과반투명한부분에의해맺히는흐린상이중첩될때그경계가선명하지못해시력이나대비감도, 시야가감소하는원인에기여하는것으로사료된다. 결론 1. Cosmetic SCL의중심부투명직경이작아착색부분이동공을가리는부분이클수록전반적으로동공크기가증가하였다. 2. Cosmetic SCL1( 중심부투명직경이 6.4 mm) 의경우 clear SCL 대비동공을가리는양이많지않아동공크기와시력의변화가크지않았고, 대비감도는중간및고영역대공간주파수에서유의한정도의감소를보였다. Cosmetic SCL2( 중심부투명직경이 5.2 mm) 의경우 clear SCL 대비렌즈의착색영역에의해동공이가려진부분이더컸고, 유의한정도의동공크기증가및시력감소가있었고, 대비감도는중간및고영역대공간주파수에서유의한정도의감소를보였고 cosmetic SCL2 집단에서감소폭이더컸다. 3. 이측시야의경우 cosmetic SCL1 및 2를착용후 clear SCL 대비각각약 4 및 8 정도의이측시야가감소하는것으로나타났고착색영역에의한동공가림이더

12 362 Sung-Hwi Oh, Chang-Jin Kim, and Hyun-Il Kim 큰 cosmetic SCL2에서시야감소정도가더컸다. 5 m 전방을주시하였을때시야변화 4 는약 35 cm, 8 는약 70 cm 정도의시야범위차이를유발하므로특히야간운전시주의가필요하다고사료된다. 따라서렌즈판매시안경사는착용자에게야간에나타날수있는불편함에대해사전에충분한교육이필요하 다고판단된다. REFERENCES [1] Hofstetter HW. Dictionary of visual science and related clinical terms, 5th Ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 2000;576. [2] Stockman A, Sharpe LT. Into the twilight zone: the complexities of mesopic vision and luminous efficiency. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2006;26(3): [3] Wang Y, Zhao K, Jin Y, Niu Y, Zuo T. Changes of higher order aberration with various pupil sizes in the myopic eye. J Refract Surg. 2003;19(2):S270-S274. [4] Paquin MP, Hamam H, Simonet P. Objective measurement of optical aberrations in myopic eyes. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79(5): [5] Castejón-Mochón JF, López-Gil N, Benito A, Artal P. Ocular wave-front aberration statistics in a normal young population. Vision Res. 2002;42(13): [6] The Jeonbuk daily news. A sleepless night, July 2018). [7] MFDA(Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Korea). Medical device standards(kfda notice ), December 2018). [8] Ko BU, Ryu WY, Park WC. Pupil size in the normal Korean population according to age and illuminance. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2011;52(4): [9] Carkeet A. Field restriction and vignetting in contact lenses with opaque peripheries. Clin Exp Optom. 1998; 81(4): [10] Müller-Treiber A. Kontaktlinsen know-how, 1st Ed. Heidelberg: DOZ-Verlag, 2009; [11] International Association of Contact Lens Educators (IACLE). The IACLE Contact Lens Course: Module 3, 1st Ed. Sydney: IACLE, 2000:71. [12] Ha NR, Kim CJ, Jung SA, Choi EJ, Kim HJ. Comparison of accommodative system according to the material and font size of near visual media. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2014;19(2): [13] Haughom B, Strand TE. Sine wave mesopic contrast sensitivity - defining the normal range in a young population. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91(2): [14] The Hankyoreh. Cosmetic contact lens for fashion, html(29 July 2018). [15] ChosunBiz. Beauty lens grows wide, com/site/data/html_dir/2016/11/11/ html (17 July 2018). [16] Multi Sponsor Surveys International. The 2010 study of the international contact lens market, ponsorinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ International-Contact-Lens-Market.pdf(29 May 2018). [17] Song JS, Lee H, Kim JW, Chang MH, Ha SK, Kim HM. The effects of cheap tinted contact lenses on corneal swelling and ocular surface inflammation. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2008;49(12); [18] Kwon KN, Park SH, Kim SR, Park M. The changes in contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity when wearing circle contact lenses after the refractive surgery. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2016;21(1): [19] Kim SR, Choi JH, Lee KG, Park M. Changes in the covering of pupil and the visual acuity by the illuminance when wearing circle soft contact lens. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2013;18(1): [20] Kim CS, Kim HK. Effect of illumination on contrast sensitivity. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 1987;28(4): [21] Kim CJ, Kim HJ, Kim JM. Comparison of contrast sensitivity at near between functional progressive addition lenses and single vision lenses. 2010;15(4): [22] Lee MA, Kim HJ, Kim JM. Contrast sensitivity and glare with spherical and toric soft contact lenses in low-astigmatic eyes. 2009;14(1): [23] Kwon KN, Kim SR, Park M. The evaluation of visual quality by employing double-pass principle in circle contact lens wearers after refractive surgery. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2015;20(3): [24] Gabriel P, Kitchen C, Brown B. Effect of pupil size on kinetic visual field measurements. Clin Exp Optom. 1988;71(6): [25] Josephson JE, Caffery BE. Visual field loss with colored hydrogel lenses. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1987;64(1): [26] Insler MS, Hendriks C, George DM. Visual field constriction caused by colored contact lenses. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106(12):

13 Evaluation of Visual Function under Mesopic Conditions in Individuals Wearing Cosmetic Soft Contact Lenses 363 박명시환경에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용시시각성능평가에관한연구 오성휘, 김창진, 김현일 * 건양대학교안경광학과, 대전 투고일 (2018 년 8 월 4 일 ), 수정일 (2018 년 8 월 25 일 ), 게재확정일 (2018 년 10 월 26 일 ) 목적 : 본연구의목적은박명시환경에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용시렌즈착색부분이시각성능에미치는영향을분석하고, 중심투명부분직경의크기에따른차이를비교해보고자하였다. 방법 : 박명시환경에서 30 명을대상으로투명렌즈및중심부투명직경의크기가서로다른미용소프트콘택트렌즈를착용후동공크기, 렌즈착색부분에의한동공가림크기, 시력, 대비감도, 이측시야를측정하였다. 결과 : 박명시환경에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용후동공크기는증가하였고시력, 대비감도, 이측시야는감소하였다. 중심부투명부분직경이작을수록시각성능저하폭이컸다. 중심부투명부분직경이 5.2 mm 인 cosmetic SCL2 착용후와 clear SCL 착용후를비교하면모든평가항목에서통계적으로유의한정도의변화가있었다. 결론 : 박명시환경에서미용소프트콘택트렌즈착용후렌즈착색부분이산동된동공을가렸고, 이것은시각성능감소를야기하였다. 따라서렌즈판매시착용자에게야간에나타날수있는불편함에대한설명이필요하다고사료된다. 주제어 : 박명시, 미용소프트콘택트렌즈, 동공가림, 동공크기, 시력, 대비감도, 이측시야

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