Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2014; 13: REVIEW 알츠하이머병에서망상 곽용태 * 양영순 구민성 효자병원신경과 *, 보훈공단중앙보훈병

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1 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2014; 13: REVIEW 알츠하이머병에서망상 곽용태 * 양영순 구민성 효자병원신경과 *, 보훈공단중앙보훈병원신경과, 관동대학교정신과학교실 Received: July 15, 2014 Revision received: August 24, 2014 Accepted: August 24, 2014 Address for correspondence Yong Tae Kwak, M.D. Department of Neurology, Hyoja Geriatric Hospital, 1-30 Jungbu-daero 874beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin , Korea Tel: Fax: kwakdr@gmail.com Delusions in Alzheimer s Disease Yong Tae Kwak, M.D.*, YoungSoon Yang, M.D., Min-Seong Koo, M.D. Department of Neurology*, Hyoja Geriatric Hospital, Yongin; Department of Neurology, Seoul Veterans Hospital, Seoul; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangnung, Korea Alzheimer s disease (AD) is associated with cognitive and functional impairment as well as neuropsychiatric complications, including psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. Recent studies strongly suggest that delusions should be separated from hallucinations. While AD with delusions is a phenotypically distinct from AD without delusions, subtypes of delusions may also define further distinct clinical entities. There has been also considerable debate as to whether delusions in patients with AD differ etiologically, phenomenologically, and therapeutically from delusions in other primary psychiatric illnesses. In other words, whether they are caused by changes to key areas of the brain that have been linked to the presence of delusions. This has led to speculation that these symptoms may respond better to certain drugs such as cholinesterase inhibitors. Integrating the epidemiology, clinical phenomenology, neuropathological and genetic literature for delusions in AD allows us to speculate on pathophysiology and is essential to making progress in the area of delusions in AD. Key Words: Alzheimer s disease, Delusions, Subtypes, Cholinesterase inhibitors 서론알츠하이머는기본적으로인지기능장애병이지만이와더불어알츠하이머에서행동심리증상 (behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia) 이라고불리는많은신경심리적증상이관찰되며 [1], 인지기능장애자체보다는주로이러한행동심리증상으로알츠하이머환자가집이나일반병원에서치매전문병원이나기관으로전원된다 [2]. 정신병 (psychosis) 은신경증 (neurosis) 과대비하여현실과유리된비정상적인정신상태를말한다. 정신병은매우다양한정신질환에서다양한증상을포함하지만일반적으로환각, 망상, 특정종류의폭력, 병식결여등을지칭하는말이며 [3], 이중환각과망상이대표적인정신병증상이다. 환각은어떤자극이없이도나타나는지각 (perceptions) 인데반하여망상은그문화의배경에반하며이성적으로설득이안되거나고쳐지지않는고정된잘못된믿음을말한다. 정신과에서는환각과망상을마치선험적으로결정된동질적증상으로보려는경향이있는데, 이것이옳은지에대해서는최근에야연구되기시작하였다. 만약이두증상이동질적인병태생리학적 인기전을갖는다면정신병과망상을같이연구하는것이문제가없지만만약이들이이질적인증상이라면어떤군을포함하여연구하였는지에따라서연구결과에많은영향을미칠것이다. 망상은전통적으로정신분열병, 우울증, 조울증과같은정신과적질환에서흔히보이는증상이지만알츠하이머와같은퇴행성치매에서도흔하게관찰되는증상일뿐아니라이외에도간질, 뇌졸중, 뇌종양과같이뇌와연관된모든질병에서나타날수가있다. 알츠하이머가보고한알츠하이머병환자역시질병경과중에뚜렷한편집망상을보였다 [4]. 알츠하이머병에서망상은피해망상, 도둑망상, 부정망상, 유기망상, 착오망상 (misidentification delusions) [6] 등다양한내용의망상을보인다 [5]. 이렇게망상이알츠하이머병에서다양하고흔하게관찰되는중요한증상이라는것을오래전부터알고있었음에도불구하고이에대한병태생리나치료에대해서는잘알려진바가없다. 알츠하이머병에서망상이중요한이유는망상이있는환자에서인지기능이급격히악화되고 [7], 더공격적이며 [8, 9], 많은노력이나비용이들고 [10], 일찍전문병원이나기관으로이송되기때문이다 [11-13]. 또한특정망상은알츠하이머병이나루이소체치매에특이 2014 Korean Dementia Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 63

2 64 곽용태 양영순 구민성 적으로나타나기때문에임상적으로진단적가치가있을뿐아니라망상의생물학적병태생리를이해할수있는중요한근거가될수가있다. 그러므로알츠하이머병환자에서망상을정확하게평가하는것은임상에서매우중요하다. 본종설은알츠하이머병정신병중에망상의전반적인특징에대하여고찰하고자한다. 하지만망상과환각을분리하여연구한것이불과최근의일이기때문에과거의많은논문들은망상과정신병을분리하지않고정신병연구로이루어진경우가많다. 따라서본종설에서과거연구를인용할때이연구가 정신병 에대한연구인지아니면 망상 에대한연구인지를정확하게구분하였으며또한망상그자체도동질적이지않을수있기때문에만약망상아형에관한연구이면이를정확하게구분하여기술하고자한다. 본론현상학 (Phenomenology) 알츠하이머병에서행동심리증상이흔하게나타나지만이를어떻게진단할것인지또이들을개별적인질병의형태로보아야할지에대한많은논란이있어왔다. 이를좀더개별적인진단군으로서접근하고자하는노력으로 2000년 Jeste와 Finkel [14] 은정신병을가진알츠하이머병 (Psychosis of Alzheimer s Disease; AD+P) 진단기준을 DSM-IV 양식으로제시하였다. 이진단기준에서는임상적으로알츠하이머병으로진단된환자에서망상이나환각을가진경우로정의하였으며 [14], 정신병증상이치매에서선행되지않아야한다고하여정신분열병과같이정신병증상을동반하는일차적정신과질환 (primary psychotic disorder) 을배제하였다. 마찬가지로내과적질환, 약물등과같이나타나는정신병증상등도이진단기준에서배제하였다. Lyketsos 등 [15] 은 Alzheimer-associated psychotic disorder 를하나의병명으로제안하였는데여기에서는 affective and psychotic syndromes of Alzheimer s disease를독립적인질병으로서제안하였고이진단기준의신뢰도를제시하였다 [16]. 이러한제안들이알츠하이머병의정신병에대한독립적인접근의필요성을환기시켜주었지만정신병증상이나정동증상들역시다양한이질적집단이혼재되어있을수있기때문에한독립된질환군으로서분류가가능한지에대한임상적타당성에대해서는논란이있다. 상이있다고보고되었다 [17-20]. 이렇게유병률이다양한것은각연구방법론의차이뿐아니라신뢰성있는진단기준이없기때문이다. Ropacki와 Jeste [21] 의체계적문헌고찰에서알츠하이머병환자의 41% 가정신병을가지고있으며, 이중 23% 는망상, 5% 에서는환각이있으며 13% 에서는이둘모두가지고있었다. 가장흔한망상은도둑망상이었다. 이연구에서 AD+P 환자는인지기능이급격하게악화하는데, 특히처음 3년동안급격히증가하고이후비슷한정도로유지된다고하였다. 361명의정신병이없는알츠하이머병과최소인지기능장애환자를추적한 Weamer 등 [22] 은추적기간중 AD+P 로진행된환자가 122명이며전반적인인지기능장애정도 (MMSE 점수 ) 가정신병이발병하기까지기간과연관된유일한요인이었다. Ostling 등 [23] 이 85세이상의알츠하이머병환자횡단연구에서 22% 에서망상이있었고 30% 에서환각이있었다. 정신병과환각은치매의진행정도와연관성이있었지만망상은치매의정도와연관성이없었다. Cache County Dementia Prevalence 연구의 5년추적조사에서망상은처음에는 18% 에서 38%, 환각은 10% 에서 24% 로증가하였다 [1]. Sweet 등 [24] 은 478명의알츠하이머병환자망상의아형을분석하였는데이중에서 239명 (50%) 에서정신병증상이있었고, 가장흔한정신병증상은사람에대한착오망상 (23%), 편집증 (21%), 그리고죽은사람이살아있다는증상이었다 (19%). Harciarek 과 Kertesz [25] 연구에서는 392명의알츠하이머병환자에서착오망상환자가 16% 였으며 Capgras 망상이가장흔하며, 이외에장소복제 (reduplication of place) 나 phantom boarder phenomenon이동반되었다. Savva 등 [26] 은망상을가진알츠하이머병 (Alzheimer s Disease with Delusion; AD+D) 의아형분석연구에서피해망상은 25%, 착오망상은 20% 였으며 2년추적후에는피해망상보다착오망상이새로더많이발생하였다. 또한이연구에서망상을 4가지요인으로분석하였는데, 피해망상과착오망상은독립적인요인으로분류되어이두증상은이질적인존재일가능성을시사하였다 [26]. 최근항정신병약물을복용하지않는알츠하이머환자에서망상을편집형과착오망상으로분류할때편집형은병의중기까지는증가하나말기에가면감소하여경중등도에서가장많이발생하였다. 반면착오망상은병의초기에는거의관찰되지않으나병이진행함에따라지속적으로증가하였다 [27]. 이와같이망상의아형에따른유병률의차이는망상역시이질적인집단이혼재되어있을가능성을시사한다. 망상의역학유병률알츠하이머병환자에서망상의유병률은 10-73% 로보고되고있으며 [17], 최근연구에서는알츠하이머병환자의약삼분의일에서망 발병률발병률은어떤특정시점에서증상이없던환자가증상이생기는것을말하는데, 1990년대이전에는발생률자체에대한논문이없다. 이후몇몇보고가있는데, Paulsen 등 [28] 은 1년정신병발생률을 20%, Levy 등 [7] 은 25% 로보고하였다. 2년후발병률은 Paulsen 등

3 알츠하이머병에서망상 65 [28] 은 36.1%, 그리고 Caligiuri 등 [29] 은 32.5% 로보고하였다. 하지만 3 년 (49.5%) 과 4년 (51.3%) 유병률이비슷한것으로보아서 3년후에는발병률이크게증가하거나줄지않고유지되는경향이있다 [27]. 지속성 (Persistence) 정신병의지속성 (persistence) 은정신병증상이두번이상의검사에서계속나타나는지를말하는데연구마다다양한검사기간을사용하였기때문에연구마다차이가있다. Levy [7] 의연구에의하면 3개월간추적조사에서 57% 가지속적인정신병증상을보였다. 다른연구에서도 1년후에도망상이 44% 관찰되어높은지속성을보고하였다 [30]. 반면 Devanand 등 [31] 은 12.8% 에서만망상이지속된다고하여연구자마다지속성에차이가있다. 위험인자인종적으로는아프리카미국인이나흑인에서정신병이더많이발생한다고알려져있다. 전반적인인지기능척도인 MMSE나다른인지기능이정신병을가진알츠하이머병과유의하게연관되어있다고한반면다른연구에서는그연관성이없었다. 전반적으로정신병은인지기능이심해지면증가하는반면, 망상은처음에는인지기능의손상함에따라심해지지만더심해지면감소하는경향이있다. 교육, 성, 치매나정신병가족력등은대부분연구에서정확한상관관계를보이지않는다. 정신병과환자의나이, 발병나이, 알츠하이머병이환기간과의관련역시보고자마다차이가있다 [21]. 이런연구결과의차이는정신병의증상들이이질적인증상이혼재하거나연구방법론적인차이에기인할가능성이크다. 망상의임상양상및분류 Schneider는정신분열병에서보이는증상을일급증상 (first-rank symptoms) 과이급증상으로구분하였는데일급증상은환청, 사람과환경간의경계에대한부적절한지각, 정상적지각이긴하나그해석이아주개인화된망상적인것등의세범주로다시구분하였고일급증상은정신분열병에서만특이하게나타나는증상이라고하였다. 알츠하이머병에서보이는망상은정신분열병에서보이는망상에비하여편집형이많으며, 덜특이하고 (non-bizarre) 비교적그내용이단순하며단일주제인경우가많고, 정신분열병에서는잘관찰되지않는착오망상이알츠하이머에서흔하게관찰된다. 복잡하고특이 (bizarre) 한망상, 특히 Schneider 일급증상은알츠하이머환자에서는거의관찰되지않는다. 또한알츠하이머에서망상과우울증이같이나타날수도있지만자살사고나시도는거의보이지않는다. 반면정신분열병환자의약 50% 에서는자살시도를하고 10% 에서 는실제로자살을한다. 정신분열병을가진노인환자는대부분젊 은나이부터정신분열병병력이있고많은환자에서는가족력을가 지고있다. 반면알츠하이머병환자에서과거력에정신분열병의경 력을가지고있는경우는많지않다 [17]. 반대로정신분열병이있는 노인환자에서도치매가발병할수가있으나그신경병리및임상소 견이알츠하이머병환자와다르다 (Table 1) [32]. 알츠하이머병환자 에서망상은병이고도로진행하게되면사라지는경향이있는데, 이것은진짜로사라지기보다는병이고도로진행되면심한언어장 애로본인의망상을표현할수없는경우일가능성이크다 [17]. 또한 알츠하이머병환자에서는정신분열병환자보다병의완화와재발 을막기위한항정신병약물의사용기간이짧고항정신병약물의유 지용량이적다 [33]. 망상의자연경과에대해서는잘알려져있지않지만 Devanand 등 [31] 은망상이호전과악화를반복하며전체적인유병률은병이진 해함에따라서서히진행한다고하였다. Marin 등 [34] 은정신병증 상이극적으로진행되지않으며주기적으로나타난다고보고하였 으며 Levy 등 [7] 은일단정신병증상이발병하면빈번하게재발하는 것을보고하였다. 알츠하이머병에서망상의내용은다양한데도둑망상, 부정망상, 유기망상뿐만아니라착오망상이알츠하이머병에서많이보고된 다 [35]. 다른사람이가족으로변장하였다, 자기의집이실지로자기 의집이아니다, 가족이실지로는가족이아니다, 낯선사람이살고 있다 (phantom boarders), TV 에나오는사람이실지로존재한다 (TV sign), 거울에존재하는사람이나아닌다른사람이다 (mirror sign) [28, 35, 36] 등이알츠하이머병에서흔하게관찰되는착오망상이다. 하지만착오망상은비교적병이진행되어서나타나기때문에약물 과같은혼란요인 (confounding factor) 에의하여감소되기도하고변 형되기도하기때문에정확하게알기쉽지않다. 최근약물을복용 하지않은알츠하이머병연구에의하면, 알츠하이머병환자의 27.4% 에서망상을보였으며망상중에서는편집망상 ( 피해망상, 도둑망상, Table 1. Comparison of psychosis of Alzheimer s disease (AD) with schizophrenia in elderly patients Psychosis in AD Schizophrenia Incidence 30-50% < 1% Bizarre or complex delusion Rare Frequent Misidentification Frequent Rare Schneiderian first-rank symptoms Rare Frequent Active suicidal ideation Rare Frequent Past history of psychosis Rare Very common Eventual remission Frequent Uncommon Many years of maintenance on Uncommon Very common antipsychotics Average optimal daily 15-25% of that in a 40-60% of that in a dose of an antipsychotic young adult with young adult with schizophrenia schizophrenia

4 66 곽용태 양영순 구민성 버림망상등 ) 이가장흔하며 (60.3%), 다음으로는착오망상 (19.0%) 이었고, 이들이같이있는혼합형도 (17.5%) 많이관찰되었다. 반면색정망상 (erotic delusion) 이나과대망상과같은팽창망상 (expansive delusions) 은드물었다. 편집망상중에는도둑망상이가장흔하였으며 (54.0%), 부정망상 (19.0%), 피해망상 (15.9%) 순이었다. 착오망상중에서는 Capgras 망상이가장흔하였으며 (15.9%), phantom boarder syndrome (12.7%), TV sign (6.3%) 순이었다. 다른연구와마찬가지로편집망상을보이는환자에비하여, 착오망상과혼합형 (mixed delusions) 을보이는환자는치매가진행된상태이고, 인지기능의손상이심하였다. 혼합형망상은환각과도연관되어있었다 [27]. 알츠하이머병에서보이는착오망상은정신분열병에서보이는망상에비하여특징적인임상양상을보인다. 이들은비교적망상내용이단일하고 (monothematic) 단순하다. 착오망상이다양한신경학적병이나정신과병에서보고되어왔지만최근에는주로기억력장애나공감각장애를보이는알츠하이머나루치소체치매에서주로관찰된다 [25]. 따라서나이가들어발생한치매환자에서착오망상을보일때는알츠하이머병이나루이소체치매의가능성을염두에두어야한다. 망상과인지기능장애전반적인인지기능장애 (MMSE나다른전반적인척도 ) 와정신병은일반적으로양의상관관계를보인다는보고 [7, 17, 20, 28] 와관계가없다는보고가있어 [37, 38] 인지기능과의관계가혼란스럽지만전반적으로인지기능손상이심해질수록정신병이증가하는경향이있다. 망상은처음에는인지기능이진행함에따라서나빠지나병의말기에가서는다시감소하는경향이있다. 이렇게연구마다차이가있는것은아마도망상자체도정신병과마찬가지로이질적인집단들이혼재되었을가능성이있다. Nagata 등 [39] 은망상이있는알츠하이머병군에서, 특히피해망상이있는군에서 Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) 로측정되는전측두엽기능점수의유의한차이를보고하였다. 이연구는피해망상환자에서전반적인인지기능장애보다는전두엽기능의중요성을이야기하며인지기능과망상의아형을연구하기위해서좀더인지기능을정확하게측정해야함을알려준다. 착오망상환자가전반적인인지기능장애이외에특정인지기능장애가있는지에대한많은논란이있어왔다. 이전에연구에의하면망상을가진환자가전두엽기능장애가있다는보고가있으며 [39] 착오망상환자는 Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) copy, RCFT 즉시회상 (immediate recall) 과언어유창성 (verbal fluency) 이망상이없는환자에비하여저하되어있고반면편집망상환자에서는이러한차이가관찰되지않았다 [40]. 이연구는 Forstl 등 [41] 의연구와유사한데이연구에서착오망상환자가망상이없는환자에비 하여인지기능손상이더심하였다. 그러나첫번째연구는망상의아형에따른분석이없었고두번째연구는 CDR이나 MMSE와같은전반적인인지기능을대조군과매칭하지않은방법론적인문제가있다. 최근에약물을복용하지않은착오망상환자의인지기능연구에서착오망상을보이는알츠하이머병환자가편집망상이나, 망상이없는환자에비하여 Seoul Verbal Learning Test (SVLT) immediate recall 검사에서저하되어있었고 RCFT copy, Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) animal, COWAT supermarket, Color Word Stroop Test (CWST) color, contrast program 등에서편집망상환자에비하여감소하였다 [42]. 흥미로운것은착오망상환자에서반응억제 (response inhibition) 를보는검사인 go/no-go 검사를잘수행하지못해서다른군에비하여 go/no-go 검사에서유의하게결측치 (missing value) 가많았고이를교정하면이전에관찰되지않았던이부분에서유의한차이를보였다. go/no-go 검사는 go stimulus에서는반응을해야하고, no-go stimulus 반응을하지않아야하는데이능력은일반적으로인간이어떤행동을수행하는데없어서는안되는중요한기능이다. 이반응을적절하게하려면 stimulus-driven attention, error monitoring, top-down control processes, working memory, and response inhibition 등이동원되어야한다. go/no go test는우측배쪽외측전전두엽 (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) [43-45], 혹은우측전측두엽신경망 (right fronto-parietal networks) 특히 posterior inferior frontal gyrus와연관이있다고보고하였다 [46]. Cook 등 [47] 은 AD+P를요인분석을통하여착오 (misidentification)/ 환각요인과피해망상을다른요인으로분류하였다. 결론적으로망상과인지기능장애는많은상충되는연구보고가있는데이는근본적으로방법론의문제, 특히망상의정확한분류가선행되지않기때문에나타나는결과일가능성이높다. 하지만현재까지연구결과에따르면편집망상은병의초기에나타나는경향이있는반면착오망상은병인진행된경우에나타나는경향이있다. 망상과다른신경행동장애망상을보이는알츠하이머병환자에서초조, 공격성 [48], 환각, 공격성, 정동장애 [49] 등이동반되어나타난다. 최근에약물효과를배제한알츠하이머병연구에서치매의행동심리증상군집분석에서망상과공격성, 운동증상, 흥분성, 탈억제, 환각이같은군으로분석이되었다. 이군집분석을다시분석하면환각보다는공격성, 운동증상이망상과더밀접하게연관되어있다 [50]. 이연구는환각이망상과다른신경행동증상들보다는동질적이기는하지만공격성, 운동증상보다는망상과의동질성이떨어지며, 이것은망상과환각사이에동질적인아형과비동질적인아형이혼재되어있을가능성을시사한다.

5 알츠하이머병에서망상 67 신경병리소견 Zubenko 등 [51] 은알츠하이머병환자의부검연구에서정신병을가진알츠하이머병환자에서노년판과신경원섬유매듭이 prosubiculum, 중전두엽피질 (middle frontal cortex) 에증가되어있었으며상측두피질 (superior temporal cortex) 과내후각피질 (entorhinal cortices) 에서도증가되는경향을보였다. 하지만이연구에서는정신병을망상과환각으로분류하여연구한것이아니기때문에망상에특징지어해석하는데한계가있다. Forstl 등 [38] 의연구에따르면 56명의알츠하이머병환자부검에서착오망상환자해마의 CA1 구역에서신경세포감소와연관된반면편집망상은해마곁이랑 (parahippocampal gyrus) 에서신경세포감소는적었고반면등쪽솔기핵 (dorsal raphe nucleus) 에서세로토닌신경세포는감소되었다. Mukaetova- Ladinska 등 [52] 은착오망상과거력이있는환자에서신경판 (neuritic plaques) 이전두정후두엽 (fronto-parieto-occipital lobes) 에서증가되어있었다. Farber 등 [53] 은알츠하이머병환자 109명을정신병이있는환자와없는환자를부검비교하였다. 이들환자중에정신병이있는환자의대부분에서망상이있는데반하여 (94%), 망상이없는환자에서환각이있는경우는매우드물었다 (6%). 의심증상이가장흔한망상이며 (62%), 착오망상은 43% 에서관찰되었다. 이들환자에서치매의정도에따라서전체적인노년판의차이가보이지는않았지만, 신피질신경원섬유매듭 (neocortical neurofibrillary tangles) 이 AD+D에서망상을동반하지않은알츠하이머병 (Alzhiemr s disease without delusion; AD-D) 환자에비하여증가되어있었다 [53]. Lai 등 [54] 은알츠하이머병환자에서방사리간드결합 (radioligand binding) 검사로무스카린수용체 (muscarinic receptor) 를검사하였다. 대조군에비하여알츠하이머병환자에서전두엽에서 M2 수용체의감소가관찰되었다. 알츠하이머병환자중에서망상이있는환자에서없는환자에비하여 Brodmann area 11 ( 안와전두엽피질 ; orbitofrontal cortex) 에서증가되어있었다 [54]. 사후에시행한자기공명분광법 (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) 연구에서정신병이있는알츠하이머병환자가없는환자에비하여등가쪽전전두피질 (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) 상측두이랑 (superior temporal gyrus), 하두정피질 (inferior parietal cortex) 에서 neuropil disruption 표식인자가증가되어있었다. 이러한소견은망상을동반한알츠하이머병환자에서이부위와연관된신경퇴행이가속화되고있음을시사한다 [55]. 수가있다 [56]. 최근에연구는망상은치매를일으키는질환자체에의해생기는것으로생각한다. 이중한가설은망상이전두엽의기능장애와밀접하게연결되어있다고생각한다. 정신병이있는환자에서 midfrontal cortex와전구상회 (presubiculum) 에서노년판 (senile plaques) 과신경원섬유매듭 (neurofibrillary tangles) 이연관되어있으며 [51] 양전자방출단층촬영검사에서도우측전두엽기능장애를보였다 [57]. 어떤연구에서는양측뇌질환 [58], 왼쪽뇌질환 [59], 혹은우측뇌질환이 [47] 망상과연관되어있다고보고하고있다. Geroldi 등 [60] 은경도의알츠하이머병환자에서우측측두각 (temporal horn) 의증가를보고하였다. Matsuoka 등 [61] 은단일광자방출컴퓨터단층촬 (SPECT) 검사에서알츠하이머병에서망상의정도와우측전섬이랑 (anterior insula) 에서의관류저하 (hypoperfusion) 정도와비례함을보고하였다. 지금까지연구결과에의하면망상의국소적병변은 (localize) 은우측병변이더우세한것으로보인다. 그러나단순히한쪽병변의기능저하뿐아니라망상은상대적우측기능저하 (right-sided hypofunction) 와상대적좌측기능항진 (left-sided hyperfunction) 과연관성이보고되었다 [62]. 우측뇌병변과좌측전두엽의부적절한항진이망상을형성하는과추론 (hyperinferential) 상태를만든다. 이러한장애와정상적인네트워크의부조화가망상과연관되어있을수있다. 망상을설명하는데여러가설이존재하는데, 크게정상적인믿음형성과정을설명하고이에따른병적인믿음즉망상을설명하는 belief positive 모형과정상믿음형성과정을배제하고망상만을설명하는 belief negative 모형이있다. 이중기질적인뇌손상에동반된망상을설명하는데에 belief positive 모형중에하나인이요인이론 (two factor theory) 이가장널리알려진신경심리가설이다. 이모형에따르면, 유발인자 (triggering factor; 지각장애 ) 와이를바로잡는교정요소 (verifying factor; error monitoring failure) 가망상을형성하는데가장중요한요소이며 [53], 망상의병리학적인연구에서전두엽과우측두정엽을해부학적병변이라고하였는데 [40] 이요인이론에서주장하는병변과유사하다. 하지만착오망상이비교적특징적인증상과인지기능의장애, 그리고특징적인영상소견을보이는데반하여편집망상이나다른다주제망상에서는신경심리학적손상에대해서는아직도논란의여지가있다. 유전인자 망상의원인및병태생리이론적으로망상의원인은치매로인한뇌병변자체에서기인하거나치매로인하여발생한기능장애에대한환자의반응으로나타나거나마지막으로망상은치매와관계없이독립적으로발생할 알츠하이머병에서정신병 [24] 과망상 [63] 은유전적경향이있다. 148명의알츠하이머병환자의가계유전체스캔 (pedigree genome scans) 을이용한연구에서 chromosome 2p가망상과연관되어있고 chromosome 14q 위치가정신병이없는알츠하이머병과연관되어있다 [64]. 정신병이있는알츠하이머병과 ApolipoproteinE ε4 (Apoε4)

6 68 곽용태 양영순 구민성 와의연관관계는명확하지않지만망상과연관하여서는 ApoE4가망상을예측할수있다고하며망상은 ApoE4 allele 숫자와연관되어있다 [52]. 또다른연구에서 Apoε4 alleles이 1개있으면망상의위험이 2.5배증가하고 2개모두있으면 5.6배증가한다고보고하였다 [65]. 만기발병알츠하이머병환자에서적어도한개의 ApoE4 allele 를가진환자에서없는환자에비하여병의초기에망상이발현할확률이유의하게증가하였다. 하지만이러한연관관계는일반적인정신병이나환각과는유의한연관관계가없었다 [66]. 388명의환자를종단적으로추적한연구에서 ε3/ε3 유전자가있는경우환각과음의상관관계가있는데반하여망상과유의한연관관계가없었다. 이러한유전연구들은망상과환각이유전적으로독립적일가능성을시사한다 [67]. 신경전달물질과관련된유전인자가 AD+D의병태생리와연관성이있다. Serotonin transporter promoter region (5HT-TPR) 동형접합 (homozygosity) 이있는환자에서 AD+D가잘생기지않는 [68] 반면 serotonin 2A (5HT-2A) receptor single nucleotide polymorphism이 AD+D [69] 와연관성이있고 2세대항정신병약물치료에잘반응하지않는다 [70]. 도파민신경계도연관되어있는데 DRD3 1/1 allele 화자에서 DRD3 2/2 allele에비하여망상과연관되어있다 [71]. 치료우선정확하게망상을진단하는것이중요하며치료목표를환자나환자가족과잘협의하여야한다. 망상을이해하고치료하기위해서는각환자의특정상황에기반하여다방면의전략을선택해야한다. 많은경우에망상을완전히없어지게하기는쉽지않지만비교적받아들이기쉬울정도로낮추어줄수있다 [72]. 치료전에망상의종류, 빈도와정도등에대하여정량화하여야한다. 치료는환자나환자가족의고통이나위험정도를고려하여야하며비약물적인치료가우선적으로시행되어야한다. 만약에그위험정도가심각하면이를빨리발견하고적극적인치료를해야한다. 만약망상이심하지않고최소한의불편만있다면그때는환자를안정화시키고관심을돌리는것과같이약물치료보다비약물적인치료가우선적으로시행되어야한다. 환자간병보호자를교육시켜서환자의증상을이해하게하는것이환자의정서적안정에도움이된다. 비약물적인치료비약물적치료로는첫번째로환경이나행동을조절하는것두번째로간병인의교육세번째로환자와환자가족에게치료진의감정적상호작용 (empathic interactions) 이있다. 한가지전략은환자가족이나간병인에게교육을시켜서망상이악화되지않는방향으로반응하게하는것이다. 안심시키기, 주의전환, 환자문제에관심, 망 상뒤에있는문제에대한대화등이이런문제를줄여주는데도움이된다. 치매환자들은스트레스를유발하는요인에매우민감하며이러한요소들에대해서망상과같은행동으로반응하는경우가많다. 따라서환경적인조절이중요하다 [73]. 다른효과적인비약물적인치료는치료진과환자개인간의접촉을통해안정을주는것, 지지적접근이불안을감소시키고환자의협조를얻어내게한다 [74]. 항정신병약물치료만약약물치료가필요하다면가능한적은양을사용해야한다. 항정신병약물이다양한정신질환에서망상이나환각에효과가있다. 최근에는비전형성항정신병약물 (i.e., risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole) 이전형성항정신병약물 (e.g., haloperidol and chlorpromazine) 보다치매환자에더선호되고있다 [75]. 비전형적항정신병약물은전형적항정신병약물에비하여기립성저혈압과같은심혈관계부작용, 진정, 자세불안, 낙상, 추최외로부작용등이적다 [76]. 하지만무작위위약연구의메타분석에의하면비전형성항정신병약물이위약군에비하여사망률이약간이지만증가하는데, 이것은비전형성항정신병약물에만국한되지않을가능성이있다 [77]. 그러므로항정신병약물을처방할때는예측할수있는효과와부작용에대해서환자나환자보호자와충분히상의해야한다. 3개월이상증상이안정적인경우에는조심스럽게약물을끊는것을고려해야한다. 약을중단할지지속해야할지는과거력이나증상의재발가능성을고려해서결정해야한다 [78]. 콜린분해효소억제제콜린분해효소억제제는주로알츠하이머병환자의인지기능치료에사용하지만최근에는망상을포함한행동장애에관한연구가있다. 망상을독립된결과로분석한 5개의 donepzil 연구가있는데이중 3개는 open label 연구이며 [78-80], 1개는이중맹검연구이고 [81], 다른한연구는탐색적분석 (exploratory analysis) 이다 [82]. 이중맹검연구와 open label 연구모두에서망상이 donepezil 사용후유의하게호전되었다. Cummings 등 [83] 은 donepezil 투약한 62% 환자에서 NPI 가 30% 이상감소하였으며망상역시완전히없어지거나부분적으로호전된것을보고하였다. 망상에대한 2개의 open label rivastigmine [83, 84] 연구와 2개의 open label galantamine [85, 86] 연구가있는데한연구에서는망상에유의한차이가있었고 [83], 다른두연구에서는전체적인행동심리증상이호전되었지만망상에대해서는의미있는차이가없었다 [84, 85]. 최근연구에서 donepezil 복용중인환자를 galantamine으로바꾼후망상이호전된경우를보고하여간접적이지만 galantamine이망상에효과가있을가능성을시사하였다 [86]. 하지만이들연구는적은연구군과연구방법등의문

7 알츠하이머병에서망상 69 제가있어정확하게결론내리기는쉽지않다. 고찰역사적으로정신병은정상이나신경병증과대비되는비정상적인증상으로생각되었으며그대표적인증상으로서망상과환각이포함되어있다. 하지만이런역사적인산물이곧선험적이고과학적인근거가있느냐하는것은논란의여지가있다. 그결과 1990년대이전까지는알츠하이머병의망상을정신병증상에포함하여논의되어왔다. 이런현상학적인문제점은결과적으로많은연구들이일치하지않거나비교하기어려운문제점을야기하였다. 하지만점점더많은연구들에서망상은환각과꼭동질적이지않은존재로인식되기시작하였으며최근연구들은알츠하이머병에서보이는망상내에서도이질적인군이존재할가능성을시사한다. 정신분열병의존재가 19세기말부터그임상양상이정의되고관찰되어온것에반하여알츠하이머병의임상적진단기준이나증상이체계적으로연구된것이 20세기말인것을생각하면이런혼선은일부불가피했던것으로생각한다. 다행히최근에는알츠하이머병에서망상의정의, 아형등에대한임상양상, 역학, 인지기능의특정부분과의연관성, 피해망상과착오망상의차이등이새로이연구됨으로써이들의임상적의의가좀더명확하여졌지만아직도잘모르는사실들이많다. 신경병리연구는 AD+D에서노년판과신경원섬유세포밀도의변화를보고하고있으며특히우측전두엽의노년판과신경원섬유세포가망상과연관되어있음을시사한다. 정신병이있는알츠하이머환자에서세로토닌신경계의손상이착오망상보다는피해망상과연관되어있다. 안와전두엽 (orbitofrontal cortex) 에서무스카린수용체밀도감소역시 AD+D와연관되어있다. 또한, 피질세포감소가피해망상과연관된반면, 해마의신경세포손실 ( 즉인지기능의장애 ) 은착오망상과연관이있다. 망상을가진알츠하이머병유전연구에서강한유전성을시사한다. ApoE4가망상적사고와연관되어있으며다양한종류의신경전달물질과유전적으로연관성이높다. 최근치매의정신병치료에대한 citalopram 의임상연구는세로토닌신경계와의연관성을보여주며 [87] 이외에도다른신경전달물질을통한약물치료가능성을보여준다. 이와같이망상에대한임상적연구, 병리연구, 유전연구, 신경영상연구등을통하여좀더정확한망상의병리기전과아형을구분할수있을것이다. 하지만다양한교란요인으로인하여아직까지연구가쉽지않다. 향후이런점을극복하기위하여몇가지중요한문제가해결되어야한다. 첫번째로정확하고통일된진단이중요하다. 즉 AD+D를정성화하고정량화할수있는기준이필요한데, 이진단기준은정확하게치매를정의하고망상의아형을구분할수있어야하며신뢰성과타당 성이있어야한다. 두번째로좀더대규모의전향적인연구를통하여망상의자연경과에및약물치료에대한반응등에대한관찰이필요하다. 마지막으로이를기반으로망상의정확한병태생리모형을개발함으로써환자의치료에도움이되어야할것이다. 결론임상적, 역학적, 신경병리적, 그리고유전적연구등을통합하여이해하면 AD+D에대한원인및병태생리에대한이해를할수가있다. 비록현재까지 AD+D와 AD-D가다른병인지에대한논란이있지만적어도망상의유무에따라임상적경과와치료는달라지는것으로생각된다. 특히단순히망상을확인하는것보다이의아형에대한정확한분류및정량화가필요하다. 피해망상은착오망상보다좀더일찍나타나는증상으로생각되며유전적성향이더강한것으로생각된다. 반면착오망상은인지기능손상과연관이있고치매의진행정도와관련이있다. 특히착오망상은주로퇴행성치매에서나타나기때문에이를정확하게파악하는것은환자의진단및치료에도매우중요하다. 또한알츠하이머병환자에서나타나는망상은정신분열병과같이정신과영역에서나타나는망상을동반하는질환과는임상적으로다른양상을보일수가있어서이두증상이같은병태생리적기전을가지는지아니면별개의질환인지도확실하지않다. 따라서치료역시이두증상이같은경과를갖는지도확실하지않기때문에이에대한연구가필요하다. CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS We have no conflicts of interests. 참고문헌 1. Steinberg M, Shao H, Zandi P, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Norton MC, Breitner JC, et al. Point and 5-year period prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the Cache County Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23: Wiener PK, Kiosses DN, Klimstra S, Murphy C, Alexopoulos GS. A short-term inpatient program for agitated demented nursing home residents. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16: Murray R, Hill PD, McGuffin P. The essentials of postgraduate psychiatr. Cambridge. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997; Alzheimer A. Uber eine eigenartige rkrankung der hirnrinde. Allg Z Psychiat Psych Gerichtl Med 1907; 64:

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