Original article J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2014;18:77-84 DOI: ISSN (print) ISSN (o

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1 Original article J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2014;18:77-84 DOI: ISSN (print) ISSN (online) 선천성수신증을위한 Onen 등급분류법의임상적인타당성영남대학교의과대학소아청소년과학교실 우다은 ᆞ 임명희 ᆞ 김명욱 ᆞ 김세윤 ᆞ 박용훈 Da Eun Woo, M.D., Myung Hee Lim, M.D., Myung Uk Kim, M.D., Sae Yoon Kim, M.D., Ph.D., and Yong Hoon Park, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Corresponding Author: Yong Hoon Park, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea Tel: , Fax: yhpark@med.yu.ac.kr Received: 21 September 2014 Revised: 7 October 2014 Accepted: 12 October 2014 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecom mons.org/licenses/bync/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Validation of Onen s Alternative Grading System for Congenital Hydronephrosis Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of Onen s alternative grading system (AGS) with that of the APDRP and SFU grading systems in patients with isolated and complicated congenital hydronephrosis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 153 patients (204 renal units) diagnosed with congenital hydronephrosis between January 2002 and December We classified patients into 2 groups; isolated or complicated hydronephrosis. All renal units were graded according to anterior-posterior diameter of renal pelvis (APDRP), Society for Fetus Urology (SFU) and Onen s grading systems. We analyzed the prognosis of hydronephrosis, according to each grading system, at 2 years of age. Results: There were 152 renal units with isolated hydronephrosis and 52 renal units with complicated hydronephrosis. The isolated hydronephrosis group had a lower grade according to Onen s AGS, and showed more frequent spontaneous remission by 2 years of age. There was more frequent obstruction (P=0.000) and surgical treatment (P=0.000) of units with high-grade hydronephrosis according to Onen s AGS. In the complicated hydronephrosis group the frequencies of spontaneous remission (P=0.015) and renal dysfunction (P=0.013) were significantly higher than those in high-grade hydronephrosis, as indicated by Onen s AGS. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes among the highest grade groups, according to the 3 systems, in either isolated or complicated hydronephrosis. Conclusion: Onen s AGS reflects the prognosis of hydronephrosis as well as other grading systems in those with isolated hydronephrosis. It was better predictor of renal dysfunction in those with complicated hydronephrosis. However, Onen s AGS was not superior to the other grading systems in terms of predicting prognosis, especially in high-grade hydronephrosis. Key words: Hydronephrosis, Grading, Prognosis, Ultrasonography Copyright 2014 The Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology

2 78 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 18, No. 2, 77-84, 2014 서론선천성수신증은요로계의선천이상중가장흔하며최근에는산전초음파가보편화되면서임신후기에수신증이진단되는빈도가높아졌다 [1]. 선천성수신증은폐쇄또는비폐쇄의다양한원인에의해발생하며, 추적관찰을할때자연적소실에서부터신장기능의이상을초래하는등의매우다양한임상경과를가진다 [2]. 선천성수신증의예후를예측하고수술적치료등의시기를결정하기위해여러임상지표와영상학적인분류체계를사용하고있으나, 수신증의진단및심한정도의임상적의미를결정하는기준에대해서는아직논란이있다 [3-6]. 수신증은보통신우나신배가확장되었을때진단하게되는데, 신장초음파에서신장의최대전후직경 (anteriorposterior diameter of renal pelvis, APDRP) 을측정하거나태아비뇨기과학회 (Society for Fetus Urology, SFU) 에서제시한분류법에따라수신증의심한정도와예후를예측한다 [7]. 가장널리사용되고있는 SFU 분류법은수신증의자연소실가능성과연관성이높은것으로알려져있지만, 신내신우를가진경우처럼일부환자에서는분류법의정확성이낮다는보고도있다 [3, 8-10]. 이에 2007 년 Onen [11] 이단일수신증의분류를용이하게하여추적기간중비가역적인신장기능소실의가능성을줄이기위해적절한수술적치료의시기를결정하는데도움이되고자수신증의새로운분류법을제안하였다. 이새로운분류법은 SFU 분류법과같이신장초음파로신우와신배의형태를보고등급을나누는방법이며, 초음파에서구분이뚜렷하지않으며예후나치료방법이비슷한 SFU-1 등급과 SFU-2 등급을하나의등급으로간주하고, SFU-4 등급을신실질의소실정도에따라두개등급으로세분화한것이다. 그러나아직까지는이분류법의타당성을평가하기위한연구는거의이루어지지않고있으며 APDRP 측정과 SFU 분류법을비교한연구도제한적이다 [12]. 이에저자들은수신증의심한정도를 APDRP, SFU 분류법및 Onen 분류법으로나누어비교하여수신증의경과를예측하기위한새로운 Onen 분류법의타당성에대해알아보고, 이분류법이단일수신증뿐만아니라다른요로기형이동반된복합수신증에서도타당한것인지알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 2002 년 1월 1일부터 2011 년 12 월 31 일까지산전초음파에서수신증으로진단받고출생후에신장초음파를시행하여확진을받았거나생후 1개월이내에산전초음파의이상이아닌다른이유로시행한신장초음파에서수신증으로진단받은환아 203 명을대상으로후향적검토를시행하였다. 양측성수신증은 2개의신단위로구분하여결과를분석하였으며, 대상환아중본원에서두번이상신장초음파를시행하여경과관찰이가능하였고충분한의무기록검토가가능했던환아 153 명 (204 신단위 ) 을대상으로영남대학교의료원임상연구윤리위원회의승인을받아연구를시행하였다. 출생후처음으로시행한신장초음파에서 APDRP 가 5 mm 이상으로늘어난경우에수신증으로진단하여경증 (5 mm 이상, 10 mm 미만 ), 중등증 (10 mm 이상, 15 mm 이하 ) 그리고중증 (15 mm 초과 ) 으로분류하였다 [13]. 또한수신증의정도와신우의형태에따라 SFU 분류법및 Onen 분류법을이용하여각각 1군부터 4군까지네등급으로나누었다 (Table 1). 추적신장초음파검사는수신증으로진단받은뒤수신증의심한정도나악화여부에따라 1개월, 3개월 6개월, 12 개월또는 24 개월간격으로시행하였다. 수신증이장기간지속되거나악화되는경우에는 99m Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine ( 99m Tc-MAG3) 신장스캔, 이뇨신장스캔과배뇨 Table 1. The Society for Fetal Urology Grading System and the Onen s Alternative Grading System [11, 13] Grade SFU grading system Onen s alternative grading system 0 No splitting No hydronephrosis 1 Urine in pelvis barely splits sinus Dilatation of renal pelvis alone 2 Urine fills intrarenal pelvis Onen s grade 1 plus caliceal dilatation Urine fills extrarenal pelvis, major calyces dilated 3 SFU grade 2 and Minor calyces uniformly dilated and Onen s grade 2 plus <1/2 (mild-to-moderate) renal parenchymal loss Parenchyma preserved 4 SFU grade 3 and Parenchyma thin Onen s grade 3 plus >1/2 (severe) renal parenchymal loss (cyst-like kidney with no visually significant renal parenchyma) Abbreviation: SFU, Society for fetal urology.

3 Woo DE, et al.: Validation of Onen s AGS for Congenital Hydronephrosis 79 성방광요도검사 (voiding cystourethrogram, VCUG) 를시행하여신기능이나동반된요로계이상을평가하였다. 방광요관역류, 중복요관, 단일신, 요관의확장이나하부요로계의해부학적또는신경성이상등의요로계이상이동반되지않은경우를단일수신증으로분류하였다. 99m Tc-MAG3 신장스캔으로신기능을평가할때는상대신기능이 45% 미만일때신기능이저하된것으로보았고, 이뇨신장스캔에서이뇨제투여후에반감기 (T1/2) 가 20 분이상지연되거나신기능곡선의기울기가감소하지않는경우에요로폐색이있는것으로정의하였다 [14, 15]. 요로감염은설명되지않는발열등의증상이있으면서소변분석지와소변침사현미경검사에서농뇨나세균뇨가동반되고, 요로도뇨관으로채뇨한소변배양검사에서세균이 10 5 CFU/mL 이상인경우로진단하였다. 수신증진단당시의나이, 성별, 수신증이일측성또는양측성인지, 산전초음파에서의수신증진단여부및복합수신증여부를조사하였다. 대상신단위를단일수신증또는복합수신증의두군으로나누어 2세까지의임상경과를관찰하였고, 수신증정도의변화, 신기능저하와요로폐쇄여부, 요로감염발생및수술적치료여부를조사하였다. 통계적분석은 SPSS (Window version 18.0, SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA) 프로그램을사용하였다. 대상환자의일반적인특징과각분류법에따른수신증의임상경과및예후를분석하기위해기술통계, 빈도분석, 교차분석과카이제곱검정또는로지스틱회귀분석을하였다. P 값이 0.05 미만인경우를통계적으로유의한것으로판정하였다. (3.3%), 미숙아 3명 (2.0%), 급성신손상과신생아가사가각각 2명 (1.3%) 이었으며, 형태이상및비후성유문협착증을감별하기위해시행한검사에서우연히발견된경우가각각 1명 (0.7%) 이었다. 수신증이일측성인경우가 102 명 (66.7%) 으로이중에좌측이 87 명 (85.3%) 이었고, 양측성은 51 명 (33.3%) 이었다. 신단위별로관찰하였을때, 전체 204 신단위중에서좌측신장이 138 신단위 (67.6%) 로우측에비해더많았고좌우비는 2.1 대 1이었다. 단일수신증인환아는 115 명 (75.2%) 이었고, 방광요관역류, 요관확장, 방광또는요도의이상등이동반된복합수신증은 38 명 (24.8%) 이었다 (Table 2). 2. 초기진단당시각분류법에따른수신증의등급전체신단위중 APDRP 에의한경증수신증은 133 신단위, 중등증은 52 신단위, 중증은 19 신단위였으며, SFU 분류법에따른 1, 2, 3 및 4등급수신증은각각 85 신단위, 64 신단위, 28신단위및 27 신단위였다. Onen 분류법에의한 1, 2, 3 및 4등급수신증은각각 149 신단위, 28 신단위, 20 신단위및 7신단위였다. APDRP- 경증수신증일때단일수신증의빈도가높았고, 중증수신증일때다른요로계이상이동반된빈도가높은경향이있었지만통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (P=0.415). SFU 분류법에서는 SFU-1 등급에서단일수신증의빈도가높았고, 복합수신증의빈도는 SFU-4 등급일때가장높았다 (P=0.01). Onen-1 등급에서단일수신증의빈도가높고, Onen-3 등급에서복합수신증의빈도가가장높았다 (P=0.007) (Table 3). 결과 1. 일반적인특징 3. 단일수신증의진단당시수신증정도에따른임상경과 수신증이소실된평균나이는 7.7±6.1 개월이었으며, 만 2 대상환자 153 명의수신증진단당시평균연령은 0.05± 0.22 개월이었고, 평균추적관찰기간은 16.67±20.96 개월이었으며, 남아는 124 명 (81.0%), 여아는 29 명 (19.0%) 으로남녀비는 4.3 대 1이었다. 산전초음파에서수신증을진단받았던환자는 123 명 (80.4%) 이었고, 출생후신장초음파를시행하게된계기는산전초음파에수신증이있어추적검사를한경우가 120 명 (78.4%) 으로가장많았고, 그외에요로감염이 14 명 (9.2%), 제대동맥도관을삽입한과거력이있어검사를시행한경우와산전초음파에서수신증은관찰되지않았지만양수과소증이있었던경우가각각 5명 Table 2. Differential Diagnosis of Hydronephrosis Etiology Numbers of patients (%) Isolated hydronephrosis 115 (75.2) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 22 (14.4) Associated anomalies Vesicoureteral reflux 18 (11.8) Ureteral dilatation 11 (6.5) Renal polyps, cysts, tumors 4 (2.6) Duplicated kidneys 3 (2.0) Bladder or urethral anomalies 1 (0.7) Horseshoe kidney 1 (0.7) Ectopic kidney 1 (0.7) Total 153 (100)

4 80 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 18, No. 2, 77-84, 2014 세까지의경과에서, 단일수신증중자연적으로소실된경 우는 80 신단위 (52.6%) 였으나 68 신단위 (44.7%) 에서는수신 증이지속되었으며, 4 신단위 (2.6%) 에서는수신증이악화되 었다. 99m Tc-MAG3 신장스캔에서 5 신단위 (3.3%) 에신기능 저하가관찰되었고, 이뇨신장스캔에서는 9 신단위 (5.9 %) 에 요로폐쇄가있었다. 수술적치료를받은환자는 5 명 (3.3%) 으로이중 4 명은신우성형술, 나머지 1 명은신절제술을받 았다. 요로감염이있었던경우는 32 신단위 (21.1%) 였다. Table 3. Grades of Hydronephrosis by APDRP, SFU Grading System and Onen s AGS Grade Isolated Complicated Total, P HN, HN, value APDRP Mild 102 (76.7) 31 (23.3) 133 (65.2) Moderate 38 (73.1) 14 (26.9) 52 (25.5) Severe 12 (63.2) 7 (36.8) 19 (9.3) SFU 1 71 (83.5) 14 (16.5) 85 (41.7) (75.0) 16 (25.0) 64 (31.4) 3 19 (67.9) 9 (32.1) 28 (13.7) 4 14 (51.9) 13 (48.1) 27 (13.2) Onen (79.9) 30 (20.1) 149 (73.0) (67.9) 9 (32.1) 28 (13.7) 3 9 (45.0) 11 (55.0) 20 (9.8) 4 5 (71.4) 2 (28.6) 7 (3.4) Total 152 (74.5) 52 (25.5) 204 (100) APDRP were measured and classified into three grades as follows: mild, 5 mm APDRP <10 mm; moderate, 10 APDRP 15 mm; severe, APDRP <15 mm. Abbreviations: APDRP, anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis; SFU, Society of Fetal Urology; AGS, alternative grading system; HN, hydronephrosis. APDRP- 경증수신증과 SFU-1 등급인경우자연소실되는빈도가중등도와중증수신증그리고 SFU-3 및 4등급에비하여높았다 (P=0.000). 로지스틱회기분석에서 APDRP 와 SFU 분류법에의한등급이한단계높아질수록수신증이지속될가능성이각각 3.87 배및 3.79 배증가하였다 (APDRP, P=0.000; SFU, P=0.000). Onen-1 등급은자연소실된빈도가높았고 Onen-2, 3, 4등급에서는수신증이지속되는빈도가높았다 (P=0.000). 신기능의저하는 APDRP- 중증수신증에서그빈도가높았으나 (P=0.025), SFU 분류법에의한등급사이에는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (P=0.764). Onen-4 등급에서는신기능저하의빈도가높은경향은있었지만통계적으로유의하지않았다 (P=0.161). APDRP- 중증수신증, SFU-3 및 4등급일때요로폐쇄의빈도가높았고 (APDRP, P=0.001; SFU, P=0.001), Onen-4 등급에서도그빈도가높게나타났다 (P=0.000). APDRP- 경증수신증과 SFU-1 등급에서는수술을시행한예가없었고, APDRP- 중증수신증과 SFU-4 등급및 Onen-4 등급에서수술적치료를시행한빈도가높았다 (P=0.000). 요로감염은 21.1% 에서발생하였으나세분류법모두각등급사이에유의한차이를보이지않았다 (APDRP, P=0.575; SFU, 0.181; Onen, 0.116) (Table 4). 수신증이심한 APDRP- 중증수신증, SFU-4 등급및 Onen-4 등급을비교했을때는수신증의경과, 신기능저하, 요로폐쇄, 요로감염과수술적치료여부에유의한차이가없었다 (Table 5). Table 4. Outcomes of Isolated Hydronephrosis According to APDRP, SFU Grading System and Onen s AGS at 2 Year-Old of Age Grade Total, Status of HN Decreased RRF, Obstruction, UTI, Operation, Spontaneous Persistent HN, Aggravation, resolution, APDRP Mild 102 (50.0) 66 (64.7) 33 (32.4) 3 (2.9) 2 (2.0) 3 (2.9) 19 (18.6) 0 (0) Moderate 38 (18.6) 13 (34.2) 25 (65.8) 0 (0) 1 (2.6) 2 (5.3) 10 (26.3) 1 (2.6) Severe 12 (5.9) 1 (8.3) 10 (83.3) 1 (8.3) 2 (16.7) 4 (33.3) 3 (25.0) 4 (33.3) P value SFU 1 71 (34.8) 53 (74.6) 16 (22.5) 2 (2.8) 2 (2.8) 2 (2.8) 15 (21.1) 0 (0) 2 48 (23.5) 23 (47.9) 23 (47.9) 2 (4.2) 1 (2.1) 1 (2.1) 8 (16.7) 1 (2.1) 3 19 (9.3) 4 (21.1) 15 (78.9) 0 (0) 1 (5.3) 2 (10.5) 3 (15.8) 0 (0) 4 14 (6.9) 0 (0) 14 (100) 0 (0) 1 (7.1) 4 (28.6) 6 (42.9) 4 (28.6) P value Onen (58.3) 76 (63.9) 39 (32.8) 4 (3.4) 3 (2.5) 3 (2.5) 23 (19.3) 1 (0.8) 2 19 (9.3) 4 (21.1) 15 (78.9) 0 (0) 1 (5.3) 2 (10.5) 3 (15.8) 0 (0) 3 9 (4.4) 0 (0) 9 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (22.2) 3 (33.3) 1 (11.1) 4 5 (2.5) 0(0) 5 (100) 0 (0) 1 (20.0) 2 (40.0) 3 (60.0) 3 (60.0) P value Total 152 (100) 80 (52.6) 68 (44.7) 4 (2.6) 5 (3.3) 9 (5.9) 32 (21.1) 5 (3.3) APDRP of each renal unit was measured and classified into three grades as follows: mild, 5 mm APDRP <10 mm; moderate, 10 mm APDRP 15 mm; severe, APDRP <15 mm. Abbreviations: APDRP, anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis; SFU, Society for Fetal Urology; AGS, alternative grading system; HN, hydronephrosis; RRF, relative renal function; UTI, urinary tract infection.

5 Woo DE, et al.: Validation of Onen s AGS for Congenital Hydronephrosis 복합수신증의진단당시수신증의등급에따른임상경과 복합수신증은만 2 세에수신증이소실된경우가 15 신 단위 (28.8%), 지속된경우는 36 신단위 (69.2%) 였고, 악화된 경우는요관방광이행부협착이동반된 1 신단위 (1.9%) 였 다. 신기능의저하는 9 신단위 (17.3%), 그리고요로폐쇄는 5 신단위 (9.6%) 에서있었다. 6 신단위 (11.5%) 에서수술적치 료를시행하였고, 요로감염은 26 신단위 (50%) 에서발생하 여단일수신증에비해많았다. APDRP- 경증수신증은자연소실되는빈도가높았으나, Table 5. Comparisons of Clinical Outcomes among APDRPsevere, SFU-4 and Onen-4 Isolated Hydronephrosis Groups APDRPsevere, SFU-4, Onen-4, P value Spontaneous 1 (8.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) resolution Decreased RRF 2 (16.7) 1 (7.1) 1 (20.0) Obstruction 4 (33.3) 4 (28.6) 2 (40.0) Operation 4 (33.3) 4 (28.6) 3 (60.0) UTI 3 (25.0) 6 (42.9) 3 (60.0) Total, n APDRP of each renal unit was measured and classified into three grades as follows: mild, 5 mm APDRP <10 mm; moderate, 10 mm APDRP 15 mm; severe, APDRP <15 mm. Abbreviations: APDRP, anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis; SFU, Society for Fetal Urology; RRF, relative renal function; UTI, urinary tract infection. 중등증과중증수신증은지속되는빈도가높았다 (P=0.014). SFU-1 등급과 Onen-1 등급에서도자연소실되는빈도가높았으나, SFU-3, 4등급과 Onen 2, 3 그리고 4등급에서는수신증이지속되는빈도가높았다 (SFU, P=0.003; Onen, P=0.015). 요로폐쇄는 APDRP- 중등증수신증에서그빈도가가장높았지만 (P=0.01), SFU 분류법과 Onen 분류법에서는등급간유의한차이가없었다 (SFU, P=0.053; Onen, P=0.060). APDRP- 중증수신증은신기능저하의빈도가높은경향이있었고 (P=0.099), SFU 분류법에서등급이높을수록그빈도가증가하는경향이있었으나통계적으로유의하지않았다 (P=0.381). Onen 분류법에서는 Onen-4 등급인 2신단위모두신기능감소를보여그빈도가가장높았다 (P=0.013). APDRP- 중증수신증은수술적치료를시행한빈도가높은경향이있었지만통계적으로유의하지는않았다 (P=0.307). SFU 등급이높아질수록수술적치료의빈도가높아지는경향을보였으나, 각등급사이에유의한차이는없었다 (P=0.073). Onen-1, 2 및 3등급으로갈수록수술적치료를한빈도가증가하였으나 (P=0.031), Onen-4 등급에서는수술적치료를했던경우가관찰되지않았다. 요로감염의발생은 APDRP 에따른분류 (P=0.916), SFU 분류법 (P=0.526) 및 Onen 분류법 (P=0.378) 모두등급에따른차이가없었다 (Table 6). 수신증의정도가심한 APDRP- 중증수신증, SFU-4 등급및 Onen-4 등급사이의임상경과는유의한차이가없었다 (Table 7). Table 6. Outcomes of Complicated Hydronephrosis According to APDRP, SFU Grading System and Onen s AGS at 2 Year-Old of Age Grade Total, Status of HN Decreased RRF, Obstruction, UTI, Operation, Spontaneous Persistent HN, Aggravation, resolution, APDRP Mild 31 (59.6%) 14 (45.2) 17 (54.8) 0 (0) 3 (9.7) 0 (0) 15 (48.4) 3 (9.7) Moderate 14 (26.9) 0 (0) 13 (92.9) 1 (7.1) 3 (21.4) 4 (28.6) 7 (50.0) 1 (7.1) Severe 7 (13.5) 1 (14.3) 6 (85.7) 0 (0) 3 (42.9) 1 (14.3) 4 (57.1) 2 (28.6) P value SFU 1 14 (26.9) 9 (64.3) 5 (35.7) 0 (0) 1 (7.1) 1 (7.1) 8 (57.1) 0 (0) 2 16 (30.8) 5 (31.1) 11 (68.8) 0 (0) 2 (12.5) 0 (0) 7 (43.8) 1 (6.3) 3 9 (17.3) 1 (11.1) 7 (77.8) 1 (11.1) 2 (22.2) 3 (33.3) 6 (66.7) 1 (11.1) 4 13 (25.0) 0 (0) 13 (100) 0(0) 4 (30.8) 1 (7.7) 5 (38.5) 4 (30.8) P value Onen 1 30 (57.7) 14 (46.7) 16 (53.3) 0 (0) 3 (10.0) 1 (3.3) 15 (50) 1 (3.3) 2 9 (17.3) 1 (11.1) 7 (77.8) 1 (11.1) 2 (22.2) 3 (33.3) 6 (66.7) 1 (11.1) 3 11 (21.2) 0 (0) 11 (100) 0 (0) 2 (18.2) 1 (9.1) 5 (45.5) 4 (36.4) 4 2 (3.8) 0 (0) 2 (100) 0 (0) 2 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) P value Total 52 (100) 15 (28.8) 36 (69.2) 1 (1.9) 9 (17.3) 5 (9.6) 26 (50.0) 6 (11.5) APDRP of each renal unit was measured and classified into three grades as follows: mild, 5 mm APDRP <10 mm; moderate, 10 mm APDRP<15 mm; severe, APDRP <15 mm. Abbreviations: APDRP, anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis; SFU, Society for Fetal Urology; AGS, alternative grading system; HN, hydronephrosis; RRF, relative renal function; UTI, urinary tract infection

6 82 J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol Vol. 18, No. 2, 77-84, 2014 Table 7. Comparisons of Clinical Outcomes among APDRPsevere, SFU-4 and Onen-4 Complicated Hydronephrosis Groups APDRP-severe, SFU-4, Onen-4, P value Spontaneous 1 (14.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) resolution Decreased RRF 3 (42.9) 4 (30.8) 2 (100) Obstruction 1 (14.3) 1 (7.7) 0 (0) Operation 2 (28.6) 5 (38.5) 0 (0) UTI 4 (57.1) 5 (38.5) 0 (0) Total, n APDRP of each renal unit was measured and classified into three grades as follows: mild, 5 mm APDRP <10 mm; moderate, 10 mm APDRP <15 mm; severe, APDRP 15 mm. Abbreviations: APDRP, anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis; SFU, Society for Fetal Urology; RRF, relative renal function; UTI, urinary tract infection. 고찰 수신증은요로계의선천적이상중가장흔한질환으로 산전초음파에서발견되는선천적이상의 1-2% 를차지하 고있으며 [16, 17], 산전초음파가보편화되면서그빈도가 증가하였다. 선천성수신증의원인은대부분폐쇄요로질 환이고그외에도방광요관역류, 비폐쇄거대요관증, 다낭 형성이상콩팥, 또는중복요관등이있다 [12, 17, 18]. 임 상경과도다양하여특별한치료를하지않고도추적검사 에서저절로소실되는경우에서부터수신증이더악화되거 나신장기능의손상을초래하게되어수술적치료가필요 한경우까지있을수있는데 [19, 20], 수신증의심한정도와 예후가밀접한연관이있는것으로알려져있다 [10, 13, 19, 21]. 따라서비가역적인신손상이발생하는것을방지하기 위해수신증으로진단받은환자들에게서조기에수신증의 정도를확인하고그예후를평가하여추적, 관찰하고적절 한시기에필요한치료를하는것이중요하다고할수있다. 신장초음파는수신증을진단하기위한가장기본적인 유용한검사방법으로서 [22], APDRP 를측정하거나, 신우 와신배의확장정도에따른 SFU 분류법으로수신증의심 한정도를평가하는방법이가장많이이용되지만 [13, 20, 23], 요로폐쇄의진단이나수술적치료적응증의기준이 되는것에대해서는아직까지논란이많은상태이고, 신내 신우가있는경우에는이두분류법의정확도가낮다는보 고도있어서 [21], 수신증을보다정확히분류해치료방법 결정, 특히수술적치료여부와그시기결정을예측가능 한분류법이필요하였다 년에 Onen [11] 은요관신우협착과연관된단일수 신증이있는신생아에서수신증의대체분류법을제안하 였는데 SFU 분류법과같이신우나신배의모양에따라수 신증의등급을분류하였지만, 치료방법이나예후가비슷하면서초음파에서구분이쉽지않은 SFU-1 등급과 SFU-2 등급을하나의등급으로정하고, SFU 분류법에서는하나의등급이지만신실질소실정도의범위가넓고그에따른신기능의예후에차이가있을수있는 SFU-4 등급을세분하여 Onen-3 및 Onen-4 두등급으로나누었다. Onen 은이분류법을제안하면서 APDRP 를측정하는것보다신실질의두께를측정하는것이더간편하고, 배뇨에따른신우크기변화의영향을적게받으며, 신외신우확장이있을때신내신우를구분하여그크기를측정하는데어려움이적은것이장점이라고주장하였다 [11]. 수신증의등급이높을수록요로계의다른이상이동반될위험성이높다고하는데 [20, 24], 이번연구결과에서도 SFU 또는 Onen 분류법에따른수신증의등급이낮은경우에는단일수신증의가능성이높았지만, 높은등급의수신증은다른요로계이상이동반되는경우가많았으며, 특히고등급수신증일때요로폐쇄의가능성이높았다. 따라서고등급의수신증이진단된경우에는동반된요로계의이상이나신우요관이행부또는요관방광이행부의협착이있는지평가하기위한추가적인검사가필요하다 [20, 24, 25]. 단일수신증은 APDRP- 경증, SFU-1 등급및 Onen-1 등급에서는자연소실빈도가각각 64.7%, 74.6% 및 63.9% 로높았고, 고등급수신증일수록수신증이지속되는경우가많았다. 이전에 APDRP 또는 SFU 분류법을이용한다른연구들에서도저등급수신증의경우대부분자연소실되어예후가좋았다고보고하였다 [19, 26, 27]. 또한복합수신증인경우에도저등급수신증에서는자연소실되는빈도가높았다. 이결과들로미루어볼때, Onen 분류법도 APDRP 나 SFU 분류법과같이단일수신증뿐만아니라복합수신증에서도수신증의자연소실가능성을제대로반영하는것으로보였다. 그러나세분류법에의한고등급수신증은자연소실되는빈도가낮으므로주기적인경과관찰이필요하며, 특히복합수신증은단일수신증과비교하여자연소실의빈도가낮아서 (P=0.004), 좀더세밀한평가와추적관찰이필요하다. 단일수신증군에서는신장기능저하와세분류법사이에연관성이높았으나, 복합수신증군은 Onen 분류법에서만수신증의등급과신장기능저하의연관성이확인되었다. 따라서복합수신증인경우 Onen 분류법이다른분류법과비교해신장기능저하의가능성을잘반영한다고할수있었다. 또한요로폐쇄는단일수신증에서는세분류법모두그가능성을예측할수있지만, 복합수신증에서는세분류법모두그가능성을예측하기어려운것으로보였다.

7 Woo DE, et al.: Validation of Onen s AGS for Congenital Hydronephrosis 83 단일수신증에서 APDRP- 중증, SFU-4 및 Onen-4 등급인경우는수술적치료의빈도가다른등급에비해높아서각분류법이등급에따른수술가능성을잘반영하였다. 한편, 복합수신증에서도고등급수신증에서수술을더많이시행한경향은있었지만세분류법에서등급간차이는통계적으로유의하지않았다. 하지만복합수신증에서고등급수신증, 특히 SFU-4 등급이나 Onen-4 등급에해당하는신단위의수가적었기때문에통계적의미가나타나지않았던것으로생각된다. 요로감염의빈도가고등급수신증에서빈도가증가하는것으로보고된연구결과들이있는데 [28-30], 이번연구에서는요로감염의발생은수신증의등급과는무관하였고, 단일수신증에비해복합수신증에서빈도가더높은것으로나타났다. 단일및복합수신증모두에서각분류법의가장높은등급의수신증군을비교했을때는수신증의자연소실, 신기능저하, 요로폐쇄또는수술적치료의빈도에는유의한차이가없었다. 특히 Onen 분류법에서 SFU-4 등급을세분화한 Onen-4 등급과 SFU-4 등급사이에도유의한차이가나타나지않아 Onen 분류법으로분류하는것이 SFU 분류법보다예후반영및치료계획에도움이되는지고려해볼필요가있었다. 더나아가향후 Onen 분류법에서 Onen-3 및 4등급을나눈기준이었던신실질의 50% 소실이타당한것인지에대한연구도필요할것이다. 본연구는후향적연구로단일병원에서의선천성수신증환자들의신장초음파영상으로 APDRP 를측정하고 SFU 분류법및 Onen 분류법으로새로이등급을나누어시행하였으나, 추적소실되어추가적인자료수집이불가능하여제외된인원이많았으므로, 선택편견 (selection bias) 이연구결과에영향을미쳤을가능성을배제할수없었다. 특히고등급수신증을진단받은환자들의추적손실이많았고이로인해신기능저하또는수술여부와관련된연구자료에영향을미쳤을가능성이컸다. 따라서수신증환자에서서로다른분류법에의한등급에따라자연적으로소실되는빈도나신기능의저하, 요로폐쇄, 요로감염, 수술의필요성등의경과가어떤연관성이있는지를알기위해서는추적손실을최소화하여수신증의경과를지속적으로파악할수있는체계적으로잘계획된다기관에서이루어지는전향적연구가필요하다. 요약목적 : 선천성수신증은신장초음파검사를통해조기 진단이가능하며초음파소견과질환의예후가연관성을 가진다. 기존수신증의분류법이예후나치료방법결정의 기준이될수있는지에대한논란이있어 Onen 분류법이 새로제시되었다. 이에선천성수신증을 APDRP, SFU 및 Onen 분류법으로비교하였을때 Onen 분류법이단일수 신증뿐만아니라복합수신증에서도타당한지알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 2002 년 1 월부터 2011 년 12 월까지선천성수신증 으로진단받은 203 명의환자중추적관찰이가능했던 153 명 (204 신단위 ) 의의무기록을후향적으로검토하였다. 이 들의신장초음파영상을분석하여 APDRP 를측정하고 SFU 및 Onen 분류법으로수신증의등급을나누었다. 단 일또는복합수신증인지조사하고, 만 2 세경의수신증의 임상경과를조사하여자연소실, 신기능저하, 요로폐쇄, 요로감염및수술적치료여부를조사하였다. 결과 : 선천성수신증에서 SFU-1 등급과 Onen-1 등급의 경우단일수신증이, SFU-4 등급과 Onen-3 등급의경우는 복합수신증이많았다. 단일수신증군에서만 2 세까지경 과를보면, 세분류법모두수신증이경미한경우자연소 실빈도가높았고복합수신증에서도같은결과를보였다. 신기능저하의빈도는단일수신증은 Onen 분류법에의한 등급사이에유의한차이가없었으나, 복합수신증에서는 유의한차이가있었다. 요로폐쇄와수술적치료의빈도는 단일수신증일때세분류법모두고등급수신증에서유의 하게높았다. Onen 분류법의고등급수신증은다른분류법 에의한것들과비교하여임상적경과에유의한차이가없 었다. 결론 : Onen 분류법은 APDRP 또는 SFU 분류법과마찬 가지로단일선천성수신증의임상경과를반영하며복합 수신증에서다른분류법과달리신기능의예후와연관성 이있었으나, 고등급수신증에서는각분류법사이에유의 한차이가없어서 Onen 분류법의장점을확인할수없었 다. References 1) Gramellini D, Fieni S, Caforio E, Benassi G, Bedocchi L, Beseghi U, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fetal renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter as a predictor of significant postnatal nephrouropathy: second versus third trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194: ) Tripp BM, Homsy YL. Neonatal hydronephrosis--the controversy and the management. Pediatr Nephrol 1995;9:503-9.

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