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1 J Plant Biotechnol (2018) 45:9 16 DOI: ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Review 약용식물의기원판별을위한 Bar-HRM 분석기술의응용 김윤희 신용욱 이신우 Practical application of the Bar-HRM technology for utilization with the differentiation of the origin of specific medicinal plant species Yun-Hee Kim Yong-Wook Shin Shin-Woo Lee Received: 14 November 2017 / Revised: 12 December 2017 / Accepted: 17 January 2018 c Korean Society for Plant Biotechnology Abstract The advent of available DNA barcoding technology has been extensively adopted to assist in the reference to differentiate the origin of various medicinal plants species. However, this technology is still far behind the curve of technological advances to be applied in a practical manner in the market to authenticate the counterfeit components or detect the contamination in the admixtures of medicinal plant species. Recently, a high resolution melting curve analysis technique was combined with the procedure of DNA barcoding (Bar-HRM) to accomplish this purpose. In this review, we tried to summarize the current development and bottleneck of processing related to the Bar-HRM technology for the practical application of medicinal plant species differentiation in a viable global market. Although several successful results have been reported, there are still many obstacles to be resolved, such as limited number of DNA barcodes and single nucleotide polymorphisms, in particular, only one DNA barcode, internal transcribed sequence (ITS) of ribosomal DNA has been reported in the available nuclear genome. In addition, too few cases have been reported about the identification of counterfeit or contamination with processed medicinal plant products, in particular specifically the case of technology based infusion, Y.-H. Kim 국립경상대학교사범대학생물교육과 ( 농업생명과학연구원 ) (Department of Biology Education, College of Education, IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea) Y.-W. Shin S.-W. Lee ( ) 국립경남과학기술대학교생명과학대학농학 한약자원학부 (Department of Agronomy & Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science & Technology, JinJu, Korea) shinwlee@gntech.ac.kr jam and jelly products and components in which it is noted that DNA can be thereby degraded during the processing of these products and components. Keywords Authentication, admixture, Bar-HRM, counterfeits, medicinal plants 서론 현대의학의지속적인발전에도불구하고약용식물을이용한전통약재, 건강식품, 음료수등의세계시장은꾸준히증가하고있다. 전세계적으로약용식물은분류학상근연관계가아주가까운종에서부터매우광범위한분포도를보이고있다. 조사에의하면중국에서만 383 과 (Family), 2,309 속 (genera) 에속하는 11,146 종 (species) 가된다고하였다 (Chen et al. 2010). 따라서전통적으로알려져온이들이전문가도구분하기어려울정도로형태학적으로아주유사한종들이많이존재할뿐만아니라건제품, 분말, 탕약등의가공품으로유통되면서위품이나혼입이될경우에는육안으로는구분이거의불가능하다. 국내에서는물론세계시장에이들제품이진출하기위하여서는위품이나혼입등을방지할수있는보다과학적이고체계적인기술의개발이절실한실정이다. DNA 바코드 (barcode) 는각생물종을구분할수있는일종의 ID 역할을하는정보로써, 생명체가가지고있는유전자중다른종과차이가있어종판별에사용될수있는유전자영역을의미한다. ATGC 로구성된 DNA 염기서열의배열을비교함으로써명확한종분류가가능하다는장점으로, 오랜경험이필요한형태학적종분류법보다정확하고쉬운종판별에이용되는유전정보분석방법을 DNA 바코딩기술이라한다. DNA 바코딩기술은수확후저장이나가공등의처리 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 10 J Plant Biotechnol (2018) 45:9 16 과정에도비교적분해되지않고안전한물질이기때문에특정생물종의기원을판별하는데많이이용되어현재는동 식물은물론곰팡이에이르기까지광범위하게응용되고있다 (Kress and Erikson 2008; Chase and Fay 2009; Chase et al. 2005; Hollingsworth et al. 2009). 동물의경우에는미토콘드리아 cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) 유전자단편이가장우수한 DNA 바코드로인정되어오고있으나 (Hebert et al. 2003), 식물의경우에는대부분의핵내의단일유전자들은바코드화하기가어려운것으로조사되었으며 (Kress et al. 2005), 다양한엽록체유전자들에대한연구가활발하게진행되어오고있다. 이러한추세와함께약용식물의기원을판별하기위한다양한 DNA 바코드들도지속적으로보고되고있는실정이다 (Mishra et al. 2016). 그러나 DNA 바코딩기술은실제현장에서적용하기가어려운여러가지단점을갖고있다. 즉모든시료에대하여개별적으로염기서열을수행하여비교분석을하여야하기때문에시간과비용이많이요구되며, 두가지이상의약용식물이유통시장에서서로혼입된경우에이들에대한 DNA 를분리하여염기서열분석을수행할경우서로다른염기서열의혼재로분석결과가정확하지않거나읽을수가없는경우가허다하다. 뿐만아니라모르는미지의약용식물의혼입여부또는위품여부를판별하기위하여모든게놈의염기서열을분석하여비교하여야한다. 따라서최근에는 DNA 바코딩영역에서판별하고자하는약용식물종에대한염기서열을비교분석한후서로다른단일염기다형성을포함하는 allele-specific 프라이머를제작하여 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 분석으로나타나는밴드의유무로판별하는연구결과가많이보고되었다 (Kim et al. 2013a; Lee et al. 2017a). 하지만이기술의단점도첫째는아주유사한종의경우에충분한단일염기다형성을찾을수가없는경우가많으며, 둘째는단지하나혹은두개의단일염기다형성을이용하여제작한 20 여개의염기서열로구성된프라이머를사용하여 PCR 반응을수행할경우 allele-specific 증폭반응에실패하는경우가많아실용화의큰걸림돌이되고있다. 따라서최근에는 allele-specific 프라이머조합을디자인할때프라이머의 3 - 말단에단일염기다형성이위치하도록한다음 5 - 말단쪽으로 2, 3, 4 번째염기를임의로변경하여디자인함으로서 100% allele-specific annealing 만일어나도록하여정확한 allele DNA 단편만증폭이되도록한 amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR 기술을적용한연구결과도지속적으로보고되고있다. 예를들면형태학적으로아주유사하여위품또는혼용이사회적인문제로제기된바있는백수오 (Cynanchum wilfordi) 와이엽우피소 (C. auriculatum) 를판별하기위하여 ITS, matk, trnl-trnf 유전자바코드내단일염기다형성을찾아내어이들이 3 - 말단에위치하도록디자인한후 5 - 말단쪽으로 3 번째염기를임의로다른 3 종류의염기로변경하여디자인한다양한종류의프라이머조합을사용하여 ARMS-PCR 을수행한결과가장판별력 이우수한프라이머조합을선별할수있었다 (Han 등, 2016; 2017). 최근에는보다신속하고정확도가높은기술을개발하고자 DNA barcoding (Bar) 기술과 high-resolution melting (HRM) curve pattern 분석기술을혼합한 Bar-HRM 분석기술을사용한연구보고서가축적되고있다. HRM 기법은 Real time PCR 을이용한분석방법으로 PCR 산물이 DNA 서열에따라고유의 Tm (melting temperature) 를갖는것을이용한 SNP 분석기법이다. PCR 산물이만들어질때 DNA 이중가닥에끼어들어가는 intercalating dye 를첨가하게되면 PCR 산물에끼어들어가형광파장을방출하게되며, 이때온도를낮은온도에서높은온도로서서히올리면 PCR 산물은고유의 Tm 값에서이중가닥에서단일가닥으로바뀌게되고형광값이급격히떨어지게된다. 이때의 Tm 값의차이를구분하여 PCR 산물에서서열하나의차이까지구분해내는기법이다. HRM 곡선패턴비교분석기술은극도로민감하여목표로하는유전자단편의복제수가극히낮은경우에도검출이가능한기술로알려져병원균등의검사와같은임상진단분야에서널리사용되고있는기술이다 (Er and Chang 2012). 최근 HRM 분석기술은이질적인집단에서돌연변이를확인하거나 (Krypuy et al. 2006; Montgomery et al. 2007), RNA 편집의확인및정량분석 (Chateigner-Boutin and Small. 2007), DNA methylation 분석 (Wojdacz and Dobrovic, 2009), 단일염기다형성 (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) 의확인 (Wu et al. 2008) 등그응용분야가꾸준히증가하고있다. 따라서본논문에서는 Bar-HRM 분석기술을이용한약용식물의기원판별에관한연구현황을조사하고그문제점을파악하고향후보다개선된기술의개발을위한연구과제들을논하였다. HRM 곡선패턴분석기술을이용한약용식물의기원판별용바코드개발현황 약용식물의기원판별을위하여보다신속하고효율적인 Bar-HRM 기술을적용하기위하여서는무엇보다도가장효율적이고적용범위가넓은 DNA 바코드를확인하는연구가먼저수행되어야한다. 따라서현재까지보고된약용식물을대상으로확인된 DNA 바코드들의연구결과들을종합하여 Table 1 에요약하였다. 이들을상세하게검토하여보면, Jaakola et al. (2010) 은진달래과 (Ericaceae) 에속하는 bilberry (Vaccinium. myrtillus L.), lingonberry (V. vitis-idaea L.), bog bilberry (V. uliginosum L.), Blueberry (V. corymbosum, V. angustifolium), crowberry (Empetrum nigrum L.), 가시나무과 (Crossulariaceae) 에속하는 gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.), Caprifoliaceae 과에속하는 honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.), 장미과 (Rosaceae) 에속하는 mountain shadbush (Amelanchier bartramiana) 등총 8 종을판별하기위

3 J Plant Biotechnol (2018) 45: Table 1 List of DNA barcodes for the authentification of medicinal plant species based on the HRM curve pattern analyses Target Region Locus/Loci ITS, trnl-trnf, rpl36 ps8 matk Plant Species Country References Ericaceae (berry species) Finland Jaakola et al., 2010 Veratrum nigrum, Helleborus niger Austria Mader et al., intergenic Panax spp. South Korea Kim et al., 2013 spacers (IGS) ITS2 Sideritis spp. Greece Kalivas et al., 2014 rbcl, trnl Phyllanthus genus Thailand Buddhachat et al., 2015 rbcl matk, rbcl1, rbcl2, rbcl3, rpoc, trnl, ITS1 ITS, rbcl, trnkmatk, psba-trnh, trnl-trnf matk, rbcl, rpoc trnl trnh-psba Acanthus ebracteatus, Andrographis paniculata, Rhinacanthus nasutus 12 closely related Croton spp. Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Thunbergia laurifolia, Crotalaria spectabilis Caulis spp. Mutong (Akebia quinata) Thailand Thailand Austria Thailand Osathanunkul et al., 2015a Osathanunkul et al., 2015b Schmiderer et al., 2015 Singtonat and Osathanunkul, 2015 China Hu et al., 2015 ITS2 Artemisia spp. China Song et al., 2016 trnl-trnf Cynanchum wilfordii, Cynanchum auriculatum, Polygonum multiflorum South Korea Han et al., 2016 ITS1, matk ITS, matk Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum androsaemum Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau Portugal Costa et al., 2016 South Korea Lee et al., 2017 하여 internal transcribed sequence(its), trna Leu L-F(trnL-trnF), ribosomal protein L (rpl)36, photosystem II thylakoid meabrane protein 8 (psb8) 단편을바코드로하여 HRM 곡선패턴분석기술을적용한결과식물종에따라판별효과가각각다르게나타났다. 예를들면 rpl36 psb8 단편에서제작한모든프라이머조합은 Crow berry 를다른종으로부터구분하기에충분하였다. 그러나다른종은다른바코드를사용하여야구분이가능하다고하였다 (Jaakola et al. 2010). 한편, Mader et al. (2011) 은 Veratrum nigrum 와 Helleborus niger 의분말제품이모두영어로 Black Hellebore 라고호칭되어이들을구분유통하기위한판별기술을개발하기위하여 matk 바코드를사용한 HRM 곡선패턴분석기술의적용결과성공적이었다고하였다. Kim et al. (2013b) 은다양한 Panax 종 (P. notoginseng P. quinquefolius, P. ginseng, P. japonicus 등 ) 에대하여엽록체게놈의염기서열을분석하여총 101 개의 IGS 영역을비교하여 HRM 곡선패턴분석을수행한결과 trne-trnt, trnt-psbd, ndhf-rpl32, rpl14-rpl16 의 IGS 영역들이다른영역들에비하여우수한바코드임을확인하였다. 그럼에도불구하고 P. ginseng 과 P. japonicus 사이에는단일염기다형성을찾을수가없어 HRM 곡선팬턴분석을할수가없었다고하였다. 반면에그리이스와터키등에서허브약으로상용되고있는꿀풀과과 (Lamiaceae) 에속하는 7 종의 Sideritis 속 (S. scardica S. cladestina S. perfoliata S. syriaca S. euboea S. athoa S. raeseri) 들에대하여단하나의 ITS2 바코드를사용하여효율적으로구분이가능한 HRM 곡선패턴을찾을수있었다고하였다 (Kalivas et al. 2014). Song et al. (2016) 의경우에도단하나의 ITS2 바코드만을이용한 HRM 곡선패턴분석기술로국화과 (Asteraceae) 의 Artemisia 속에속하는 5 종 (A. argyi, A. annua, A. indica, A. lavandulaefolia, A. atrovirens) 을판별하는데충분하다고하였다. 이들약용식물들은중국의전통적인한약재로그효능들은서로다르지만형태학적및외관상으로구분하기가어려워혼용되고있는실정이다. 이와유사하게 rbcl 바

4 12 J Plant Biotechnol (2018) 45:9 16 코드를단독으로사용한 Bar-HAM 분석기술로 Acanthaceae 과에속하는 Acanthus ebracteatus, Andrographis paniculata, Rhinacanthus nasutus 의판별이가능하였다고하였으며 (Osathanunkul et al. 2015a), trnh-psba 바코드를단독으로사용하여 Akebia 허브로판매되는 Caulis akebiae 를다른위품으로판매되는유사종과의구분이가능하였다는보고도있다 (Hu et al. 2015). Han et al. (2016) 의경우에도최근국내에서혼용되어큰사회적인문제를야기시킨바있었든백수오 (Cynanchum wilfordii) 와, 이엽우피소 (Cynanchum auriculatum), 그리고하수오 (Polygonum multiflorum) 등 3 종에대한판별을위하여 Bar-HRM 기술을도입하여본결과단하나의 trnl-trnf 바코드만으로도신속하게판별할수있었다고하였다. 최근에는다수의바코드를이용한상호교차검정을통하여보다정확한판별을위한연구보고가많아지고있는추세이다. Buddhachat et al. (2015) 은여우주머니속 (Phyllanthus genus) 에속하는 5 종의약용식물즉 P. amarus, Phyllanthus urinaria, Phyllanthus debilis, Phyllanthus airy-shawii, Phyllanthus virgatus 을상호판별하기위하여 rbcl 과 trnl 바코드를사용하여 HRM 곡선패턴분석기술을적용한결과 rbcl 보다 trnl 바코드가단일염기다형성이골고루분포되어있어보다우수하였다고하였다. 또한 Osathanunkul 등 (2015b) 은 matk, rbcl1, rbcl2, rbcl3, rpoc, trnl, ITS1 등총 7 개바코드영역을사용하여은어과 (Euphorbiaceae) 에속하는 12 종의아주가까운근연과계에있는 Croton 종 (C. caudatus, C. crassifolius. C. hutchinsonianus, C. persimils, C. crassifolius, C. hutchinsonianus, C. cascarilloides, C. hutchinsonianus, C. caudatus, C. kongensis, C. cascarilloides, C. crassifolius) 들의판별을시도한결과 ITS1 바코드가가장우수한것으로조사되었으나 rbcl 바코드는오히려가장효율성이낮은결과를얻었다고하였다. 또한메리골드 (Calendula officinalis) 의판별을위하여국화과 (Asteraceae) 에속하는 10 종 (C. maroccana, C. lanzae, C. eckerleinii, C. meuselii, C. officinalis, C. arvensis, C. incana subsp. microphylla, C. stellata, C. suffruticosa, C. tripterocarpa) 을대상으로 ITS, rbcl, trnk-matk, psba-trnh, trnl-trnf 등 5 종의바코드를사용하여 Bar-HRM 분석기술을적용한결과 trnk 5 intron 과 trnltrnf 영역을사용한경우에만 C. officinalis 을다른종과판별이가능하였다고보고하였다 (Schmiderer et al. 2015). 뿐만아니라, Acanthaceae 과에속하는 Acanthus ebracteatus, Andrographis paniculata, Rhinacanthus nasutus, Thunbergia laurifolia 등을판별하기위하여 matk, rbcl, rpoc, trnl 등의바코드를사용하여 Bar-HRM 분석기술을적용한결과모든바코드에서상호판별이가능하였다고하였다 (Singtonat and Osathanunkul 2015). 또한, 포르투칼에서 Hypericum L. (Hypericaceae) 속에속하며일명 St. John s wort 로호칭되는전통약재로쓰이는 Hypericum perforatum 과이와는다른효능을나타내지만역시전통약재로인기가높아 Hypericum perforatum 보다비씨게유통되는 Hypericum androsaemum 과의혼용을방지하고 구분유통이가능하도록하기위하여 ITS1, matk 바코드를사용하여 Bar-HRM 기술을적용한결과우수한판별효과보였다고하였다 (Costa et al. 2016). 그리고 Lee et al. (2017b) 의연구보고서에의하면한국에서자생하는꾸지뽕 (Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau) 계통과중국자생계통간구분을위하여엽록체 matk 와핵내 ITS 바코드를사용하여역시 Bar-HRM 기술을적용하여구분이가능하였다고하였다. 이러한연구결과를종합하여보면현재까지전세계적으로보고된약용식물의기원판별을위하여개발된비코드들은엽록체게놈의경우에는 matk, rbcl1, rbcl2, rbcl3, rpoc, trnl, trnl-trnf, trnk-matk, psba-trnh 등다양한바코드가사용되었음을알수있었으나핵내바코드는아직까지 ITS 외에는보고가없는것으로조사되었다. 전통한약재의유통질서를확립하기위한 Bar-HRM 분석기술의응용현황 한약재는유통시장에서건제품, 분말, 탕약등을비롯하여캡슐, 환, 티백등다양한제품형태로유통되고있기때문에외관이나형태학적특성으로이들을구분하기는거의불가능하다. 따라서비교적안정된화합물인 DNA 바코드를이용한기술로종의기원을판별하는연구가도입되기시작하였다. 특히 Bar-HRM 분석기술은특정 DNA 바코드의염기서열을분석하여비교하지않고도신속하면서정확도가뛰어난것이특징이다. 그러나 Bar-HRM 분석기술을실제한약재유통시장에서적용하기위하여서는아직많은후속연구가뒤따라야한다. 따라서최근, 한국, 중국, 태국, 핀란드, 오스트리아, 그리이스등에서 Bar HRM 분석기술을유통시장현장에서바로실용화할수있는기반구축에관한연구결과가보고되었으며이들을종합하여 Table 1 과 Table 2 에요약하였다. 아직은 Bar-HRM 기술분석의초기단계에해당하는연구로기존에정부공인인증기관등을통하여바우쳐번호를부여받은잘알려진특정약용식물계통을표준시료로하여순수 DNA 를분리한다음그유용성이밝혀진특정 DNA 바코드를사용하여 HRM 곡선패턴을비교분석하여특정종의판별가능여부를확인하고, 다양한지역에서수집한약용식물계통또는유통시장등에서원재료를크게손상시키지않은건제품등을대상으로위품또는혼재등의여부를판별하는연구가발표되었다. 예를들면태국에서 Croton (Euphorbiaceae) 속에속하는많은종들이 Plao Noi 라고하는동일한전통약제로혼용되고있으나실제로는서로그효능이다를뿐아니라특히일부종들은인체에독성을나타내거나염증또는괴민성반응을나타낼수도있는것으로알려져있어이들을정확하게판별이가능한분석방법이시급한실정이다. 특히이중에서 C. stellatopilosus H. Ohba 는토사광란등의복통에대한전통치

5 J Plant Biotechnol (2018) 45: Table 2 Application of HRM curve pattern analyses technique for the identification of medicinal plant species Potential application Rapid identification of the origin for medicinal crops Major observation - ITS I barcode was the most useful for the discrimination of 12 Croton spp (Osathanunkul et al. 2015b). - Authentication of 11 collected samples of three different species, Cynanchum wilfordii, Cynanchum auriculatum, and Polygonum multiflorum (Han et al. 2016). - Authentication of Korean specific ecotypes, Cudrania tricuspidata (Lee et al. 2017). Practical application with the market products Quantitative analysis for detecting of contamination with adulterations - Authentication of target species in capsule, tea bag, and powdered form (Osathanunkul et al. 2015a Singtonat and Osathanunkul Song et al. 2016). - Adulterations of Calendula DNA in saffron could be detected down to 0.01% (Schmiderer et al. 2015). - Authentication of target species commercial herbal infusions (Costa et al. 2016). - Able to detect a mixture ratio up to 1:200, To quantify a specific target by integrating a second artificial target as an internal standard (Mader et al. 2011). - Rapid detection of contamination as low as 1% of other Phyllanthus species in P. amarus admixtures (Buddhachat et al. 2015). 료약재로사용하고있으며, 항암및항염증등에도효능이있다고한다. 그러나적어도 6 종의다른 Croton 속에속하는종들즉 C. columnaris Airy Shaw, C. delpyi Gagnep., C. longissimus Airy Shaw, C. kongensis Gagnep., C. stellatopilosus, C. thorelii Gagnep. 등도동일한전통약재명으로혼용되고있다고한다. 따라서 Osathanunkul et al. (2015b) 은먼저 GenBank 에등록된데이터베이스를통하여 Euphobiaceae 과에속하는 Croton 종에대하여 4 종의엽록체바코드 (matk, rbcl, rpoc, trnl) 와하나의핵내바코드 (ITS1) 에대한염기서열을비교분석하였으며이과정에서공인된식물표본에의한바우쳐등록번호가확인되지않은것들은제외하였다. 공인된시료는 Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden 에서분양받은것을사용하였다. 총 5 개의 DNA 바코드로부터 7 종류의 HRM 분석용프라이머를디자인하여약 200 bp 의크기의단편이증폭될수있도록한후최종적으로 HRM 곡선패턴을비교분석한결과 ITS 바코드에의하여이들종들에대한판별이가장우수하였다고하였다. 또한, Han et al. (2016) 은한국의여러지역에서수집한백수오 (C. wilfordi), 이엽우피소 (C. auriculatum), 하수오 (P. multiflorum) 등 3 종에해당하는 11 계통들에대하여 trnl-trnf 바코드를사용하여 HRM 곡선패턴분석기술을이용하여이들계통들을 100% 판별이가능하였다고하였다. 특히, 이들 3 종에대하여염기서열을비교한후상동성이가장우수한부위에서하나의프라이머조합을제작하여동시에 3 계통을판별할수있도록하였다. 따라서향후시중에유통되는이들한약재를사용한제품에서위품이나혼재여부를판별하는전략으로 ARMS-PCR 기술에의하여 1 차적으로판별이가능하도록제작한종특이프라이머를사용하여먼저구분을한다음상기한단하나의프라이머조합을사용하여 Bar-HRM 분석기 술을적용하여최종확인하도록전략을제시하였다. 이와유사한연구결과로꾸지뽕 (C. tricuspidata Bureau) 의경우에도한국에서자생하는한국토종과중국에서자생하는중국계통을대상으로 ITS 와 matk 바코드의염기서열을비교하여 2 개에서 3 개의차이가나는부위를포함하여약 200 bp 내외가되도록디자인한하나의동일한프라이머조합을사용하여 HRM 곡선패턴을비교하여판별이가능함을확인한후한국의다양한지역에서수집한 12 계통들을대상으로적용한결과단지 2 개혹은 3 개의염기차이가나는두계통들의판별이가능하였다고하였다 (Lee et al. 2017b). 한편, Bar-HRM 분석기술을실제현장에적용하기위한응용연구로티백, 분말, 캡슐제품으로부터특정한약재의위품또는혼용을확인한연구결과의예를보면다음과같다 (Table 2). 최근에태국의전통약재목록 (National List of Essentials Medicine, NLEM) 에등재된 3 종류의 Acanthaceae 과에속하는 Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz) 에대한위품, 혼용등의문제점을해결하기위한연구결과가발표되었다 (Osathanunkul et al. 2015a). 태국에서이들 3 종은가정에서여러가지질병의치료에상시적으로사용되는약재들로서시장에서유통되고있으나이들이제대로포장을하지않거나정확한표식이없이판매되며, 특히도매상의경우에는분말상태로표시가되지않은포장이나박스로유통이된다. 결과적으로판매상들의의지여부와는상관없이소비자들은위품이나혼재된제품들을구입하게되며, 이들을제대로확인할방법도없다. 따라서이들 3 종에대한바우쳐된샘플을먼저태국의 Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden (QSBG) 에서구입한다음 4 종의 DNA 바코드즉 matk, rbcl, rpoc, trnl 에대

6 14 J Plant Biotechnol (2018) 45:9 16 한염기서열을비교분석한후약 200 bp 내에단일염기다형성을포함하도록디자인한프라이머조합을사용하여 HRM 곡선패턴을비교하여상호판별이가능한것을확인하여이를실제시중에서구입한이들제품에실용화가가능한지의여부를조사하기위하여전통시장으로부터 15 점에해당하는분말제품들을구입하였으며이들은제품의정보에대한표시가없거나제대로포장이되지않은상태로판매되는것들이었다. 이들분말시료로부터채취한 DNA 를사용하여기존에확립한 Bar-HRM 분석기술을적용하여본결과거의모든제품이상기한 3 종류가혼재되어있음을확인하였다. 특히 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees 와 Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz 는형태학적으로아주유사하기때문에일반적으로채취하는과정에서도거의구분이잘안되며이들을건조하여만든거의모든분말제품에서는서로섞여있다고한다. 따라서본보고서에의하면향후실제시중에유통되는이들한약제의구분유통질서확립에큰도움이될것이라고하였다. 이와유사한연구결과로역시태국에서 Rang Chuet 라는전통약재로함께혼용되고있는 Thunbergia laurifolia 과 Crotalaria spectabilis 를구분하기위하여먼저바우쳐된시료를사용하여 4 종의 DNA 바코드 (matk, rbcl, rpoc, trnl) 사용한 Bar-HRM 분석기술에의한판별조건을확립한후시중에서구입한건제품, 분말제품, 캡슐, 티백등 10 점의제품을대상으로 Bar-HRM 기술을적용한결과 10 개제품중 3 개는이들두종이서로혼재되어유통되고있음을확인하여향후본기술을이용하여유통질서확립에도움이될수있을것이라고하였다 (Singtonat and Osathanunkul. 2015). 또한 Song et al. (2016) 도국화과 (Asteraceae) 의 Artemisia 속에속하는 5 종 (A. argyi, A. annua, A. indica, A. lavandulaefolia, A. atrovirens) 에속하는식물또는제품들을중국의다양한지역에서총 71 점의시료를수집 (13 점은 Artemisia 속식물들이었으며, 나머지 58 점은시중에서유통되고있는제품들로서건제품또는분말등정확하게어떤형태인지기술되지않았음 ) 이들에대한기존에확립된 Bar-HRM 분석기술을적용하여본결과위품또는혼재여부는확인되지않았다고하였다. 한편, Schmiderer et al. (2015) 은메리골드 (Calendula officinalis) 의 saffron( 꽃으로만드는샛노란가루로음식의색소첨가제로사용됨 ) 에혼재되어있는다른 Calendula 종의구분이가능한 Bar-HRM 분석기술을개발하였다. 특히 saffron 에혼재되어있는다른유사종의혼입율이 0.01% 까지검출이가능하다고하여향후이기술은탕재, 분말, 티백등약용식물의가공품뿐만아니라다양한식품첨가제에포함된다른유사종의혼입율을추적하는데크게기여할수있을것으로사료된다. 뿐만아니라 Costa et al. (2016) 은포르투칼의시중에서 Hypericum perforatum 과 Hypericum androsaemum 을우려내거나달여서만든탕재제품을대상으로기존에바우쳐된상기 2 종에대한표준품을대상으로확립한 Bar-HRM 분석기술을적용하여위품또는혼재율을 98.5% 이상의정확도를갖 고판별할수있었다고하였다. 포르투칼에서 Hypericum perforatum 은 St. John s wort 라고불리우는전통약재로그리고 Hypericum androsaemum 는 Hipericão do Gerês 로불리우는전통약재로사용되는데이들은각각그효능과용도가다름에도불구하고 Hypericum androsaemum 이 Hypericum perforatum 보다흔하지않고인기가더높아가격이더높아서위품이나혼용이심한실정이라고한다. 마지막으로 Bar-HRM 분석기술을적용하여전통약재를가공하여시판되는제품에혼입된특정종의혼입율을보다정확하게측정하기위한연구결과로 Mader et al.(2011) 은 Black Hellebore 라고호칭되는두종즉 Veratrum nigrum 와 Helleborus niger 의분말제품을서로섞은후역시바우쳐된표준품을대상으로 matk 바코드로확립한 Bar-HRM 분석기술을적용하여조사한결과 1 : 200,000 비율로혼합한경우에도검출이가능하였다. 특히혼입비율에대한 HRM 곡선의패턴이너무나도정확하게비례하였기때문에이를 log 화하여직선의표준곡선의제작이가능하다고하였다. 또한, Buddhachat 등 (2015) 도태국에서약용식물들로제조된분말제품이 Look- Tai-Bai 또는 Yah-Tai-Bai 라는제품명으로구별이되지않고유통되고있는약재의원료로사용되는 5 종의여우주머니속 (Phyllanthus genus) 에속하는, Phyllanthus urinaria, Phyllanthus debilis, Phyllanthus airy-shawii, Phyllanthus virgatus 중 P. amarus 로만든캡슐, 타블렛 (tablet), 차등의형태로유통되고있는 6 점의제품을태국의지역시장에서수집하여역시기존에표준품으로확립한 Bar-HRM 곡선패턴분석기술을적용한결과, 모든제품이 P. amarus 로판명되어위품또는오염은없는것으로조사되었다. 향후해결되어야할과제 Bar-HRM 분석기술의가장큰단점중의하나는미지의위품의검출은한계가있다는것이다. 그이유는모든종에결합하여반응을할수있는광역프라어미조합을제작할수가없기때문이다. 그러므로검출하고자하는위품에대한프라이머를기존에알려진 DNA 바코드를검색하여디자인하거나아니면분류학적으로동일한속또는과에속하는종의염기서열데이터베이스를근거로디자인하여야만한다. 또한약 200bp 내외의짧은단편을사용하기때문에현재까지알려진 DNA 바코드를사용한연구보고서를종합하여보면이렇게짧은단편내에서상호판별이가능한다수의단일염기다형성을찾기가어렵다는것이다. 따라서앞으로목표로하는약용식물과관련된유사종들에대하여유용한 DNA 바코드를보다많이확보하여야할것이다. 특히최근에발전된 Next Generation Sequencing(NGS), Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) 기술등의도입으로보다다양한단일염기다형성을찾아야한다. 또한 Sequence Tagged Site marker 들을사용하여그응용을확대하는연구또한필요할것이다 (Kamel et al.

7 J Plant Biotechnol (2018) 45: ). 또다른큰문제는약용식물이가공되어만든제품속의 DNA 단편이분해되어분리가안되는경우에는동기술을사용할수가없다는것이다. 대부분의건제품이나분말제품등은문제가없으나끓는물을사용하여추출하여제조한약탕, 잼, 젤리, 쥬스등의제품에서는일부 DNA 가분해되어분리가어렵다는연구보고서가있다. 하지만 Bar-HRM 분석기술은단지 200 bp 내외의짧은 DNA 단편만존재하면문제가없으므로성공할수있다고하겠다. 따라서보다많은가공품을대상으로보다많은 DNA 바코드를사용하면한약재의유통시장에서끊임없이제기되고있는위품또는혼용여부를판별할수있는과학적인기술을적용할수가있을것으로전망된다. 적요 DNA 바코딩기술은다양한약용식물종들의기원을확인하기위해폭넓게이용되고있는연구방법이다. 그러나, 시중에판매되고있는유사식물종을재료로사용한상품이나혼재되어있는상품에서확인하고자하는약용식물을선별가능한실질적인기술의개발은아직많이미흡한실정이다. 최근에는보다신속하고정확도가높은기술을개발하고자 DNA barcoding (Bar) 기술과 high resolution melting (HRM) curve pattern 분석기술을혼합한 Bar-HRM 분석기술을이용한연구가진행중에있다. 본리뷰논문에서는국제적인시장에서다양한기원의약용식물판별에실질적으로적용가능한 Bar-HRM 기술의최근의발전과정과그이용에대해서정리하였다. 다양한연구들을통해서일부성공적인결과들이보고되고있지만, 제한된 DNA 바코드및단일염기다형성 (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, SNP) 등아직해결되어야할과제들이많다. 특히, 핵내바코드로는 ribosomal DNA 의 internal transcribed sequence (ITS) 단편이외에는보고된사례가한건도없었다. 또한, 약용식물을끓는물로추출하여가공한약탕, 잼, 젤리, 쥬스등의제품은 DNA 단편이분해되어분리가안되는경우에는 DNA 바코딩기술을적용하기가곤란한것으로알려져있으나비교적짧은 DNA 단편이요구되는 Bar-HRM 분석기술을이용하여일부성공한보고도있어향후그응용사례가증가할것으로전망된다. 사사 본연구는 2017 년도경남과학기술대학교대학회계연구비지원에의하여연구되었음. References Buddhachat K, Osathanunkul M, Madesis P, Chomdej S, Ongchai S (2015) Authenticity analyses of Phyllanthus amarus using barcoding coupled with HRM analysis to control its quality for medicinal plant product. Gene 573:84-90 Chase MW, Fay F (2009) Barcoding of plants and fungi. Science 325: Chase MW, Salamin N, Wilkinson M, Dunwell JM, Kesanakurthi RP, Haidar N (2005) Land plants and DNA barcodes: Short-term and long-term goals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360: Chateigner-Boutin AL, Small I (2007) A rapid high-throughput method for the detection and quantification of RNA editing based on high-resolution melting of amplicons. Nucleic Acids Res 35: e114 Chen S, Yao H, Han J, Liu C, Song J, Shi L, Zhu Y, Ma X, Gao T, Pang X, Luo K, Li Y, Li X, Jia X, Lin Y, Leon C (2010) Validation of the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species. PLoS ONE 5:1-8 Costa J, Campos B, Amaral JS, Nunesc ME, Beatriz M, Oliveira P (2016) HRM analysis targeting ITS1 and matk loci as potential DNA mini-barcodes for the authentication of Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum androsaemum in herbal infusions. Food Control 6: Er TK, Chang JG. (2012) High-resolution melting: applications in genetic disorders. Clin Chim Acta 414: Han EH, Cho KM, Goo YM, Kim MB, Shin YW, Kim YH, Lee SW (2016) Development of molecular markers, based on chloroplast and ribosomal DNA regions, to discriminate three popular medicinal plant species, Cynanchum wilfordii, Cynanchum auriculatum, and Polygonum multiflorum. Mol Biol Rep 43: Han EH, Lee SJ, Kim MB, Shin YW, Kim YH, Lee SW (2017) Molecular marker analysis of Cynanchum wilfordii and C. auriculatum using the simple ARMS-PCR method with mismatched primers. Plant Biotechnol Rep 11: Hebert PDN, Ratnasingham S, de Waard JR. (2003) Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proc Biol Sci 270:S96-99 Hollingsworth PM, Forrest LL, Spouge JL, Hajibabaei M, Ratnasingham S, van der Bank, (2009) A DNA barcode for land plants. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA 106: Hu J, Zhan ZL, Yuan Y, Huang LQ, Liu Y (2015) HRM identification of Chinese medicinal materials Mutong. China J Chinese Materia Medica 40: Jaakola L. Suokas M, Haggman H (2010) Novel approaches based on DNA barcoding and high-resolution melting of amplicons for authenticity analyses of berry species. Food Chem 123: Kalivas A, Ganopoulos J, Xanthopoulou A, Chatzopoulou P, Tsaftaris A, Madesis P (2014) DNA barcode ITS2 coupled with high resolution melting (HRM) analysis for taxonomic identification of Sideritis species growing in Greece. Mol Biol Rep 41:

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