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1 원저 편두통전조유무에따른대뇌혈관반응성 아주대학교의과대학신경과학교실 Cerebrovascular Reactivity According to Migraine Subtypes: with or without Aura Ji Man Hong, M.D., Sang Kun Shin, M.D., Kyoon Huh, M.D., In Soo Joo, M.D. Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea Background: In migraine studies, the cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) using a transcranial Doppler (TCD) has been investigated to elucidate the nature and role of the vascular response. However, past studies have not comprised the posterior circulation including functionally important brainstem structures. The purpose of this study was to compare the simultaneous CVRs between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and basilar artery (BA) in migraine patients with and without aura, by means of a power motion mode Doppler (PMD) with an anteriorposterior probes fixating device. Methods: Thirty-six consecutive patients with migranes [15 migraine patients with aura (MA) and 21 migraine patients without aura (MWA)] were compared with 29 healthy volunteers. CVR [(Vmax-Vbase) 100/Vbase] was evaluated by the re-breathing technique. TCD was performed as two steps. First, the velocities and spectra of the MCAs through both temporal windows were simultaneously monitored. Second, those were simultaneously monitored between MCA and BA. Result: There were no significant differences in age, sex, baseline hemodynamic values (blood pressure, heart rate), and those of the baseline mean flow velocity and CVR of TCD between the migraine patients and the controls. However, the CVR of the BA significantly differed between the MA and the MWA (39.4±13.7 vs 64.6± 25.4%; p=0.001), among MA, MWA, and controls (39.4±13.7, 64.6±25.4, 45.6±14.9%; p<0.001). Conclusions: CVR of BA was entirely different according to migraine subtypes: with or without aura. Our study suggests that MWA and MWOA seem to be distinct disorders in terms of different vascular responses of the BA during the interictal period. J Korean Neurol Assoc 25(2): , 2007 Key Words: Hyperexcitability, Migraine, Cerebral circulation, Doppler, Transcranial, Basilar artery 서론 편두통은일반적으로가족력이있는일차성두통으로, 젊은나이에많이발병하고주로한쪽머리에나타나며발작적이고종종박동성두통을나타낸다. 1 고전적으로편두통은박동성인특성과혈관수축작용이있는 Ergot 가증상을소멸시킨다는점 Received September 12, 2006 Accepted December 15, 2006 *Ji Man Hong, M.D. Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine San 5, Wonchon-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon-si, , Korea Tel: Fax: dacda@hanmail.net 등으로혈관기인설 (vascular theory) 로설명되어왔지만뇌혈류검사에서혈류감소가지속되고있는동안에두통이시작된다거나편두통에동반될수있는이상감각 (allodynia) 이나두피압통을설명할수없기때문에발생기전에대해서는논란이많다. 최근가족마비성편두통이채널이상 (channelopathy) 으로밝혀지고, 2 항간질약물이예방요법으로사용되고있으며, 3 대뇌의마그네슘농도의저하소견들은뇌의과흥분성 (hyperexcitability) 이편두통발생에서매우중요하다는것을제시하고있다. 4 한편편두통환자에서후순환계에서경계성의저관류성소뇌경색이많이발생하고, 대뇌심부백질의병변이자주발생한 J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 25 No. 2,

2 다고알려졌다. 5-7 그러나편두통보다대뇌의과흥분성이더높을수밖에없는간질환자의뇌졸중이높아진다는증거는현재까지별로없다. 따라서이러한결과는편두통의발생기전과임상경과에서뇌의과흥분성과비정상적인혈관반응이동시에결합되어있을가능성을시사한다. 뇌혈류초음파 (transcranial doppler, TCD) 는환자에게쉽게적용이가능하고인체에특별한해가없는검사법으로뇌혈류량과직접적으로관계가있는대뇌기저부동맥들의속도나파형을측정하여저항소동맥 (resistant arterioles) 들의기능을실시간으로평가할수있는장점이있다. 8 일반적으로 TCD 는이산화탄소의상승에따른동맥의평균속도의변화로혈관운동반응성 (vasomotor reactivity, VMR) 을측정한다. 9 편두통의발생과관련있다고판단되는해부학적구조는삼차신경계통, 삼차신경핵, 뇌간의통증조절부위 (peri-aquedutal grey matter, PAG; dorsal rostral pons, DRP) 나시상, 후두엽피질등이있다. 10 지금까지 TCD 를이용한대부분의연구들이편두통의발생기전에서중요한해부학적의미가있는후두엽, 뇌간구조물인수관주변회색질 (peri-aqueductal gray matter, PAG) 나 DRP 등은포함하지않았기때문에불완전하다고볼수있다. 11,12 또한, 소수의보고들도전-후순환계를동시에측정한것이아니었기때문에실시간으로변화하는이산화탄소에대한혈관반응성을정확하게평가하기는 어려웠다. 13 본저자들은이산화탄소자극에대한편두통의아형별로대뇌혈관반응성이어떤차이가있는지를평가하기위해저자들이개발한기저동맥고정장치와 power M-mode Doppler 를이용하여동시에측정한좌-우, 전-후혈관계의반응을비교하였다. 대상과방법 1. 대상 2006 년 5월부터 2006 년 11월까지순차적으로아주대병원신경과외래를방문한두통환자중에서편두통으로진단받은환자는총 47명이었다. 두명의신경과의사 (Hong JM, Shin SK) 가진단하였고, 기준은 2004 년 IHS 의규정에따라각아형을분류하였고전형적인시각전조만을전조로하였다. 14 전조는있었지만편두통이없거나복잡성편두통 (complicated migraine) 에해당하는 11명은제외되어총 36명의편두통환자가모집되었다. 모두새롭게진단된환자였으며두통이없는시기에 TCD 검사를시행하였고기존에환자가진통제를사용하고있었다면최소한 1주일은약을중단하고검사를시행하였다. 대조군은아주대병원신경과에근무하는간호사나의과대학생 Table 1. Demographic characteristics, baseline TCD findings, and CVRs Migraineurs (n=36) Controls (n=29) General Demographic Characteristics Age, y 32.9± ± Female, (%) 31 (86) 21 (72) Duration of disease, y 7.5±5.8 Unilateral, (%) 17 (47) MIDAS 12.4±15.6 SBP, mm Hg 116.4± ± DBP, mm Hg 76.5± ± HR, bpm 73.7± ± Baseline TCD findings R MCA V 62.7± ± L MCA V 66.6± ± D MCA V 67.2± ± BA V -50.3± ± Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), % [(Vmax-Vbase) 100/Vbase] R CVR 47.9± ± L CVR 46.9± ± D CVR 48.1± ± B CVR 54.1± ± MIDAS; migraine disability score, SBP; systolic blood pressure, DBP; diastolic blood pressure, HR; heart rate, V; mean velocity, R; right, L; left, D; dominant, MCA; middle cerebral artery, BA; basilar artery, CVR; cerebrovascular reactivity p-value 162 대한신경과학회지제 25 권제 2 호, 2007

3 편두통전조유무에따른대뇌혈관반응성 Table 2. Clinical characteristics and TCD findings according to migraine subtypes Migraine with aura (n=15) Migraine without aura (n=21) p-value General Demographic Characteristics Age, y 32.8± ± Female, (%) 13 (87) 18 (86) Unilateral, (%) 7 (47) 10 (48) Duration of disease, y 8.1± ± MIDAS 13.3± ± Baseline TCD findings, cm/s R MCA V 67.8± ± L MCA V 69.9± ± D MCA V 70.7± ± BA V -55.7± ± * Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), % [(Vmax Vbase) 100/Vbase] R CVR 45.8± ± L CVR 45.1± ± D CVR 48.7± ± B CVR 39.4± ± * MIDAS; migraine disability scales, V; mean velocity, L; left, R; right, D; dominant, P; posterior, B; basilar, CVR; cerebrovascular reactivity *p < 0.05 중에서현재까지건강검진에서특별한병력이없고두통이나어지러움증상이없었던건강한젊은남녀 29명을대상으로 TCD 혈관반응검사를시행하였다. 환자군과대조군의특성은표 1에기술하였다. 편두통은환자중에서정신과적인문제, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증, 심혈관계질환, 뇌혈관계질환등이있으면연구에서배제하였다. 2. 방법검사실에서 5분동안의자에편안하게앉아있는상태에서혈압과맥박을측정하였다. 또한검사시행전에검사를마치는시점을결정하기위해기저맥박수치에다가 1.1배를곱하여종결예상맥박수치를계산하였다. Power motion-mode transcranial doppler는 PMD 100M (Spencer Technologies, Seattle, WA) 모델을사용하였다. TCD 검사는본팀에서시행했던방법으로 2단계로진행하였으며이산화탄소자극은변형된재호흡법을이용하였다. 15 1단계검사 : 측두창고정장치를이용하여양측측두창을통하여 mm 깊이에 M-mode 창에서빨간색파에서가장강하게빛나는깊이를선택하여 spectral Doppler mode 를사용하여중대뇌동맥의혈류신호를측정하여 CBF 평균속도를기저수치 (Vbase) 로하였다. 검사전에검사자는환자에게마스크밀착에대해충분히설명하고방법을시범으로직접보여주었고, 3 L 비닐백으로재호흡법을이용하여환자에게분당 15회의속도로숨을쉬게하였다. 검사자는재호흡도중환자의 CBF 속도가더이상상승하지않거 나, CBFV 가상승하면서맥박수가기저치보다 10% 이상상승하면검사를종료하였고, CBF 속도가상승하면서환자가더이상견디지못하고숨을쉬고있던마스크를치면검사를종료하였으며그지점의 CBF 평균속도를최대수치 (Vmax) 로하였다. 2단계검사 : 1단계검사의종료후, 측두창의평균속도가 1단계검사의기저수치와비슷한정도까지회복된것을확인하고나서 2단계검사를시행하였다. 1단계검사시양측측두창중에서파형이잘잡힌편을측두창에남기고다른탐지자를후두하창에있는고정장치고리에걸고 M-mode 창에서 mm 사이의파란색파에서빛이가장강하게나타나는깊이를선택한후 spectral Doppler mode 에나오는기저동맥의혈류신호를연속측정하며 1단계검사와같은방법으로 CBFV 최대수치를구했다. 재호흡법을적용하기전과후의평균뇌혈류속도로부터평균뇌혈류속도변화비를다음과같은방법 [(Vmax-Vbase/Vbase) 100] 으로계산하여 CVR 상승률을측정하고이를대뇌혈관반응성 (cerebrovascular reactivity, CVR) 지표로이용하였다. 3. 통계방법통계분석은 SPSS 13.0 version 을사용하였다. 연속형변수는서로독립적으로발생하여각군수치의평균을비교할때 student t-test 를사용하였고, 서로짝을이루어나온수치의평균을비교할때는 paired t-test 를시행하였다. 범주형변수의두군간의비교는카이제곱분석을이용하였다. 편두통아형 J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 25 No. 2,

4 과대조군사이의기저동맥 CVR 비교는분산분석방법 (ANOVA test) 을시행하였다. p-value 가 0.05 미만일때유의한것으로평가하였다. 결과 환자군과대조군의일반사항은표 1에기술하였다. 두군간에나이, 성별, 혈역학적수치 ( 혈압, 맥박 ), TCD 의기저수치등은통계적으로차이가없었다. 환자군과대조군에서전- 후순환 ( 좌 vs 우, 우성중대뇌동맥 vs 기저동맥 ) 의 CVR 은혈관간의통계적인차이는없었지만, 환자군에서기저동맥의 CVR 수치가높았고 CVR 의표준편차가매우커서변량간의차이가심한것을알수있었다 (54.1±24.5%, 45.6±14.9%; p=0.107). 전조가있는편두통 (migraine with aura, MA) 군과전조가없는편두통 (migraine without aura, MWA) 군간에비교는표 2에기술하였다. 두군간에 TCD 의기저동맥의기저수치와 CVR 은통계적으로의미있게차이가있었다 (-55.7±12.6 vs -46.4±9.2 cm/s; p=0.014, 39.4±13.7 vs 64.6±25.4%; p=0.001 by student t-test). 하지만다른동맥들의 CVR은통계적으로차이가없었다. 기저동맥의 CVR 은대조군을포함한세군 (MA, MWA, 대조군 ) 간의비교 (Fig. 1) 에서도통계적으로의미있는차이가있었다 (39.4±13.7, 64.6±25.4, 45.6±14.9%; p<0.001). 하지만전순환계인 MCA 에대한비교에서세군간에는 TCD 기저치나 CVR이통계적으로차이가없었다 (Fig. 1, R CVR: p = L CVR: p = D CVR: p = 0.721). 고찰 본연구의결과는다음과같다. 1) 편두통환자의 CVR 은 MCA 와 BA에서대조군의 CVR과차이가없었다. 2) 편두통환자에서 BA의 CVR 은그변량의편차가대조군에비해높게나타났고, 이것은편두통아형에따라전조가있는경우대조군보다낮게, 전조가없는경우높게나타났다. 3) 편두통환자와대조군에서좌- 우 MCA 의 CVR 은차이가없었다. 수도주변흑질 (PAG) 은동물실험이나기능적영상연구에서편두통발작시활성화되는부위이다. 18,19 특히이곳은발작시대뇌피질과함께활성화된후발작이종결되고나서도지속적으로뇌혈류량이증가되어있는곳이었다. 19 또한 PAG 는통증조절의중추이고 DRP 는편두통의기전이나치료에서중요한여러신경전달물질의발원지이다. 따라서뇌줄기와후두엽을포함하는후순환계는편두통의기전을설명하는것에있어 Figure 1. CVR of basilar artery among control, MA, and MWA (by ANOVA test). 매우중요한해부학적부위로인식되고있다. 따라서편두통에대한연구에있어 PAG 와 DRP 에혈액을공급하고있는기저동맥을포함하는것은매우중요한일이라고할수있다. 지금까지 TCD 를이용하여혈관반응성을조사한수많은연구들이있었지만대부분은전순환계인 MCA 를서로비교하거나그자체의높고낮음에대한연구가주를이루었다. 특히편두통에서전-후순환계의혈관반응성을서로비교한연구는 1예에불과하였고이역시몇가지제한점을갖고있었다. 13 첫째, MA 15명, MWA 15명을대상으로비교하였기때문에선택오류가발생할수있다. 둘째, 이산화탄소자극의방법으로숨참기법 (breath-holding method) 을사용하였는데이방법은다소신뢰성이떨어지는검사라는점이다. 20 셋째, 연구의방법이전-후순환계에서 CVR 을동시에측정한결과가아니어서상대적인전-후순환계반응을측정하는결과의신뢰성을떨어뜨릴수있다. 이러한단점들을극복하기위해본연구에서는환자들을순차적으로모집하였고, 이산화탄소자극으로검사의재현성이떨어지는숨참기법대신생리적인재호흡법을사용하였으며, TCD 검사에서최근에개발된 PMD 와지속적인 BA의혈류를감시할수있는 BA 탐침고정자를이용하였다. 따라서본연구는기존의연구에비해결과의신뢰성을높였다는장점이있다. 대조군의전-후 CVR 수치는약 46% 로서로동일하였고 (p=0.942 by paired t-test), 피어슨상관계수 (r=0.859, p<0.001) 가양의선형상관관계를보였다. 본연구의결과각각동맥들의 CVR 은편두통과대조군사이에차이가없었다. 하지만흥미로운점은편두통환자군에서기 164 대한신경과학회지제 25 권제 2 호, 2007

5 편두통전조유무에따른대뇌혈관반응성 저동맥 CVR 의표준편차가대조군의 CVR 의표준편차와비교하여매우높았다는것 (24.5 vs 14.9) 이었다. 이결과는편두통환자의기저동맥 CVR 이환자에따라매우다를수있다는것을의미한다. 따라서본저자들은편두통환자의 CVR 결과를임상적아형에따라나누어비교하였다. 그결과기저동맥 CVR 은전조가있었던환자에서감소되고전조가없었던환자에서는증가되어, 기저동맥의 CVR 이편두통아형에따라구분되는결과를보였다. 본연구의결과전조가있었던환자의기저동맥 CVR 이떨어져있었던점은 Silvestrini 등의연구와일치하였다. 13 Silvestrini 등은 MA 가 MWA 에비해뇌경색의합병증이흔히나타나고, 병변은흔히뇌의후순환계에주로나타난다는사실에대해그원인이기저동맥의 CVR이떨어지기때문이라고설명한바있다. 13 이러한주장은최근이루어진인구학적연구들에서입증되었다. 한연구에서특히전조가있는젊은여자의편두통 (migraine with aura, MA) 에서경계형 (border zone) 소뇌경색의빈도가 12배까지높아지고, 이결과는통상적인뇌졸중의위험인자들과는상관없는결과였다. 5,6,21 또한 MA가 MWA 에비해뇌졸중의합병증이빈번히나타난다는결과는지금까지의단면연구나 22 대조군연구 23 및전향적인코호트연구와도일치했다. 5-7,24,25 기저동맥 CVR 의표준편차가높았던점은기저동맥의혈관반응성이서로다른 MA와 MWA 가합산된결과로사료된다. 따라서본연구는전조가있는경우에기저동맥의 CVR 이낮아서기존의결과인 MA 에서혈관반응성이떨어져전조시기에발생할수있는저관류 (hypoperfusion) 에의해후순환계의 MRI 상소뇌의경계성뇌경색이높아질수있다는주장을지지하였다. 5,13 또한본연구의결과에서 MWA 환자의 CVR 의표준편차가여전히큰것을볼수있었는데이결과는 MWA 환자들역시다양한기저동맥의혈관반응성을가지고있는아형들의합산일수있음을시사하였다. 임상적으로편두통을전조의유무에따라분류하는것이병태생리를이해하는데매우중요함에도불구하고아직까지논란이많다. Russell 등이 1953 년부터 1960 년까지덴마크에서태어난쌍둥이를대상으로연구를하였다. 연구자들은쌍둥이를일란성 (monozygotic) 과이란성 (dyzygotic) 으로분류하였고, 편두통을아형에따라 MWA 와 MA 로분류하여조사하였다. 결과는편두통이있었던일란성쌍둥이전체 (214 명 ) 에서아형이일치되는확률은 30% 였고편두통이있었던이란성쌍둥이전체 (391 명 ) 에서 16% 로아형에따라그특징이나뉘어졌다. 따라서그들은 MA 와 MWA 를유전적으로완전히다른병일것이라고주장하였다. 26 또한다른인구학적인연구에서도동일한결과를나타냈다. 27 최근편두통의병리기전에대한많은기능적영상 연구에서도 MA와 MWA 는서로상이하다는증거들이많이제시되었다. 28 또한 TCD를이용한연구결과에서도반복적인시각자극을주었을때전조가있는환자에서만자극에대한습관성이발생하지않는상이한결과를보였다. 29 이러한결과들과더불어본연구는기존에 MA 와 MWA 가서로다른특징을가지고있다는것을혈관반응성의관점에서뒷받침하는의의를갖는다. 본연구는다음과같은제한점이있다. 첫째, 기존연구들의단점이었던선택오류를줄이기위해서저자들은신경과에순차적으로내원하여새로진단된환자들만을대상으로하였지만임상적인기준에따른 2004 년 IHS 의분류가너무세분화되어있어서본연구에서배제된경우들이많았다 (11/47, 23%). 즉, 만성편두통같은경우는대조군이나편두통군과비교하여나이가많아비교연구의대상으로는적절하지않았고, 특징적인전조는있지만두통이없는그룹이나소아에서편두통의전구단계로여겨지고있는주기성증후군들도배제되었다. 따라서전체적인편두통환자들이대상으로포함되지못했다는제한점이있다. 둘째, 본연구역시대규모의환자를대상으로한결과는아니다. 따라서본연구의결과를조금더자세히확인하기위해서는향후전조의형태를보다구체적으로기술하여비교하는연구가필요할것으로사료되고분류에따른대규모코호트연구들이필요할것으로생각된다. 결론적으로편두통환자에서기저동맥의 CVR 은대조군보다높고, 이것은편두통의아형 ( 전조의유우 ) 에따라완전히다른결과를나타내었다. 즉 MA 에서는낮게 MWA 에서는높았다. 따라서본결과는임상적으로전조의유무를정하는것이편두통의발생기전과임상경과에서매우중요할수있으며두병이혈관반응성에서서로완전히다를수있음을시사하는결과였다. 따라서본연구는편두통이뇌의과흥분성뿐아니라뇌의후- 순환계혈관반응성도기전상중요할수있음을시사하는소견이며이를확인하기위해서는보다많은환자가포함되는대규모의전향적연구가필요할것으로판단된다. REFERENCES 1. Silberstein SD. Migraine. Lancet 2004;363: Moskowitz MA, Bolay H, Dalkara T. Deciphering migraine mechanisms: clues from familial hemiplegic migraine genotypes. Ann Neurol 2004;55: Welch KM. Brain hyperexcitability: The basis for antiepileptic drugs in migraine prevention. Headache 2005;45: Boska MD, Welch KM, Barker PB, Nelson JA, Schultz L. Contrasts in cortical magnesium, phospholipid and energy metabolism between migraine syndromes. Neurology 2002;58: J Korean Neurol Assoc Volume 25 No. 2,

6 5. Kruit MC, Launer LJ, Ferrari MD, van Buchem MA. Infarcts in the posterior circulation territory in migraine. The populationbased MRI CAMERA study. Brain 2005;128: Kruit MC, Launer LJ, Ferrari MD, van Buchem MA. Brain stem and cerebellar hyperintense lesions in migraine. Stroke 2006;37: Swartz RH, Kern RZ. Migraine is associated with magnetic resonance imaging white matter abnormalities: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol 2004;61: Diehl RR. Cerebral autoregulation studies in clinical practice. Eur J Ultrasound 2002;16: Rohrberg M, Brodhun R. Measurement of vasomotor reserve in the transcranial Doppler-CO 2 test using an ultrasound contrast agent (Levovist). Stroke 2001;32: Goadsby PJ. Migraine pathophysiology. Headache 2005;45: Dora B, Balkan S. Exaggerated interictal cerebrovascular reactivity but normal blood flow velocities in migraine without aura. Cephalalgia 2002;22: Kastrup A, Thomas C, Hartmann C, Schabet M. Cerebral blood flow and CO 2 reactivity in interictal migraineurs: a transcranial Doppler study. Headache 1998;38: Silvestrini M, Baruffaldi R, Bartolini M, Vernieri F, Lanciotti C, Matteis M, et al. Basilar and middle cerebral artery reactivity in patients with migraine. Headache 2004;44: Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgia, and facial pain. Cephalagia 2004;24: Hong JM, Shin DH, Huh K, Joo IS, Sin SK, Lee SN. Simultaneoudly measured CO 2 reactivity in the basilar and middle cerebral artery: the utilization of power M-mode Doppler and anterior-posterior probes fixating device. J Korean Neurol Assoc 2007;25: Barrett KM, Ackerman RH, Gahn G, Romero JM, Candia M. Basilar and middle cerebral artery reserve: A comparative study using transcranial Doppler and breath-holding techniques. Stroke 2001;32: Park JW, Lee YJ, Jung B, Lee KY, Kim SH, Kim HT, et al. Cerebral CO 2 vasoreactivity by transcranial Doppler with rebreathing method: comparison between ischemic stroke and normal control. J Korean Neurol Assoc 2004;22: Hoskin KL, Bulmer DC, Lasalandra M, Jonkman A, Goadsby PJ. Fos expression in the midbrain periaqueductal grey after trigeminovascular stimulation. J Anat 2001;198: Weiller C, May A, Limmroth V, Juptner M, Kaube H, Schayck RV, et al. Brain stem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med 1995;1: Daffertshofer M. Functional Doppler testing. In: Hennerici MG, Meairs SP. Cerebrovascular ultrasound: Theory, practice and future development. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001: Etminan M, Takkouche B, Isorna FC, Samii A. Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. BMJ 2005;330: Merikangas KR, Fenton BT, Cheng SH, Stolar MJ, Risch N. Association between migraine and stroke in a large-scale epidemiological study of the United States. Arch Neurol 1997;54: Henrich JB, Horwitz RI. A controlled study of ischemic stroke risk in migraine patients. J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42: Kruit MC, van Buchem MA, Hofman PA, Bakkers JT, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD, et al. Migraine as a risk factor for subclinical brain lesions. JAMA 2004;291: Kurth T, Slomke MA, Kase CS, Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM, et al. Migraine, headache, and the risk of stroke in women: a prospective study. Neurology 2005;64: Russell MB, Ulrich V, Gervil M, Olesen J. Migraine without aura and migraine with aura are distinct disorders. A population-based twin survey. Headache 2002;42: Russell MB, Rasmussen BK, Fenger K, Olesen J. Migraine without aura and migraine with aura are distinct clinical entities: a study of four hundred and eighty-four male and female migraineurs from the general population. Cephalalgia 1996;16: Cutrer FM, Black DF. Imaging findings of migraine. Headache 2006;46: Nedeltchev K, Arnold M, Schwerzmann M, Nirkko A, Lagger F, Mattle HP, et al. Cerebrovascular response to repetitive visual stimulation in interictal migraine with aura. Cephalalgia 2004;24: 대한신경과학회지제 25 권제 2 호, 2007

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