Archives of Hand and Microsurgery Arch Hand Microsurg 2019;24(1): pissn eissn Orig

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1 Archives of Hand and Microsurgery Arch Hand Microsurg 2019;24(1): pissn eissn Original Article 비 - 전신마취방법을통한소아방아쇠무지의교정 양태영ㆍ이태경ㆍ최진희ㆍ우상현 W 병원수부외과및미세재건센터 Non-General Anesthesia for the Correction of Pediatric Trigger Thumbs Tae Yeong Yang, Tae Kyung Lee, Jin Hee Choi, Sang Hyun Woo W Institute for Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, W General Hospital, Daegu, Korea Purpose: To report the outcome of non-general anesthesia methods for correction of 185 pediatric trigger thumbs. Methods: The corresponding author performed a total of 185 cases of pediatric trigger thumbs over the last 5 years with either cell-phone assisted local anesthesia or local injection with IV sedation under oxygen mask. The methods of nongeneral anesthesia, age of operation and operation time, and perioperative complications of both operation and anesthesia were assessed. Results: Mean operation age was 49.4 months. A total of 104 cases (56.2%) were operated under cell-phone assisted local anesthesia. In 72 cases (38.9%), the operations were performed under local injection with IV sedation. In 9 cases (4.9%), the anesthesia method was changed from cell-phone assisted local anesthesia to local injection with IV sedation due to noncooperation of the babies. Total operation time was 8 minutes and 49 seconds in cell-phone assisted local anesthesia and 7 minutes and 40 seconds in local injection with IV sedation. There were no intraoperative and postoperative complications related with either anesthesia or operation. Conclusion: Cell-phone assisted local anesthesia and local injection with IV sedation anesthesia under oxygen mask is a very useful method for the operation of pediatric trigger thumbs. It lessens the burden of anesthesia and operation to babies and their parents as well as even operators. Key Words: Pediatric trigger thumb, Non-general anesthesia 서론 소아방아쇠무지는무지의지간관절의굴곡구축을주된증상으로하며출생아의 0.3% 이하에서발견된다 년에처음으로장무지굴곡건의결절과건활주장애에대해보고된이후질환의원인, 유병률, 자연경과, 치료방법 에대해많은문헌이보고되었으나절대적인치료기준은정립되지않았다 1,4-10. 보존적치료로 22%-75% 에서자연적으로호전될수있고 1,2,7,11, 보호자를교육하여지속적으로관절운동을시행하거나지간관절을신전시키는야간부목을사용하는치료방법도있다 5,6,8. 보존적치료에호전이없는경우수술은대부분전신마취하에시행하고있으며진정유 Received October 19, 2018, Revised [1] December 3, 2018, [2] December 26, 2018, Accepted December 26, 2018 Corresponding author: Sang Hyun Woo W Institute for Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, W General Hospital, 1632 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42642, Korea TEL: , FAX: , handwoo@hotmail.com Copyright c 2019 by Korean Society for Surgery of the Hand, Korean Society for Microsurgery, and Korean Society for Surgery of the Peripheral Nerve. All Rights reserved. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10

2 Tae Yeong Yang, et al. Trigger Thumb 도를시행하는경우도드물게있다 1, 일반적으로 3세까지는지켜볼수있으나 1세이상의환아에서경직된변형이있는경우 15, 통증이있는경우, 양측성인경우 16 에는수술적치료가필요하다. 그러나 3세이후에도수술적치료를선호하지않는경향이있다. 이는수술후발생할수있는수술상처의감염및흉터, 지신경의손상과같은합병증이원인이될수있다. 그러나보호자들이나심지어집도의까지도수술은간단하지만전신마취에대한부담과예기치못한마취합병증에대한부정적인식이있어보인다. 이에본연구에서는비-전신마취방법으로수술적치료를시행한 185예의소아방아쇠무지환아의마취방법, 수술시기, 수술시간, 수술후마취및수술관련합병증을보고하고자한다. 대상및방법 본원에서는 2013년 4월부터 2018년 4월까지지난 5년간 185명의소아방아쇠무지환아에대해서수술적치료를시행하였다. 처음증상을발견했을때의나이, 외래초진연령, 수술적치료의시행연령, 이환부위및양측성여부, 외상의연관성여부, 동반질환을조사하였다. 영상의학적검사로단순방사선촬영및초음파검사를시행하여장무지굴곡건의비후와제1활차영역및주변부에서건활주가일어나는동안방아쇠운동의발생여부를확인하였다. 소아방아쇠무지로진단한경우보호자면담을시행하여관절운동의제한이없고걸리는양상만있는경우에는수동적신연운동과마사지등의보존적치료를먼저시행하였다. 이후 36개월까지증상호전이없는경우에만수술적치료를시행하였다. 또한증상을발견하고지간관절이펴져있는경우를보지못한경우에는 1세이상에서수술적치료를시행하였다. 마취방법에대해서설명후보호자와상의하고휴대전화기보조하국소마취수술또는케타민정맥하진정유도를통한국소마취등에대해모든가능성을설명하였다. 환아가입원하기전상기도감염증상등이있는경우수술의진행을치료판정에서최소 4주뒤로수술을연기하였다. 로의전환가능성을고려하여모든경우에수액연결을유지하였다. 첫번째정규수술에맞춰 8시간금식을시행하였다. 환아가수술장입구에도착하였을때협조가되는경우, 별도의진정유도없이보호자가동행하여수술장안까지걸어서들어온이후수술을준비하였다. 환아가협조가안되는경우에는수면마취유도제인케타민 mg/kg 을정맥하주입하여진정유도를하였으며, 호흡억제가능성에대비하여마취통증의학과전문의가산소포화도및전신상태를관찰하면서산소마스크를적용하여호흡을유지하였다. 수술부위를표시한이후 1% 리도카인 ml를근위부에주사하여국소마취를시행하였다. 마취시통증을최소화하기위하여얇은 26 gauge 주사바늘과상온의리도카인을사용하였으며주사바늘은가능한피부에수직으로진입을하고천천히주사를하였으며주입도중가능한한주사기가흔들리지않도록하였다 17. 환아의시야에서주사기를차단하였으며휴대전화기영상을통한시각적, 청각적유인과근위부완관절장측을살짝꼬집어마취통증을줄이는촉각적유인을시행하였다 (Fig. 1). 지혈대의압력을 200 mmhg 정도로올리면서환아가협조가된경우환아와보호자에게상완부에조이는느낌을있음을설명하였다. 2.5배의확대경보조하에서중수지관절의피부주름을따라절개를가하고연부조직을박리하였다. 요측지신경의손상에특히유의하면서제1활차를유리한이후장무지굴곡건의결절부위를확인하였다. 환아의지간관절을수동적으로움직이면서근위부및원위부 1. 수술및마취방법 소아환자의특수성을고려하여수술전일입원후수술 전혈액검사를시행하였으며진정유도및국소마취수술 Fig. 1. Intraoperatively, the baby is watching the favorite video game or movies with cell phone or tablet personal computer. 11

3 Archives of Hand and Microsurgery Vol. 24, No. 1, March 2019 에장무지굴근의활주를방해하는구조물이있는지확인하였다. 부-장무지굴곡건이확인되는경우절제를시행하였다. 휴대전화기보조하국소마취를시행한경우피부봉합후환아의지간관절의능동운동을통하여방아쇠운동의발생여부를보호자와확인하였다. 흡습성봉합사 (#5-0 Vicryl Rapide TM, Ethicon ) 를사용하여피부봉합을시행한이후압박소독및단상지무지수상부목 (short arm thumb spica splint) 을시행하였다. 휴대전화기보조하국소마취를시행한경우환자스스로수술방에서걸어서나오도록하였다. 케타민정맥하진정유도를시행한경우각성상태를확인한후퇴실을진행하고총수술시간및지혈대가적용된시간을기록하였다. 환아는수술후 1주일이전에단상지무지수상부목을제거하였다. 봉합사는수술후 2주째에제거하였고수술상처의흉터관리교육을시행하였다. 수술후굴곡구축및방아쇠운동의재발여부, 지신경의자극증상등의수술후합병증여부를외래방문을통한직접적인이학적검사로평가하였으며내원이불가능한경우는전화설문조사를시행하였다. 통계적분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics ver (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) 를사용하여유의수준 0.05에서검정하였다. 연속형자료를가지는변수의비교분석은 Shapiro-Wilk test를이용하여정규성여부를평가하였으며, 정규분포여부에따라 Student s t-test 또는 Mann-Whitney U-test를사용하였다. 이분형자료를가지는변수의비교분석은 chisquare test 또는 Fisher s exact test를사용하였다. 결과 185예의환아중남아가 90예 (48.6%), 여아가 95예 (51.4%) 였다. 병변은우측인환아가 83예 (44.9%), 좌측인 환아가 71예 (38.4%), 양측이었던경우가 31예 (16.7%) 에서있었는데편측성으로확인되었던 154예중 7예에서추후외래관찰중건측에서방아쇠운동이관찰되었다. 방아쇠무지가발견된나이는평균 30.8개월 ( 범위, 0-98개월 ) 이었으며보호자가출생당시에발견한경우는 2예가있었다. 수술적치료는평균 49.4개월 ( 범위, 22-99개월 ) 에진행되었으며 39예 (15.7%) 에서 36개월이전에수술을시행하였다. 동반된질환으로는염색체결손이 1예, 선천성심장기형이 2예, 발달성고관절이형성증이 1예, 잠복고환이 1예, 족부의합지, 다지기형이 2예에서확인되었다. 마취방법에대해서양측의소아방아쇠무지인경우 (OR=2.349, p=0.031), 연령이더어릴경우 (42.65 months vs months, p<0.05) 보호자가진정유도하국소마취수술을선택하는경향을보였다 (Table 1). 총 185예의환아중에서 113예 (61.1%) 의환아는 1% 리도카인과휴대전화기도움을통한국소마취하에서수술을진행하였다. 이중 9예 (4.9%) 의환아는협조가되지않아케타민정맥하진정유도를통한수술로전환하였다. 72예 (38.9%) 의환아는케타민정맥하진정유도및마취통증의학과전문의의산소마스크적용후수술적치료를진행하였다. 소독시작부터피부봉합후부목고정까지의총수술시간은휴대전화기보조하국소마취수술에서평균 8분 49 초로정맥하진정유도를통하여수술할때 (7분 40초 ) 보다길었다 (p<0.05). 이러한차이는양측방아쇠무지를수술했을때도나타냈다 (15분 37초 vs. 13분 47초, p<0.05) (Table 2, 3). 케타민정맥하진정유도를시행한환자에서진정이확인이된시점에서충분한의식회복을확인하는데평균 14분가량소요되어부목고정후에도각성상태를확인하기까지대기시간이소요되었다. 수술후봉합사제거를위하여수술후 2주째에외래진 Table 1. Demographic difference between groups of pediatric trigger thumb Characteristic intravenous sedative (n=81) cell-phone assisted (n=104) p-value Sex Male 37 (45.7) 53 (51.0) Female 44 (54.3) 51 (49.0) Bilaterality Unilateral 62 (76.5) 92 (88.5) Bilateral 19 (23.5) 12 (11.5) Operation age (mo) 42.65±10.85 (22-87) 56.35±20.85 (25-99) <0.05 Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation (range). The analysis was done with Student s t-test and chi-square test. 12

4 Tae Yeong Yang, et al. Trigger Thumb Table 2. Operation time of local injection with cell-phone assisted and intravenous sedative in unilateral pediatric trigger thumb Characteristic intravenous sedative (n=62) cell-phone assisted (n=92) p-value Total operation time 7 min 40 sec±24 sec 8 min 49 sec±23 sec <0.05 Tourniquet time 3 min 54 sec±19 sec 4 min 26 sec±19 sec <0.05 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. The analysis was done with Student s t-test. Table 3. Operation time of local injection with cell-phone assisted and intravenous sedative in bilateral pediatric trigger thumb Characteristic intravenous sedative (n=19) cell-phone assisted (n=12) p-value Total operation time 13 min 47 sec±44 sec 15 min 37 sec±32 sec <0.05 Tourniquet time 7 min 50 sec±32 sec 8 min 47 sec±18 sec <0.05 Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. The analysis was done with Mann-Whitney U-test. 료시마취합병증이의심되는발열또는상기도감염증상은관찰되지않았다. 전화설문조사와외래에서이학적검사를시행한 185예에서지신경손상증상, 수술상처문제, 방아쇠운동및굴곡구축의재발은발견되지않았다. 고찰 이상적인진정이란환자가수술중에두려움없이안락하고협조적인상태를말한다. 진정의각단계가명확히구분지어져있지는않지만미국마취과학회에서는진정의정도를최소진정부터중등도진정, 깊은진정, 전신마취의 4 단계로구분하였다. 본논문에서시행하는진정방법은중등도-깊은진정의중간정도의위치에해당하며이는전신마취에비해자발환기가능과심혈관계기능이생리적인장점이있다. 마취과의사에의해환자의상태를최적화하는감시하마취관리 (monitored anesthesia care, MAC) 를시행하여환자를관리하여깊은단계의진정상태로진행하는위험에노출되는것을막을수있다. 소아방아쇠무지수술중진정이깊어질수있는가능성에대해서소아마취의경험이풍부하고소아의기관삽관에능숙한마취통증의학과전문의의감시가필요하다. 전신마취시삽관및발관에영향을끼치는신경근차단제의작용시간은 15-95분으로알려져있으며나이, 장기부전, 흡입마취여부, 길항제의사용에따라달라진다 18. 전신마취를시행하는경우수술시간이짧아도수술후발관에수십분이소요된다. 본연구에서는편측소아방아쇠무지를 10분이하의시간에부분마취와수면마취를통하여수술이가능했다. 총수술시간은유의하게휴대전화기보조하국소마취수술에서길었다 (8분 49초 vs. 7분 40 초 ). 이는휴대전화기보조하국소마취수술을시행할때환아와보호자에게말을걸고설명을하면서환자의반응을보고피부소독을진행하는점, 수술중환아의움직임을좀더신경쓰면서수술을진행하는점, 보호자와함께지간관절의능동운동을확인하는점에서시간이소요되는것으로보인다. 휴대전화기보조하국소마취수술의시간이조금더길었으나지혈대통증이나타나는정도는아니었으며, 마취통증의학과전문의의감시가따로필요하지않고보호자가수술장애서굴곡구축의호전을확인하여수술후재활운동을독려할수있는장점이있다. 소아는해부학적으로기관삽관을위한접근이어려우며 19 조직학적으로늑간근피로에따른호흡부전의가능성이높다. 미주신경긴장도가높아저산소증이나기관에의흡입, 기관지경련에의한서맥이나심장마비에취약하다 20. 소아전신마취의위험성에대한집도의와보호자의불안감때문에환아는장기간무지의불편함을감수해야한다. 또한환아와보호자가받는장기간의보존적치료에의한스트레스는치료를포기하게만들수있다 8,12. 비-전신마취방법에수술은삽관이가질수있는위험성이없으며장기간의치료의부담을줄일수있다. 수술실안에서휴대전화기를사용하여환아에게서시각과청각의유인을통해환아의불안감을해소할수있으며보호자가수술에참여하여정서적인안정감을줄수있다. 최근건봉합, 건이전술, 건박리술등에각성국소마취및무지혈대 (wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet, WALANT) 수술이보고되고있다 21. WALANT 수술과유사하게휴대전화기보조하국소마취수술을시행하면활차유리후능동운동시방아쇠운동이일어나는지확인할수있어제1활차유리술이후에남을수있는방아쇠운동을 13

5 Archives of Hand and Microsurgery Vol. 24, No. 1, March 2019 예방하는데효과적이다. WALANT 수술은소아에서굴곡건의봉합, 수지골골절의고정, 간단한형태의소아선천성기형의처치를위한마취방법으로소개되고있다 21. 계속적으로소아선천성기형및외상에대한수술적마취방법으로적용이가능한영역을확대할필요가있다. 본연구에서는에피네프린을혼합한국소마취시 1/3정도에서발생할수있는 The Epinephrine Rush 로인해환아의동요과불안으로협조가되지않을경우진정유도가필요할가능성이높아질수있기때문에에피네프린을사용하지않았으며, 짧은수술시간동안적용한지혈대로인한통증을호소하는환아는없었다. 소아성방아쇠무지의치료중경직된방아쇠무지는빠른수술적치료를필요로한다. 악화되어경직된소아방아쇠무지는보존적치료에의한호전율이 25% 까지떨어질수있다 10. 또한경직된방아쇠무지환아는부목치료와도수치료에협조가떨어지고 4,12, 3-4세이후로수술이연기되면굴곡구축의호전이늦어지거나 10-15도가량의굴곡구축이남을수있다 1,22,23. 수술을하지않고방치하는경우이런문제들이생길수있는데전신마취의부담으로수술을꺼리는보호자와수술을시행하지않는집도의에게이런마취방법은쉽고간단하게시행될수있다. 본연구는비-전신마취방법에의한소아방아쇠무지의치료를소개하였으며 5세이하의저연령의소아를대상으로국소마취를통한수술적치료법의타당성을처음으로제시하였다. 향후정맥하진정유도방법으로전환되었던환아의요인을파악하기위한연구가필요하다. 결론 소아방아쇠무지의치료법중수술적치료법은전신마취수술에대한보호자와의료진의불안감으로선호되지않는경향이있다. 비-전신마취방법을통한제1활차유리술은보호자의불안감을해소하면서도보존적치료법의실패가능성을해결할수있다. 마취통증의학과의협조로소아와보호자를배려하여수술실에서환아의수술에대한경험을즐겁게만들어주는것이소아수술에서의병원과집도의의책임이다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors have nothing to disclose. REFERENCES 1. Ger E, Kupcha P, Ger D. The management of trigger thumb in children. J Hand Surg Am. 1991;16: Moon WN, Suh SW, Kim IC. Trigger digits in children. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26: Rodgers WB, Waters PM. Incidence of trigger digits in newborns. J Hand Surg Am. 1994;19: Jung HJ, Lee JS, Song KS, Yang JJ. Conservative treatment of pediatric trigger thumb: follow-up for over 4 years. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2012;37: Koh S, Horii E, Hattori T, Hiroishi M, Otsuka J. Pediatric trigger thumb with locked interphalangeal joint: can observation or splinting be a treatment option? J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32: Lee ZL, Chang CH, Yang WY, Hung SS, Shih CH. Extension splint for trigger thumb in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26: Mulpruek P, Prichasuk S. Spontaneous recovery of trigger thumbs in children. J Hand Surg Br. 1998;23: Nemoto K, Nemoto T, Terada N, Amako M, Kawaguchi M. Splint therapy for trigger thumb and finger in children. J Hand Surg Br. 1996;21: Ogino T. Trigger thumb in children: current recommendations for treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 2008;33: Watanabe H, Hamada Y, Toshima T, Nagasawa K. Conservative treatment for trigger thumb in children. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2001;121: Dunsmuir RA, Sherlock DA. The outcome of treatment of trigger thumb in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82: Giugale JM, Fowler JR. Trigger finger: adult and pediatric treatment strategies. Orthop Clin North Am. 2015;46: Marek DJ, Fitoussi F, Bohn DC, Van Heest AE. Surgical release of the pediatric trigger thumb. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36: e Skov O, Bach A, Hammer A. Trigger thumbs in children: a follow-up study of 37 children below 15 years of age. J Hand Surg Br. 1990;15: Kozin SH. Deformities of the thumb. In: Wolfe SW, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, Kozin SH, Cohen MS, editors. Green s operative hand surgery. 7th ed. Philadelphia: 14

6 Tae Yeong Yang, et al. Trigger Thumb Elsevier; Mauck BM. Congenital anomalies of the hand. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST, Campbell WC, editors. Campbell s operative orthopaedics. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; Strazar AR, Leynes PG, Lalonde DH. Minimizing the pain of local anesthesia injection. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;132: Debaene B, Plaud B, Dilly MP, Donati F. Residual paralysis in the PACU after a single intubating dose of nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with an intermediate duration of action. Anesthesiology. 2003;98: Koka BV, Jeon IS, Andre JM, MacKay I, Smith RM. Postintubation croup in children. Anesth Analg. 1977;56: Fiadjoe JE, Nishisaki A, Jagannathan N, et al. Airway management complications in children with difficult tracheal intubation from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation (PeDI) registry: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4: Lalonde DH. WALANT hand surgery in infants and children. In: Lalonde DH, editor. Wide awake hand surgery. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; Dinham JM, Meggitt BF. Trigger thumbs in children. A review of the natural history and indications for treatment in 105 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56: McAdams TR, Moneim MS, Omer GE Jr. Long-term follow-up of surgical release of the A(1) pulley in childhood trigger thumb. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;22:

7 Archives of Hand and Microsurgery Vol. 24, No. 1, March 2019 비 - 전신마취방법을통한소아방아쇠무지의교정 양태영ㆍ이태경ㆍ최진희ㆍ우상현 W 병원수부외과및미세재건센터 목적 : 185예의소아방아쇠무지에대해비-전신마취방법으로수술을시행한결과를보고한다. 방법 : 지난 5년동안교신저자는총 185예의소아방아쇠무지에대해휴대전화기도움을통한국소마취와케타민정맥하진정유도및산소마스크적용을통해수술을시행하였다. 비-전신마취방법의종류, 수술시기와수술후수술및마취와관계된합병증을분석하였다. 결과 : 수술은평균 49.4개월에진행되었다. 104예 (56.2%) 의환아에서휴대전화기도움을통한국소마취로수술을진행하였다. 72예 (38.9%) 의환아에서케타민정맥하진정유도를한후국소마취하에수술을진행하였다. 9예 (4.9%) 에서환아의협조가되지않아케타민정맥하진정유도를통한수술로전환하였다. 총수술시간은휴대전화기도움을통한국소마취로수술을하였을때평균 8분 49초, 케타민정맥하진정유도를한후국소마취로수술을하였을때평균 7분 40초가소요되었다. 수술후수술및마취와관련된합병증은없었다. 결론 : 휴대전화기도움을통한국소마취나케타민정맥하진정유도및산소마스크적용을통한수술진행은소아방아쇠무지의수술적치료에효과적이다. 이는환아와보호자뿐만아니라집도의에게도수술과마취합병증에대한부담을줄여줄수있다. 색인단어 : 소아성방아쇠무지, 비 - 전신마취 접수일 2018 년 10 월 19 일수정일 1 차 : 2018 년 12 월 3 일, 2 차 : 2018 년 12 월 26 일게재확정일 2018 년 12 월 26 일교신저자우상현 42642, 대구시달서구달구벌대로 1632, W 병원수부외과및미세재건센터 TEL FAX handwoo@hotmail.com 16

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