1 a), a), a) Fast block matching algorithm for constrained one-bit transform-based motion estimation using bi

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1 1 a), a), a) Fast block matching algorithm for constrained one-bit transform-based motion estimation using binomial distribution Hanjin Park a), Changryoul Choi a), and Jechang Jeong a),.,. 1, (binomial distribution). 1 PSNR (Peak signal-to-noise ratio). Abstract Many fast block-matching algorithms (BMAs) in motion estimation field reduce computational complexity by screening the number of checking points. Although many fast BMAs reduce computations, sometimes they should endure matching errors in comparison with full-search algorithm (FSA). In this paper, a novel fast BMA for constrained one-bit transform (C1BT)-based motion estimation is proposed in order to decrease the calculations of the block distortion measure. Unlike the classical fast BMAs, the proposed algorithm shows a new approach to reduce computations. It utilizes the binomial distribution based on the characteristic of binary plane which is composed of only two elements: 0 and 1. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm keeps its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performance very close to the FSA-C1BT while the computation complexity is reduced considerably. Keyword : Constrained one-bit transform, motion estimation, early termination, binomial distribution, block matching algorithm a) Department of Electronics Computer Engineering, Hanyang University : (jjeong@ece.hanyang.ac.kr) (201188),( ),( ).

2 . 80%. (Block Matching Algorithm : BMA) [1,2].. (Full Search Algorithm : FSA).., 1 (one-bit transform : 1BT) [3], 2 (two-bit transform : 2BT) [4] 1 (constrained one-bit transform : C1BT) [5,6].,. 1BT. 2BT C1BT 1BT., 1BT C1BT (1BT) 1BT (1) 17 17,.. 1BT (1). i f (2). i f. 1. 1BT () (Sum of Absolute Differ- ences) Exclusive-OR (XOR) (Number of Non-Matching Points). (Candidate Motion Block : CMB), N N,. XOR, (current) (reference).

3 . (4) (C1BT) C1BT 1BT PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio). PSNR C1BT (Constraint Mask : CM). i f C1BT (Binomial distribution), C1BT PSNR. [7] 1BT. 1BT PSNR. 1BT PSNR C1BT 1BT PSNR.. (5) 2BT C1BT, 1BT CM. C1BT 1BT PSNR. 10, 1BT C1BT (Constrained ) (6). OR AND, 1BT. 1BT PSNR. 1BT. 1BT 0 1 (Bernoulli trials). (Independent)

4 . 1 p (N N) n (8) n p. ( ) () ( ). 1BT.,..,. 1.. p, q (=1-p), n,,,.,,. n (skew), (normal distribution). 2., XOR ( ).., , (Hamming weight).

5 . XOR , XOR 1. (3) (, )., XOR XOR 1., (15). (15) LUT (Look Up Table). (8). n and,.... ( ) (pseudo).. ( ) ( )

6 XOR 1BT (21).. (17) XOR 1, (cumulative distribution function : cdf). 1. k Table 1. The probability which the is within the criterion range with variations of k k % (18) (19). (8). 1 PSNR. 0, PSNR. (21).. (20) [4]., (9). C1BT,. C1BT

7 C1BT,. (6) CM,,,.,. 1.. ( ) ( ), (6). 1 AND (23),. 2. and C1BT... C1BT,., C1BT. C1BT. C1BT.. (23) (26) 1 1..

8 .. 3.,., 1BT C1BT. (21). (21) 256 (28) (21). 1, LUT. LUT LUT , x16 Table 2. Number of operations per 16x16 Motion Block CNNMP (m,n) A (m,n) (μσ±kσ)/ x XOR OR AND Memory Access in LUT (28) 256 XOR, OR, AND ,.... (28).

9 . 1.. Akiyo, Football, Foreman, Hall, Mobile CIF ( , 100 frames) ±16 (spiral).. ANSP (Average number of search positions per block), 1 (28) PSNR. PSNR. log 1. Fig. 1. Overall flowchart of the proposed algorithm

10 3,,,,. 3,., () MAD (Minimum Absolute Difference) 2BT, 1BT, C1BT, 1BT [7], C1BT PSNR ANSP. ANSP. ANSP 5. 4 PSNR C1BT 0.15dB,. ANSP 62.3%, 71.66%. PSNR 1BT, 1BT C1BT 2BT. 1 PSNR PSNR (db) ANSP ( ) Table 3. Average PSNR (db) and ANSP (Searching points) according to the evaluation factors Method \ Sequences Akiyo Football Foreman Hall Mobile Average C1BT with NNMPEX C1BT with CNNMPEX PSNR ANSP PSNR ANSP PSNR (db) ANSP Table 4. Average PSNR (db) and ANSP gain (%) for various sequences Method \ Sequences Akiyo Football Foreman Hall Mobile Average MAD BT [4] BT [3] BT with early termination [7] C1BT [5] C1BT with early termination ANSP gain (%) with early termination

11 5. k PSNR (db) ANSP ( ) Table 5. PSNR (db) and ANSP (Searching points) with variations of k Test Sequences C1BT C1BT with variations of k Akiyo Football Foreman Hall Mobile PSNR ANSP PSNR ANSP PSNR ANSP PSNR ANSP PSNR ANSP PSNR Rate Average ANSP Rate Gain (%) PSNR ANSP. 5 PSNR. PSNR. 1 PSNR ANSP 26%, dB ( Football ) PSNR ANSP 78.8%. Akiyo Hall PSNR... C1BT...

12 [1] Information Technology Coding of Audio Visual Objects Part 2 : Visual, JTC1/SC29/WG11, ISO/IEC (MPEG-4 Visual), [2] Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services, ITU-T Recommendation H.264, May [3] B. Natarajan, V. Bhaskaran, and K. Konstantinides, Low-complexity Block-based Motion Estimation via One-Bit Transforms, IEEETrans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol.7,no.5,pp , Aug [4] A. Erturk and S. Erturk, Two-Bit Transform for Binary Block Motion Estimation, IEEE Trans. Circuits Sys. Video Technol., vol.15, no.7, pp , July2005 [5] O. Urhan and S. Erturk, Constrained one-bit transform for low complexity block motion estimation, IEEE Tans. Circuits and Syst. Video Technol., vol.17, no.4, pp , April2007. [6] O. Urhan Constrained one-bit transform based fast block motion estimation using adaptive search range," IEEE Tans. Consumer Electron, vol.56, no.3, Augst [7] H. Park, C. Choi, J. Jeong, Early termination algorithm for one-bit transform-based motion estimation using binomial distribution," WIAMIS April : ~ : ~ : - :,, : : ~ : - : Digital Watermarking,, : : KAIST : ~ 1986 : KBS ( ) ~ 1991 : ( ) ~ 1995 : (MPEG, HDTV, ) ~ : ( ) : : : IEEE Chester Sall Award : ETRI Journal Paper Award : 46 - :,, 3DTV

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