46-4대지.6이희연

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1 Growth Pattern and Spatial Distribution of One-person Households by Socio-Economic Demographic Characteristicsc Hee Yeon Lee* Noh Seung Chul** Choi Eun Young Abstract This paper aims to describe the rapid growth of the one-person households in terms of the socio-economic demographic perspectives during the period of and to analyze the spatial distribution patterns based on different characteristics of one-person households. The increase in the divorce ratio in the middle-aged, the growth of unmarried people the young generation, and the increase of life expectancy in the old generation are explanatory factors for the rise and diversification of one-person households in Korea. The rapid increase of one-person households is accompanied by a diversification in their age, gender, marital status, education level. Uneven distribution of oneperson households depends on their age, level of education and dwelling type. Highly educated young adults residing in their own apartment are generally concentrated in major cities, whereas senior citizen with their own single house who lives alone are mostly in rural area. One-person households of the highly educated young adults are significantly polarized in the light of their the living standards. In particular, metropolitan area or big cities are mixed with those (Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University), leehyn@snu.ac.kr (Ph.D Student, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University), goonise@snu.ac.kr (deputy director, Statistical Research Institute), choiey@korea.kr 480

2 who have their own apartment and are financially capacity and with those who rent in a detached single house. As such, one-person households have considerably heterogeneous characteristics. Therefore, each local government will face different economic and social problems based on which group of one-person households are increasing and where they are concentrated in. To this extent, the local government should have differentiated welfare policy according to its own respect. : one-person households, spatial distribution, growth pattern, socio-economic demographic characteristics (Hall et al., 1997; Kaufman, 1994; Koesoebjono, 1984; Kramarow, 1995; Wall, 1989; Witte & Lahmann, 1988)

3 ) Koesoebjono(1984) (Kaufman, 1994) 1 (Witte & Lahmann, 1988) 1 (Hall et al., 1997) 1 1 (Beland, 1987; Kendig & McCallum, 1986; Kramarow, 1995) 482

4 1 (Haurin et al., 1997; Young, 1987) 1 (Glick, 1994) Wulff(2001) Ogden & Hall(2000) 1 Hall & Ogden(2003) 1 1 (Banks, et al., 2009; Bennelt & Dizon, 2006;, Chandler et al., 2004; Quintan et al., 2006) 1 1 (Gram-Hassen et al., 2009; Williams, 2007) 1 1 (co-housing, collaborative housing)

5 Table 1. The growth of one-person households and change of the proportion by marital status (1 ) Source: Statistics, Population Census (unit; thousand households, %) household households marriage status year all one-person proportion unmarried divorced widowed married ,958 1, ,312 2, ,887 3, growth 2,929 1, growth % 93.1% % 268.5% 71.8% 85.0% rate rate 484

6 Fig 1. Population pyramid of one-person households with marital status by gender and age, 2005 (, 1, 2005 )

7 Fig.2. Growth trend of one-person households by gender and age, ( 1,, ) Table 2. The proportion of the unmarried in the growth of one-person households by age, ( 1 1, ) growth Note 1): The proportion of unmarried households in one-person household growth by age in ) The proportion of male household in one person household growth by age in growth (unit: households, %) age all unmarried unmarried male(%) 2) age all unmarried unmarried male (%) 1) (%) 1) (%) 2) ,475 32, ,644 10, , , ,827 5, , , ,621 3, , , ,004 1, ,756 76, , ,319 46, , ,991 21, above 85 25,

8 (%) (%) M F Fig.3 The changing trend of proportion of one-person households by sex and age, (, 1, ) (%) male(dong) male(eup, myeon) female(dong) female(eup, myeon) Fig.4. The comparison of age distribution of one-person households in urban and rural area, 2005 (, 1, 2005 ) 487

70 1 1 10 1 1 3 1 10 64 41 6 1 1995 1 20 2005 32 8 2005 1 10 3 2005 1 Table 3.

9 Table 3. The growth of one-person households by education levels, (1, ) (Unit: household, %) household proportion household proportion growth growth rate share uneducated 343, , , elementary 269, , , middle sch. 171, , , high sch. 528, , , university 307, , , graduated 21, , , total 1,642, ,170, ,528, Fig.5. Population pyramid of one-person households with education levels, 2005 (, 1, 2005 ) 488

10 Table 4. The change of home-ownership type in one-person households, (1, 1995~2005 ) (Unit: household, %) households ratio households ratio owner 538,378 (32.8) 985,764 (31.1) lease 510,476 (31.1) 762,482 (24.0) rent 513,350 (31.3) 1,269,520 (40.0) free 80,202 (4.9) 152,813 (4.8) total 1,642,406 (100) 3,170,759 (100) Table 5. The change of housing type in one-person households, (1,1995~2005 ) detached house (Unit: household, %) households ratio households ratio 1,265, ,056, apartment 186, , multi-units house efficiency apartment 86, , , , non-residential 90, , total 1,642, ,170,

11 Table 6. The ratio of housing type by home-ownership according to the education level and age of one-person households, 2005 (1, 2005) (Unit: %, household) owner rent detached APT multi-unit detached others total APT multi-unit house house house house others total family households ,759, ,323,233 under , , , ,550 under under , ,976 high , ,420 school , , , ,689 oneperson Total , ,186,245 under , , , ,740 over over , ,524 univer , ,594 -sity -sity , , , ,175 Total , ,

12 Table 7. The ratio of housing type by rent status according to education level and age of one-person households, 2005 ( 1, 2005) lease rent (Unit: %, household) detached APT multi-unit detached others Total APT multi-unit others Total house house house house family households ,725, ,597,234 one- under under , ,749 oneperson high , ,831 school under , ,417 high , ,528 school , , , ,958 Total , ,783 over under , ,996 univer , ,427 -sity over , ,823 univer , ,820 -sity , , , ,928 Total , ,

13 Table 8. Comparison of top 10 regions in the proportion of one-person households aged and above 65 ( , 2005 ) rank region proportionof proportion of above age age 20-39(%) rank region one-person (%) one-person(%) 65 (%) 1 Gwanak-gu Imsil-gun Gangnam-gu Gokseong-gun Yuseong-gu Boseong-gun Siheung-shi Damyang-gun Gwangjin-gu Hapcheon-gun Mapo-gu Hampyeong-gun Osan-shi Uiryeong-gun Suwon-shi Namhae-gun Seocho-gu Jangseong-gun Seo-gu in Daejeon Suncheon-gun

29-39 agede (%) above 65 (%) <10 10-20 20-40 40-60 >60 <10 10-20 20-40 40-60 >60 Fig 6. Spatial distribution of the proportion of one-person households aged 20-39 and above 65.

14 29-39 agede (%) above 65 (%) < >60 < >60 Fig 6. Spatial distribution of the proportion of one-person households aged and above 65. ( , 2005 ) Table 9. Grouping of one-person households by socio-economic demographic characteristics (1 ) group group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 characteristics(age, education level, ownership, housing type) age 25-44, university, owner, APT age 25-44, university, rent, detached house above 65, under high-school, owner, detached house above 65, under high-school, rent, detached house 493

25-44 aged group group 1 (households) 250~350 251~500 501~750 751~1,000 1,001~1,636 group 2 (households) 900~1,200 1,201~1,500 1,501~2,500 2,501~4,000 4,001~17,139 above 65 aged group group 3

16 25-44 aged group group 1 (households) 250~ ~ ~ ~1,000 1,001~1,636 group 2 (households) 900~1,200 1,201~1,500 1,501~2,500 2,501~4,000 4,001~17,139 above 65 aged group group 3 (households) 1,400~2,000 2,000~2,500 2,501~3,000 3,001~4,000 4,001~6,191 group 4 (households) 250~ ~ ~ ~1,000 1,001~1,437 Fig.7. Comparison of spatial distribution patterns of one-person households by groups, 2005 ( 1, 2005 ) 495

17 a number of one-person proportion of one-person rank 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group rank 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group Nowon Gwanak Gyeongju Busanjin Gwanak Gokseong Gangseo 1 Nowon-gu -gu -gu shi -gu -gu gun -gu Goyang Gangnam Goheung Gyerong Gangnam Boseong Jung-gu Jeju shi 2 shi -gu gun shi -gu gun in DG Suwon Suwon Sangju Yuseong Uiryeong Gijang Masan shi 3 Yongin shi shi shi shi -gu gun gun Yongin Cheongju Pohang Dong-gu Dongjak Hampyeong Seo-gu 4 Gunpo shi shi shi shi in DG -gu gun in DG Gangnam- Seo-gu Seongnam Seo-gu Gwangjin Namhae Seogwipo Naju shi 5 gu in DJ shi in GJ -gu gun shi Cheonan Dongjak Jeongeup Seo-gu Namyangju Gyeongsan Ulleung 6 Imsil gun shi -gu gun in DG shi shi gun Jeonju shi Mapo-gu Haenam Suwon Buk-gu Sunchang Dong-gu 7 Seocho-gu gun shi in US gun in DG Buk-gu Gwangjin Buk-gu Seo-gu Hapcheon Miryang shi 8 Seocho-gu in GJ -gu in DG in DJ gun Jinhae shi Anyang Seongnam Gwangju Nam-gu Gangjin Dong-gu Gimje shi Pohang shi 9 shi shi shi in US gun in BS Cheongju Changwon Suncheon Dalseo Dobong Nam-gu Damyang Jung-gu 10 shi shi gun -gu -gu in DG gun in US Seongnam Jeonju Geumjeong Gyeyang Changwon Goheung Geumjeong Jinju shi 11 shi shi -gu -gu shi gun -gu 12 Seocho-gu Ansan An-dong Dongdae Anyang Sancheong Dongnae 12 Mapo-gu shi shi mun-gu shi gun -gu Bucheon Gyeongsan Uiseong gun Haeundae 13 Jung-gu Jindo gun Busanjin Dalse-gu shi shi -gu in DG -gu Seo-gu Hapcheon Jeonju Goyang Suseong Yecheon Seocho-gu 14 in DJ gun shi shi -gu gun 15 Dalseo-gu Cheonan Jeju shi Table 10. The number and proportion of one-person households of highest 10% by groups, 2005 ( 1 10%, 2005 ) Nam-gu Nma-gu Dong-gu 15 in DG in GJ in GJ Sinan gun Yeonje-gu Jeju shi Seo-gu Bucheon Buk-gu Chuncheon Jangheung Nam-gu Goyang shi Iksan shi 16 in GJ shi in GJ shi gun in DG Haeundae- Gimcheon Yeongde Haeundae Seo-gu Uiseong Seo-gu Dalseo-gu 17 gu shi ungpo-gu -gu in GJ gun in BS Buk-gu Dongdae Changnye Gyeongju Gwacheon Jeonju Jangseong Yeongdo 18 in DG mun-gu ong gun shi shi shi gun -gu Gangseo Nam-gu Boseong Suseong Seodae 19 Gimpo shi -gu in US gun -gu mun-gu Jangsu gun Sasang-gu 496

18 a number of one-person proportion of one-person rank 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group rank 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group 20 Yeongde Songpa Yeosu Dongnae Yangsan Gwacheon Cheongdo Masan shi 20 ungpo-gu -gu shi -gu -gu shi gun 21 Songpa Buk-gu Yeongcheon Sasang Uiwang Hamyang Dongdu 21 Dalseo-gu -gu in GJ shi -gu shi gun cheon shi 22 Bupyeong Seodae Gochang Jinju shi Seo-gu Gochang Yeongju 22 Gumi shi -gu mun-gu gun in IC gun shi 23 Mapo-gu Chuncheon Nonsan Gimhae Buk-gu Hanam 23 Yeonsu-gu Gunwi gun shi shi shi in DG shi highest 23,269 95, ,454 21,202 range range of proportion of proportion of cites of in cites highest in highest 10% 10% 10% (38.2%) (48.7%) (26.5%) (29.5%) range 6.4~ ~ ~ ~4.1 highest 46, , ,312 47,983 range range of proportion of proportion of cites of in cites highest in highest 30% 30% 30% (77.1%) (83.3%) (60.3%) (65.0%) range 6.4~ ~ ~ ~2.8 Total 60, , ,108 73,874 mean 1.4% 4.0% 23.4% 2.4% Note. SE-Seoul, BS-Busan, DG-Daegu,IC-Incheon, GJ-Gwangju, DJ-daejeon, US-Ulsan

19 Kwon, J. A., Lee, Y. J., and Choi, H. K., 2007, The Prospect of Housing Demand and Supply for One-person households, Korea housing institute, Seoul. Kim, H. Y., 2007, Sense of Family and Living Conditions of Unmarried One-person Households, Korea women's development institute, Seoul. Banks, L., Haynes, P. and Hill, M., 2009, Living in single person households and the risk of isolation in later life, International Journal of Aging and Later Life, 4(1), Bennelt, J. and Dixon, S., 2006, Single Person Households and Social Policy: Looking Forwards, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Beland, F., 1987, Living arrangement preference among elderly people, Gerontologist, 27(6),

20 Byun, M. r., Shin, S. Y. and Cho, K. J., 2008, Single person household and urban policy in Seoul, Seoul development institute, Seoul. Chandler, J., Williams, M., Maconachie, M., Collet, T.and Dodgeon, B., 2004, Living alone: its place in household formation and change, Sociological Research Online, 9(3), Cha, K. W., 2006, Economic structure of male oneperson households, Journal of Korean home management association, 24(1), (in Korean). Cho, J. H. and Kim, J. W., 2010, A study on characteristics of housing demand of singleperson households, Journal of the Korea real estate analysis association, 16(4), 33-52(in Korean). Cho, M. E., 2002, A study of housing design guidelines for the single household, Journal of Korean home management association, 20(6), (in Korean). Glick, P., 1994, Living alone during middle adulthood, Sociological Perspectives, 37(3), Gram-Hanssen, K., Scherg, R. and Christensen, R., 2009, One-person households: a growing challenge for sustainablity and housing policy, Paper presented at the ENHR 2009 conference in Prague, Workshop 7: Challenges for Housing and Urban Sustainable Development in the Perspective of Rapid Global Change. Hall, R, Odgen, P. and Hill, C., 1997, The pattern and structure of one-person households in England Wales and French, International Journal of Population Geography, 3(2), Hall., R. and Ogden, P., 2003, The rise of living alone in inner London trends among the population of working age, Environment and Planning A, 35(5), Haurin, J., Haurin, D., Hendershortt, P. and Bourassa, S., 1997, Home or alone: the costs of independent living for youth, Social Science Research, 26, Kaufman, J., 1994, One person households in Europe, Population, 49(4-5), Kendig, H. and McCallum, J., 1986, Greying Australia: Future Impacts of Population Ageing, Migration, Committee, National Population Council, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Kim, O. Y., and Moon, Y. K., 2009, Housing analysis of one person household, Journal of the residential environment institute of Korea, 7(2), 37-53(in Korean). Kim, Y. H. and Chae, J. S., 2005, The financial status of single households, Journal of the korean home economics association, 43(1), (in Korean). Koesoebjono, S., 1984, Trends of one-person households in Netherlands, : a demographic analysis, Population and Family in the Low Countries, IV, Voorburg, Netherlands Kramarow, E., 1995, The elderly who love alone in the United States: historical perspectives on household change, Demography, 32(3), Lee, Y. J., and Kim, S. M., 2004, The economic status and an analysis of the expenditure of the single elderly household of men and women", Journal of the korean home economics association, 42(12), (in Korean). Ogden, P. and Hall, R., 2000, Households, reurbanization and the rise of living alone in the principal French cities, , Urban Studies, 37(2), Park, J. H., 2007, A study on the analysis of distribution and socio-demographic characteristics of one person household in Seoul, Masters thesis, The university of Seoul. Quintano, C. and D'Agostino, A., 2006, Studying inequality in income distribution of singleperson households in four developed countries, Review of Income and Wealth, 52(4), Shim, Y., 2002, An exploratory study on the economic 499

21 life of single households, Journal of Korean home management association, 20(6), (in Korean). Shin, E. J., and Ahn, K. H., 2010, The factors affecting on the residential location choice of single person households across income levels, Journal of Korea planners association, 45(4), 69-79(in Korean). Shin, S. Y., 2010, A study on the spatial distribution of one person households, Journal of Korea planners association, 45(4), 81-95(in Korean). Song, Y. J., 2007, Characteristics of the one-person households of the elderly during widowhood, The Korean journal of community living science, 18(1): (in Korean). Statistics Korea, 2009, Social Survey(Welfare Culture and Leisure Income and Consumption Labor Social Participation). Sung, J. M. and Lee, Y. J., 2001, The economic status and inequality of the single elderly households, Journal of the korean home economics association, 39(2), (in Korean). Wall, R., 1989, Leaving homes and living alone: an historical perspective, Population Studies, 43(3), Williams, J., 2007, Innovative solutions for averting a potential resource crisis: the case of one-person households in England and Wales, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 9, Witte, J. and Lahmann, 1988, Formation and dissolution of one-person households in the United States and West Germany, Sociology and Social Research, 73(1), Wulff, M., 2001, Growth and change in one person households: implications for the housing market, Urban Policy and Research, 19(4), Young, C., 1987, Young People Leaving Home in Australia: The Trend Towards Independence, Department of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra. Yuh, Y. K., 2003, Consumption patterns of the elderly couple and elderly single, Journal of Korean home management association, 21(5), 1-12(in Korean) leehyn@snu.ac.kr Correspondence: Lee Hee Yeon, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, 599, Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, , Korea( leehyn@snu.ac.kr, phone: , fax: ) 500

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