DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

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1 Transactions of KSAE, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp (2007) Copyright C 2007 KSAE /2007/ 가솔린과 LPG 예혼합압축착화엔진의노킹특성 염기태 배충식 * 한국과학기술원기계공학과 Knock Characteristic Analysis of Gasoline and LPG Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine Kitae Yeom Choongsik Bae * Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon , Korea (Received 19 July 2006 / Accepted 15 November 2006) Abstract : The knock characteristics in an engine were investigated under homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)and gasoline were used as fuels and injected at the intake port using port fuel injection equipment. Di-methyl ether (DME) was used as an ignition promoter and was injected directly into the cylinder near compression top dead center (TDC). A commercial variable valve timing device was used to control the volumetric efficiency and the amount of internal residual gas. Different intake valve timingsand fuel injection amounts were tested to verify the knock characteristics of the HCCI engine. The ringing intensity (RI) was used to define the intensity of knock according to the operating conditions. The RI of the LPG HCCI engine was lower than that of the gasoline HCCI engine at every experimental condition. The indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) dropped when the RI was over 0.5 MW/m2and the maximum combustion pressure was over 6.5 MPa. There was no significant relationship between RI and fuel type. The RI can be predicted by the crank angle degree (CAD) at 50 CA. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were minimized at high RI conditions. The shortest burn duration under low RI was effective in achieving low HC and CO emissions. Key words : HCCI(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition: 예혼합압축착화 ), VVT(Variable Valve Timing: 가변밸브기구 ), DME(Di-methyl Ether), Knocking( 노킹 ), Gasoline( 가솔린 ), LPG(Liquefied Petroleum Gas: 액화석유가스 ), RI(Ringing Intensity) Nomenclature 1) λ : relative air fuel ratio : crank angle degree : specific heat ratio N : cycles P : cylinder combustion pressure Q : heat release * Corresponding author, csbae@kaist.ac.kr R : gas constant T : cylinder charge temperature V : cylinder volume 1. 서론예혼합압축착화 (HCCI: homogeneous charge compression ignition) 엔진은낮은질소산화물 (NOx: nitric oxide) 배출량과높은연료경제성으로인하여최근많은연구가활발하게이루어지고있다. 1) 54

2 가솔린과 LPG 예혼합압축착화엔진의노킹특성 HCCI 엔진은예혼합된혼합기를연소에사용하는스파크점화 (SI: spark ignition) 엔진의특성과흡입된혼합기를압축열과압력에의하여착화시키는압축착화 (CI: compression ignition) 엔진의특성을모두갖고있다. 1,2) HCCI 엔진은연소실내부전체에서혼합기가동시에자발점화하고화염전파가없으므로연소시간이짧다. 2,3) 옥탄가 (octane number) 가높은연료를 HCCI 엔진에사용하는경우혼합기가연료의높은자발화 (auto-ignition) 온도에도달하여압축착화를이룰수있도록높은압축비 (compression ratio) 또는많은양의잔류가스 (internal residual gas) 가필요로하게된다. 4-6) 그러나높은압축비와잔류가스율은연소를촉진시키는연구결과가발표되었고이에따라이른시기에연소가이루어지게되어압축손실이증가하게되므로높은출력을위하여적절한시기에연소가일어나기위해서공기과잉율 (λ: relative air fuel ratio) 을낮추는것은불가능하다. 7-9) 낮은공기과잉율에서운전이제한되는또다른이유는급격한연소로인하여연소압력이과다상승하게되고또한연소압력상승률도증가하여소음이발생하며심한경우엔진이손상되기때문이다. 이러한특성으로인하여예혼합압축착화엔진의고부하운전영역한계를규정할필요가있다. SI 엔진의노킹 (knock) 현상은엔진의출력을저하시키고엔진손상을유발할가능성이높기때문에노킹에대한활발한연구가수행되어왔다. 노킹의강도를판단하는방법으로다음과같은네가지의방법이있다. 10) 1) 연소압력차이의최대치를이용한방법 2) 연소압력의상승률을이용한방법 3) 노킹으로인한진동해석을이용한방법 4) 열방출율해석을이용한방법연소압력차이의최대치를이용한방법은노킹으로인한압력변동의최대와최소치의차이로노킹강도를표현하였다. 11) 그러나이러한방법은엔진의운전조건과연소실형상등에의한차이가미치는영향을배제하기힘든단점이있다. 10) 따라서노킹으로인한연소압력상승률을이용하여노킹강도를판정하는방법도사용되었다. 연소압력상승률을이용할경우엔진의운전조건등의영향을배제 하기위하여연소압력의 3차미분값의최대치를이용하여노킹강도를판정하는방법이사용되었다. 12) 노킹에의한급격한압력상승이진동의형태를갖고있음에착안하여주파수대역의윈도우에너지 (window energy) 해석을수행한경우도보고되었다. 13,14) 또한, 연소압력을대역통과필터 (band pass filter) 를사용하여처리하고이를바탕으로 IMPO (integral of modulus of pressure oscillation), MAPO (maximum amplitude of pressure oscillation), IMPG (integral of modulus of pressure gradient) 등의방법을이용하여노킹강도를판정한연구결과도발표되었다 ) 그러나 SI 방식의엔진에서노킹발생기구가 HCCI 엔진의노킹과다른점에착안하여새로운방법을이용하여 HCCI 엔진의노킹강도를판정해야하는필요성이제기되었다. 그리고노킹강도 (RI: ringing intensity) 를식 (1) 과같이고안하였다. 19) 그리고 RI를이용한 HCCI 노킹강도해석결과가발표되었다. 20,21) (1) 따라서본연구에서는연소상 (combustion phase) 제어를위해 DME(di-methyl ether) 직접분사 (direct injection) 장치와가변밸브기구가장착된가솔린과액화석유가스 (LPG: liquefied petroleum gas) HCCI 엔진에서노킹강도판정방법을이용하여고부하운전영역한계를파악하고가솔린과 LPG HCCI 노킹특성을비교하고흡기밸브개폐시기와공기과잉율이고부하운전영역확장에미치는영향관계를규명하고자하였다. 2. 실험장치및실험방법 2.1 실험장치 실험장치는 Fig. 1에서나타내었다. 본연구에사용된엔진은 4행정, 단기통, 더블오버헤드캠축 (DOHC: double over head camshaft) 가변밸브엔진이다. 엔진의제원은 Table 1에나타내었다. 흡기밸브의열림과닫힘시기는크랭크각도 40 (CAD: crank angle degree) 까지변화시킬수있으나흡기밸브열 Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 15, No. 3,

3 Kitae Yeom Choongsik Bae Table 1 Engine specifications Bore (mm) 82 Stroke (mm) 93.5 Compression ratio 13 Displacement (cc) 494 Intake / Exhaust valve opening duration (CAD) 228 / 228 Intake / Exhaust valve lift (mm) 8.5 / 8.4 Intake valve open (BTDC) -11 ~ 29 Valve timing Intake valve close (ABDC) 59 ~ 19 (CAD) Exhaust valve open (BBDC) 42 Exhaust valve close (ATDC) 6 DME injection pressure (MPa) 5 DME injector type Slit injector 림기간 (valve duration) 은고정되어있다. 엔진의부하와회전수제어는교류 (AC: alternating current) 다이나모미터 (82 kw, Unico Co.) 를사용하였다. DME 직접분사를위해본연구에서는연소실에슬릿 (slit) 분사구를가진인젝터 (Denso Co.) 를장착하였다. DME는질소를이용하여 5 MPa로가압된상태로슬릿인젝터를이용하여액상으로분사된다. 균일한혼합기를만들기위하여가솔린은배기행정중가솔린용포트분사인젝터 (port fuel injector) 를이용하여흡기매니폴드에분사하였다. LPG 연료공급장치는 LPG를질소가스로가압하여액상으로유지하는시스템과인젝터 (Siemens Co.) 및인젝터부근에적체되는액상의연료가엔진의운전열에의해서기화되는현상을방지하기위한연료순환펌프로구성된다. 또한프로판과부탄이 60 : 40으로혼합된 LPG를사용하였다. DME는선행연구결과혼합기가균일하게생성되는흡기상사점 (TDC: top dead center) 이후크랭크각도 110 CAD에연소실내부에직접분사하였다. 9) 또한연료공급장치의손상을방지하기위해 DME 에윤활향상제 (Infineum, R655) 를 500 ppm 첨가하였다. 흡기와배기매니폴드의압력을계측하기위해압력센서 (Kistler, 4045A5) 를장착하였다. 혼합기의온도와배기가스의온도를측정하기위해흡기매니폴드와배기매니폴드에각각 K-type 열전대 (thermocouple) 를장착하였다. 혼합기의공기과잉율을측정하기위해광대역람다미터 (Etas, LA4) 를배기매니폴드에장착하였다. 배기가스배출물은배기가스분석기 (Horiba, Mexa 1500d) 를이용하여탄화수소 (HC: hydro carbon), NOx, 이산화탄소 (CO 2: carbon dioxide), 일산화탄소 (CO: carbon monoxide) 를측정하였으며모든데이터는데이터수집장치 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus 56 한국자동차공학회논문집제 15 권제 3 호, 2007

4 Knock Characteristic Analysis of Gasoline and LPG Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine Table 2 Experimental conditions Engine speed (rpm) 1000 Intake valve open timing (ATDC) -29, -19, -9, 1, 11 DME injection timing (ATDC) 110 λtotal 2.12, 2.41, 2.57, 2.77, 2.91 λdme 3.7 Intake charge temperature (OC) 30 Coolant / Oil temperature (OC) 80 / 80 (Io Tech, Wavebook 512H) 를이용하여수집저장하였다. 측정된연소압력데이터로부터열방출율해석 (heat release analysis) 을통하여연소해석을수행하였다. 엔진연소실내의연소압력및체적변화는에너지보존법칙에따라식 (2) 로표현된다. 22) (a) Gasoline HCCI dq γ dv 1 dp = P + V dθ γ 1 dθ γ 1 dθ (2) 2.2 연소압력계측및처리실험은 Table 2와같이공기과잉률과흡기밸브열림시기에따라수행되었다. HCCI 엔진에서연소압력을계측하고노킹강도를분석하기위하여연소실에압력센서 (Kistler, 6052B) 를장착하였다. 연소압력센서의장착방법에따라 pipe oscillation이발생하여신호의왜곡이발생할수있는가능성을배제하기위하여연소압력센서는 flush-mounting 방법을사용하여장착하였다. 23) 또한연소압력신호의샘플링속도 (sampling speed) 가빠를수록연소압력의왜곡이적게발생하기때문에 23) 정밀한데이터분석을위해크랭크축에 2048 pulse/rev 엔코더 (encoder) 를장착하여크랭크각도 (crank angle) 도에한번씩데이터를취득하였다. 3. 실험결과 3.1 Ringing intensity 결과 Fig. 2는가솔린과 LPG HCCI엔진에서공기과잉율과흡기밸브개폐시기에따른 RI를나타내었다. RI는 5 MW/m 2 이하가운전가능한영역으로보고되었다. 19,20) 위와같은기준을적용할때가솔린 HCCI의경우공기과잉율이낮고흡기밸브개폐시 (b) LPG HCCI Fig. 2 Ringing intensity of HCCI with respect to λtotal and IVO timing at 1000 rpm 기가진각된영역에서 RI가 5 MW/m 2 이상으로운전불가능영역으로판정된다. 이에반하여 LPG HCCI의경우엔진의운전영역전체에서 RI가 5 MW/m 2 미만으로운전이가능하다. 그러나본연구에서는도시평균유효압력 (IMEP: indicated mean effective pressure) 의특성을파악한결과 RI가 0.5 이상에서 IMEP가감소하고있다. 따라서 IMEP를기준으로한운전영역은 RI가 0.5 MW/m 2 이하로판정하였다. LPG HCCI가가솔린 HCCI에비하여 RI 의강도가상대적으로낮은이유는두가지로판단된다. 첫째는 LPG의옥탄가가가솔린에비하여높아서연소실에공급된연료의세탄가가낮아지게 Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 15, No. 3,

5 염기태 배충식 (a) Gasoline HCCI TDC 이전에서 50% 이상의연료가연소함에따라연소압력이과다상승하기때문이다. 체적효율이증가하면압축행정말기의혼합기가 LTO(low temperature oxidation) 온도인 800 ~ 1000K에빨리도달하는경향을보이고있으며본실험조건에서체적효율은흡기밸브열림시기가 -29, -19, -9 CAD(crank angle degree) ATDC(after top dead center) 인조건에서는각각 80 %, 79.5 %, 77.2 % 이지만, 1, 11 CAD인조건에서는 70.8 % 와 66.2 % 로급격하게감소한다. 또한흡기밸브와배기밸브가동시에열려있는기간인밸브오버랩 (valve overlap) 구간이증가함에따라흡기포트 (port) 와배기포트의압력차이에의하여연소실내에존재하는잔류가스율이증가하게된다. 25) 또한잔류가스율이증가함에따라연소실내에잔류가스가많이존재하고있는국부적으로높은부분이증가하게되며온도가높은부분에서새로흡입된혼합기로의열전달이증가하게되어 LTO에빠른시기에도달할수있게된다. 26) (b) LPG HCCI Fig. 3 IMEP of HCCI with respect to λtotal and IVO timing at 1000 rpm 되고연소시작시기가가솔린에비하여지각되기때문이다. 24) 둘째는 LPG의증발잠열이가솔린에비하여높아서이로인하여혼합기의온도가가솔린에비하여동일한연료분사량일경우단열압축과정을거쳐서압축행정말기에이르게되면혼합기의온도가 2.04K 정도낮아지기때문이다. 흡기밸브개폐시기가진각됨에따라 RI가증가하는이유는증가된체적효율과잔류가스율로이른시기에착화되고이른흡기밸브개폐시기의실험조건에서 3.2 연소특성결과이른시기에착화됨에따라발생하는노킹에의한출력의변화를확인하기위하여 IMEP를 Fig. 3에도시하였다. 가솔린 HCCI의경우 Fig. 2에나타낸바와같이공기과잉율이감소함에따라 IMEP가증가하지만공기과잉율이 2.4 이하에서는 RI가증가하게되고 RI가 0.5 MW/m 2 이상인영역에서 IMEP가감소함을알수있다. 그리고 LPG HCCI의경우흡기밸브개폐시기가진각되고공기과잉율이낮은 2.3 영역이하에서 IMEP가감소하는경향을보이고있다. 특히같은영역에서 Fig. 2에나타낸바와같이 RI 가증가하고운전가능한범위내에있으나, 앞에서설명한바와같이높은잔류가스율과체적효율로인하여이른시기에착화되고이에따라낮은강도의노킹이발생하며 IMEP가감소하는것으로판단된다. 노킹과연소최고압력과의관계는이전연구에서노킹발생확률과연소최고압력은 1차식과 4차식으로보간할수있음을밝혔다. 27) 이와같이 Fig. 4에연소최고압력과엔진운전조건의관계를도시하였다. 엔진의운전조건에따라이른시기에연소가시작되면노킹이발생하기시작하며 RI가증가하게된다. RI가증가하고 IMEP가감소하는운전조건들은 Fig. 4에나타낸바와같이연소최고압력이 6.5 MPa 이상인운전조건들로파악되었다. 58 한국자동차공학회논문집제 15 권제 3 호, 2007

6 가솔린과 LPG 예혼합압축착화엔진의노킹특성 (a) Gasoline HCCI (a) λ = 2.41 (b) LPG HCCI Fig. 4 Maximum combustion pressure of HCCI with respect to λtotal and IVO timing at 1000 rpm 3.3 Ringing intensity 예측 Fig. 5는 HTO(high temperature oxidation) 의열방출 50% 의위치에대한 RI를나타내었다. CA50의정의는전체연소의열방출 50% 지점이다. 28) 공기과잉율이증가하면 CA50에따른 RI의증가율이감소하며이는공급된연료의 LHV(low heating value) 가감소하기때문으로판단된다. 그러나 CA50이 361 CAD 부근일경우 RI는 0 MW/m 2 에서증가하기시작함을알수있다. 또한가솔린과 LPG의 CA50이 RI에영향을살펴보면 CA50의위치에따른 RI는연료의종류에관계없이동일하다. 따라서 RI는연료에관계없이연소상의위치에의하여결정되며앞에서설명한바와같이연소상의위치또는연소최 (b) λ = 2.57 Fig. 5 Ringing intensity of HCCI engine with respect to CA 50 at 1000 rpm 고압력으로 RI와노킹발생확률을예측할수있음을확인하였다. 3.4 불완전연소및배출가스특성 Fig. 6 은 RI 에따른 CO 와 CO 2 의비와전체탄소 (C:carbon) 가포함되는배기가스성분중 HC의비를나타내었다. 또한, Fig. 7은 RI에따른질량연소분율 20 % 에서 90 % 에이르는기간을도시하였다. CO 는 HCCI 연소에서팽창행정중낮은연소가스의온도로인하여 CO 2 로의산화하는반응이부족함에따라많이배출되며많은연구자들이불완전연소의척도로써사용되고있다. 1,3) RI에따른 CO/CO 2 는 RI 가 0 부근일경우엔진의운전조건에따라 0.15 에서 0.02 부근의값을갖고있지만 RI 가증가함에따라 Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 15, No. 3,

7 Kitae Yeom Choongsik Bae (a) CO / CO 2 emission ratio (b) HC emission Fig. 6 Exhaust emissions of HCCI engine with respect to Ringing intensity at 1000 rpm 하기직전에팽창행정중의산화반응은최대가되며이에따라 CO의배출량이최소가됨을의미한다. 노킹이팽창행정중산화반응의강도에미치는영향을알아보기위하여 HC 배출량을분석하였다. HCCI 엔진에서 HC 배출의이유는연소중에틈새체적 (crevice volume) 에들어간혼합기가팽창행정중배출되기때문이며이때팽창행정의산화반응에의하여 HC가산화된다. 1) 엔진의운전조건에따른연료분사량의차이가 HC 배출량에미치는영향을제거하기위하여 HC 배출량은전체배기가스배출량중 C가포함되는 HC, CO, CO 2 의총배출량중비율로나타내었다. 3) CO/CO 2 의비율에서보이는바와같이급격한변화를보이지는않지만 HC의배출량도 RI가증가함에따라전체 C가포함된배기가스배출량중 35~39 % 를차지하고있음을알수있다. 이와같이노킹이팽창행정중산화반응의강도에영향을미치지못하는이유는 Fig. 7에나타낸바와같이 RI가증가하지만전체혼합기의대부분이연소하는질량연소분율 20~90 % 에이르는기간은 2 CAD 정도로일정하기때문으로판단된다. 따라서 HCCI 엔진에서 CO와 HC의배출량을저감하기위해서는 RI가증가하지않는범위내에서연소기간을짧게하여팽창행정중산화반응이충분히일어날수있도록하는방법이효과적임을알수있었다. 4. 결론 Fig. 7 Burn duration of HCCI engine with respect to Ringing intensity at 1000 rpm CO/CO 2 는 0.015에수렴한다. 이와같은사실은공기과잉율과흡기밸브개폐시기에관계없이 RI가증가 가솔린과 LPG HCCI 엔진의노킹특성을파악하기위하여가변밸브기구와 DME 직접분사연료장치가장착된 HCCI 엔진실험과 RI를이용한노킹강도분석을수행하였으며다음과같은결론을얻었다. 1) IMEP의특성을파악한결과 RI가 0.5 MW/m 2 이상에서 IMEP가감소하고있음을파악하고 IMEP를기준으로한운전영역은 RI 0.5 MW/m 2 이하로판정하였다. LPG HCCI가가솔린 HCCI 에비하여 RI의강도가상대적으로낮은이유는 LPG의증발잠열이가솔린에비하여높고이로인하여혼합기의온도가가솔린에비하여동일한연료분사량일경우낮아지기때문으로판단된다. 60 한국자동차공학회논문집제 15 권제 3 호, 2007

8 Knock Characteristic Analysis of Gasoline and LPG Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine 2) 가솔린과 LPG HCCI 엔진에서흡기밸브개폐시기가진각됨에따라 RI가증가하는이유는증가된체적효율과잔류가스율로이른시기에착화되고이른흡기밸브개폐시기의실험조건에서 TDC 이전에서 50% 이상의연료가연소함에따라연소압력이과다상승하기때문이다. 3) 가솔린 HCCI의경우 IMEP는공기과잉율이감소함에따라공급된연료가증가하고이에따라 IMEP가증가하지만공기과잉률이 2.4 이하에서는 RI가증가하게되고 RI가 1 MW/m 2 이상인영역에서 IMEP가감소함을알수있다. LPG HCCI 의경우흡기밸브개폐시기가진각되고공기과잉율이낮은 2.3 영역이하에서 IMEP가감소하는경향을보이고있다. 4) RI가증가하고 IMEP가감소하는운전조건들은연소최고압력이 6.5 MPa 이상인운전조건들로파악되었다. 그리고 RI는연료에관계없이연소상 (combustion phase) 의위치에의하여결정되어연소상의위치또는연소최고압력으로 RI와노킹발생확률을예측할수있음을확인하였다. 5) HCCI 엔진에서 CO와 HC의배출량을저감하기위해서는 RI가증가하지않는범위내에서연소기간을짧게하여팽창행정중산화반응이충분히일어날수있도록하는방법이효과적이다. 후 기 본연구는과학재단의우수연구센터 (ERC) 의지원아래연소기술연구센터의과제로써수행되었으며, 이에관계기관에감사의뜻을표합니다. References 1) F. Zhao, T. Asmus, D. Assanis, J. Dec, J. Eng and P. Najt, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines : Key Research and Development Issues, TP-94, SAE, ) K. Epping, S. Aceves, R. Bechtold and J. Dec, The Potential of HCCI Combustion for High Efficiency and Low Emissions, SAE , ) E. Kaiser, J. Yang, T. Culp, N. Xu and M. Maricq, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine-Out Emissions-Does Flame Propagation Occur in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition?, International Journal of Engine Research, Vol.3, No.4, pp , ) G. Haraldsson, J. Hyvonen, P. Tunestal and B. Johansson, HCCI Combustion Phasing in a Multi Cylinder Engine Using Variable Compression Ratio, SAE , ) Y. Li, H. Zhao, N. Brouzos, T. Ma and B. Leach, Effects of Injection Timing on Mixture and CAI Combustion in a GDI Engine wirh an Air-Assisted Injector, SAE , ) D. Yap, J. Karlovsky, A. Megaritis, M. Wyszynski and H. Xu, An Investigation into Propane Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine Operation with Residual Gas Trapping, Fuel, Vol.84, No.18, pp , ) A. Oakley, H. Zhao, N. Ladommatos and T. Ma, Experimental Studies on Controlled Auto- Ignition (CAI) Combustion of Gasoline in a 4-Stroke Engine, SAE , ) K. Hiraya, K. Hasegawa, T. Urushihara, A. Iiyama and T. Itoh, A Study on Gasoline Fueled Compression Ignition Engine ~ A Trial of Operating Region Expansion~, SAE , ) K. Yeom, J. Jang and C. Bae, Gasoline Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with DME as an Ignition Promoter, Transactions of KSAE, Vol.14, No.3, pp , ) F. Millo and V. Ferraro, Knock in S. I. Engines : A Comparison between Different Techniques for Detection and Control, SAE , ) K. Chun and K. Kim, Measurement and Analysis of Knock in a SI Engine Using the Cylinder Pressure and Block Vibration Signals, SAE , ) M. Checkle and J. Dale, Computerized Knock Detection from Engine Pressure Records, SAE , Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 15, No. 3,

9 염기태 배충식 13) K. Schmillen and M. Rechs, Different methods of Knock Detection and Knock Control, SAE , ) M. Brunt, C. Pond and J. Biundo, Gasoline Engine Knock Analysis using Cylinder Pressure Data, SAE , ) S. Diana, V. Giglio, B. Iorio and G. Police, Evaluation of the Effect of EGR on Engine Knock, SAE , ) G. Brecq, A. Ramesh, M. Tazerout and O. Le Corre, An Experimental Study of Knock in a Natural Gas Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine, SAE , ) G. Brecq and O. Le Corre, Modeling of In-cylinder Pressure Oscillations under Knocking Conditions: Introduction to Pressure Envelope Curve, SAE , ) C. Hudson, X. Gao and R. Stone, Knock Measurement for Fuel Evaluation in Spark Ignition Engines, Fuel, Vol.80, No.3, pp , ) J. Eng, Characterization of Pressure Waves in HCCI Combustion, SAE , ) M. Sjoberg and J. Dec, Effects of Engine Speed, Fueling Rate, and Combustion Phasing on the Thermal Stratification Required to Limit HCCI Knock Intensity, SAE , ) A. Helmantel and I. Denbratt, HCCI Operation of a Passenger Car DI Diesel Engine with an Adjustable Valve Train, SAE , ) J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill, New York, ) A. Bertola, J. Stadler, T. Walter, P. Wolfer, C. Gossweiler and M. Rothe, Pressure Indication during Knocking Conditions, 7th Internal Symposium on Internal Combustion Diagnostics, Kurhaus Baden-Baden, Germany, pp.7-21, ) M. Furutani, T. Isogai and Y. Ohta, Ingition Characteristics of Gaseous Fuels and Their Difference Elimination for SI and HCCI Gas Engines, SAE , ) P. Giansetti, C. Perrier, P. Higelin, Y. Chamaillard, A. Charlet and S. Couet, A Model for Residual Gas Fraction Prediction in Spark Ignition Engines, SAE , ) P. Wolters, W. Salber, J. Geiger, M. Duesmann and J. Dithey, Controlled Auto Ignition Combustion Process with an Electromechanical Valve Train, SAE , ) K. Yeom, J. Jang and C. Bae, Knocking Characteristics at Rich Limit of Gasoline HCCI Engine, Fall Conference Proceedings, KSAE, pp , ) G. Shibata and T. Urushihara, The Interaction Between Fuel Chemicals and HCCI Combustion Characteristics Under Heated Intake Air Conditions, SAE , 한국자동차공학회논문집제 15 권제 3 호, 2007

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