342 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 로알려져있다 (5). 이러한섬유근통증후군의임상적진단을위해신체의특정부위에존재하는 18 개의압통점 (Tender point) 에대한통증인지평가를통해섬유근통증후군의기초적인진단을진행하고있다 (6). 이와더불어임상적인지

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "342 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 로알려져있다 (5). 이러한섬유근통증후군의임상적진단을위해신체의특정부위에존재하는 18 개의압통점 (Tender point) 에대한통증인지평가를통해섬유근통증후군의기초적인진단을진행하고있다 (6). 이와더불어임상적인지"

Transcription

1 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 pissn / eissn Original Article 섬유근통환자에대한 Milnacipran 과 Pregabalin 약물치료에대한기능적자기공명영상에서의후속영향비교 강민재 1 문치웅 1,2 이영호 3 김성호 4 1 인제대학교융합의과학과, 2 인제대학교의용공학과및 u-harc, 3 성균관대학교기초과학연구원뇌과학이미징연구단, 4 인제대학교해운대백병원류마티스내과 목적 : 섬유근통증후군의치료에주로쓰이는두계열의약물인 Milnacipran ( 이하 MLN) 과 Pregabalin ( 이하 PGB) 의환자투여에따른약물치료효과를뇌활성도변화의비교분석을통해비교하였다. 대상및방법 : 섬유근통증후군환자 20명을대상으로진행하였으며 20명의환자중약물치료군에따라 MLN 치료군 10 명과 PGB 치료군 7명으로분류하였다. 모든환자군은섬유근통증후군이외의요인을배제하기위해정신건강의학과적평가를통해선별된후섬유근통진단을위한임상적평가가진행되었다. 기능적자기공명영상의촬영시엄지손가락에블록형태의압통자극을가해주었고영상은약물치료전과약물치료후에각각획득하였다. 영상획득후일련의전처리과정을거쳐약물치료전후의자기공명혈중산소치의존 (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent, 이하 BOLD) 신호비교를위한대응표본 t-검정과두표본 t-검정을실시하였다. 결과 : 임상적평가에있어약물치료전에는두그룹간에유의한차이가나지않았으며약물치료후전신통증지수 (Widespread Pain Index, WPI) 와대상자스스로피로도를평가하는검사 (Brief Fatigue Inventory, BFI) 에서 PGB군에유의한수준으로낮게나타났다. 기능적영상분석에있어약물치료후의영상비교결과앞띠이랑과대뇌섬을포함한영역에서 PGB군이높은활성도를보였다. 또한약물치료전후효과비교에서는 MLN군에서대뇌섬, 시상을포함한영역에서치료후 BOLD 신호가감소하는경향을볼수있었지만 PGB군에서는 MLN에비해감소된영역의수와크기가비교적작게나타났다. 결론 : 전체결과에서두치료군모두증상이호전되는경향을나타냈으나임상적평가와기능적영상평가에서서로다른경향을나타내었다. 이는두약물치료기전과세부치료목적이다르고, 전체환자수의부족으로인한임상적평가와의낮은상관관계에의한영향으로보이며이러한영향을최소화시킨다면두약물간의정확한치료효과비교를할수있을것으로예상된다. Received; August 22, 2014 Revised; October 1, 2014 Accepted; October 27, 2014 Corresponding author : Chi-Woong Mun, Ph.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering/u-HARC, Inje University, Building A, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongnam , Korea. Tel , Fax , mcw@inje.ac.kr 1 Min Jae Kang and 4 Seong-Ho Kim contributed equally to this study as first authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서 론 섬유근통증후군 (Fibromyalgia syndrome, FMS) 은중 장년층여성에게서흔하게나타나는근골격계질환의한종류이다 (1, 2). 섬유근통의증상으로는대표적으로만성적인통증 (Chronic pain) 과무해자극에대한통증 (Allodynia) 이나타나고이로인한우울증, 만성피로, 수면장애, 관절경직등종합적인증상을동반한다고알려져있다 (3, 4). 이러한섬유근통증후군의원인은아직명확하게밝혀지지않고있지만현재까지의연구를통해섬유근통증후군의중요원인으로심리학적, 유전적, 신경생물학적그리고환경적인요인의복합적인영향으로나타난다는것으 Copyrightc2014 Journal of the Korean Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 341

2 342 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 로알려져있다 (5). 이러한섬유근통증후군의임상적진단을위해신체의특정부위에존재하는 18 개의압통점 (Tender point) 에대한통증인지평가를통해섬유근통증후군의기초적인진단을진행하고있다 (6). 이와더불어임상적인지표를통한진단도동시에진행되고있는데전신통증지수 (Widespread Pain Index, WPI), 증상평가측도 (Symptom Severity Scale, SSS), 섬유근통진단설문 (Fibromyalgia Index Questionnaire, FIQ), 그리고통증에대한척도를나타내는시각적통증척도 (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) 와같은방법이주로사용된다 (5). 또한영상장치의발전으로인해이를이용한사람의뇌에대한연구가많이진행되고있고이미치매나파키슨씨병같은경우는진단에있어서영상장치의역할이크다고할수있다. 섬유근통증후군의진단에도이러한발전된영상장치를사용하기위해많은연구가진행중이다. 특히자기공명영상장치 (Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI) 가섬유근통에있어뇌의구조적, 기능적변화에대한검증을위해많이사용되고있다. 그예로섬유근통에따른뇌의회백질 (Gray matter, GM) 과백질 (White matter, WM) 의부피변화에관련된연구가진행되었고이결과전방과중앙의띠이랑 (Anterior- and Mid-cingulate gyrus), 중앙섬피질 (Mid insular cortices) 에서병이진행됨에따라부피가감소된다는결과를나타냈고반대로바닥핵 (Basal ganglia), 편도핵 (Amygdala) 에서부피가증가한다는결과가나타났다 (7-9). 이와같이현재까지병에진행에따른뇌의체적변화에대한명확한결과가밝혀지지않았다. 또한뇌의구조적인변화와달리기능적인변화를알아보기위해주로기능적자기공명영상기법 (functional MRI, fmri) 이많이사용되고있다. 이는외부에서가해지는자극이나사람의신체활동에따라그기능을담당하는뇌영역의신호변화를관찰하는기법이다. 사람이신체활동을하거나외부에서자극을받았을때감정적, 물질적으로해당행동을담당하는뇌영역에서필요한에너지소모량과산소소모량이높아지고이로인해해당영역의혈관으로의혈액유입이높아진다. 혈액내존재하는산소혈색소 (Oxyhemoglobin) 는해당영역에서산소를전달한후탈산소혈색소 (Deoxyhemoglobin) 으로변화하게되고이두혈색소의자화도 (Magnetization) 차이에의해나타나는혈중산소치의존 (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent, BOLD) 신호를영상화하여나타내는것이기능적자기공명영상기법의주된방법이다 (10, 11). 현재섬유근통증후군연구에있어서도기능적자기공명영상기법이많이사용되고있다. 기본적으로섬유근통증후군을가지고있는환자를대상으로압통점에압통을가했을때뇌의활성화영역에대한연구가많이진행되고있다. Gracely et al (2002) 의연구에따르면등쪽전방대상피질 (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dacc), 대뇌섬 (Insula), 체성감각피질 (Somatosensory cortex), 시상 (Thalamus), 수도관회색질 (Periaqueductal gray, PAG) 과같은영역에서정상인과비교해서같은자극에대해활성화가많이되는것으로나타났다 (12). 이러한영역들을묶어통증회로 (Pain network) 라는하나의신경망을구성해이신경망에대한연구가섬유근통증후군의주요목표영역이되고있다 (13). 섬유근통의치료또는증상완화를위해서는대표적으로약물치료, 심리학적치료또는운동처방이주로사용되고있다 (14). 약물치료에있어서크게두가지계열의약물이사용된다. 전술한것처럼섬유근통은크게통증과민반응, 수면장애그리고우울증과같은세가지대표증상을나타낸다. 이러한증상에맞게약물을사용하고있는데통증과민반응을기본으로하여우울증이심하게나타날때는항우울제 (Antidepressants) 계열의약물인 MLN 이나 Duloxetine 을사용하고통증과민과함께수면장애가나타날시에는항경련제 (Anti-seizure medication) 계열의 PGB 또는 Gabapentin 과같은약물을사용한다 (15, 16). 때때로세가지증상이복합적으로나타날때에는두계열약물을모두사용하는경우도있다. 이러한약물치료의질병완화효과는임상적으로그효능이여타다른치료방법보다좋은것으로알려져있다. 하지만약물에대한인체, 특히신경계의변화를나타내기에는그근거가아직부족한현실이다. 이러한약점을보완하기위해현재약물을이용한많은연구가진행중이고특히약물의치료전후효과에대한연구또한활발하게진행되고있다. 본연구에서는앞서언급한항우울제계통의약물인 MLN 과항경련제계열약물인 PGB 의약물치료전후변화를알아보고자한다. 두가지약물이그목적이다르고약물의치료기전도다른만큼두약물치료에대한전후효과또한다를것으로예상된다. 대상및방법 가. 대상본연구에서는섬유근통증후군을가지고있는여성 20 명을대상으로실험을진행하였다. 이중 3 명의환자 ( 음주 1 명, 영상미획득 2 명 ) 는영상획득상에문제가생겨실험에서제외시켰다. 실험대상환자들은임상의의진단에의해각각필요한약물을처방받은뒤약물에따라두그룹으로분류하였다. 진단에의해 MLN 을처방받은그룹은 10 명 ( 나이 : 51.8 ± 7.5, 연령분포 : 39~71) 이고 PGB 처방을받은그룹은 7 명 ( 나이 : 53.2 ± 3.9, 연령분포 : 46~59) 이다. 각환자군은두가지약물에치료반응이보이는인원에한해포함을시켰으며이는시각통증척도 (VAS) 를이용하여

3 섬유근통환자에대한 Milnacipran 과 Pregabalin 약물치료에대한기능적자기공명영상에서의후속영향비교 강민재외 343 약물치료후점수가 50% 이상감소하는환자가약물에반응한다고판단하였다. 또한약물에의한통증반응변화를알아보기위해약물치료전엄지손가락에압통자극을가해줌과동시에 MRI 영상을획득하였고약물치료후에동일한조건하에영상을획득하여이를비교분석하였다. MRI 영상획득중압통자극을가해주기위해연구실내에서제작한수압식압통자극기를사용하였다 (17). 또한섬유근통증후군이외에다른외적인이상을제외하기위해다음과같은임상적평가를통해환자군을선별하였다 : Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire ( 이하 FIQ), Brief Fatigue Inventory ( 이하 BFI), Beck Depression Inventory ( 이하 BDI), Widespread Pain Index ( 이하 WPI), Symptom Severity Scale Score ( 이하 SSS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( 이하 STAI) 1, STAI 2. 나. 압통자극본연구는연구실내에서자체제작한자기공명영상장치의촬영과동시에환자의손가락에압통자극을가할수있는압통자극기를사용하였다 (Fig. 1). 압통자극기는손가락에자극을전달할수있는자극부와미리설계된블락형태의자극을가하기위한제어부로구성되어있다. 제어부는자극순서를프로그래밍하기위한마이크로제어장치와동력을발생시키는모터 2 개그리고동력을전달하기위한피스톤으로구성되어있다. 피스톤내부에는액체로채워져있고이는 2 m 고무관을통해자극부로연결되어있다. 자극부에는연결된고무관을통해전달되는압력을받기위한피스톤이위치하고있어압력이가해질경우이피스톤이동작한다. 또한제어부에서압통자극의세기를조절하기 위해모터의출력을 8 단계로나누어프로그래밍하였다. 8 개로나누어진모터의출력으로인해자극부에가해지는압력또한 8 단계 (0.35, 0.7, 1.05, 1.40, 1.75, 2.1, 2.46, 2.81 kg/cm 2 ) 로세분화되어있다. 기능적자기공명영상촬영시에가해질압력을정하기위해환자마다실험전압통의최대문턱치를설정하였다. 이는환자마다낮은단계의압력부터시작해높은단계의압력으로점점올렸을때환자가극심한고통을느끼는압력을압통문턱치로설정하였고이는객관성을확립하기위해 Gracely Box Scale ( 이하 GBS) 를사용하였다 (18). GBS 는통증의세기와통증으로인한불쾌함을수치로나타낸것으로가장약한통증을나타내는숫자 0 부터가장강한통증을나타내는숫자 20 까지총 21 단계의자가검사지이다. 또한, 환자의이해를돕기위해 0 부터 20 까지각단계에는언어적표현으로통증에대한정도를설명하고있다. 이를통해본연구에서는 GBS 점수 14 점즉강한자극을통증문턱치로설정하여진행하였다. 그리고압통자극기는영상획득중에일정한간격으로압통을가할수있도록설계되었다 (Block design). 이압통자극패러다임은휴식기 30 초, 무해자극 30 초, 통증자극 30 초동안수행하는것으로설계하였다. 휴식기를제외한각구간마다 3 초의자극을 10 번반복하였다. 또한이러한자극순서를기능적자기공명영상촬영동안 5 번반복하였다 (Fig. 2). 다. 영상획득 MRI 영상획득을위해해운대백병원에설치된 3T MRI (Philips, achieva, Netherlands) 와 32 채널 SENSE (SENsitivity Encoding) 두부코일을이용하였다. 또한본연구의주목적인기능적자기공명영상을획득하기위해다중절편 EPI (Repetition time/echo time=3000/30 ms, flip angle=65, matrix size= , field of view=128 mm, slice thickness=4 mm) 펄스열을사용하였다. 기능적자기공명영상의부족한해부학적정보를보완하기위해추가적으로 3 차원 T1 강조영상을 Turbo Field Echo (Repetition time/echo time = 9.9/4.6 ms, flip angle=8, matrix size= , field of view =240 Fig. 1. Photography of laboratory developed pressure-pain stimulator. Fig. 2. Pressure-pain stimulation paradigm of the fmri scan.

4 344 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 mm, slice thickness=1 mm) 펄스열을사용하여획득하였다. 총영상획득시간은 7 분 30 초가소요되었고 150 장의기능적자기공명영상을획득하였다. 라. 영상처리획득된영상의분석을위해 MATLAB 2010 (Mathworks Inc., Natick, Mass) 기반의 SPM 8 (statistical parametric mapping 8; Welcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London) 를이용하여분석하였다. 영상획득간에머리의움직임을보정하기위해재배열 (realignment) 과정을진행하였고해부학적정보를획득하기위해 T1W 영상과상관정립 (coregistration) 을시행하였다. 또한개인간의뇌의크기편차를보정하기위해 152 MNI (Montreal neurological institute) 표준판영상을사용하여정규화 (normalization) 하였고영상의신호대잡음비 (Signal to noise ratio, SNR) 를높이기위해 6 mm 등방성가우시안커널을사용하여평활화 (smoothing) 를진행하였다. 마. 통계약물치료에대한전후효과통계분석을위해두가지통 계분석기법을이용하였다. 첫번째, 두약물치료후의영상만을비교하는두표본 t- 검정을사용하였고두번째약물치료전후효과비교를하는대응표본 t- 검정을사용하여그결과값을이용해두약물간의비교를수행하였다. 또한각그룹의인구학적정보와임상적평가점수들의유의한통계평가를위해 SPSS (Version 12.0 for Windows, USA) 를사용하였다. 결 과 가. 인구학적평가 PGB 와 MLN 의두그룹간에연령은차이가나지않았고모두여성을대상으로연구를진행하였다. 또한임상적평가의점수를두그룹간에비교하였을때치료전임상적평가점수는모든부분에서유의한차이가나지않았다. 또한두그룹모두치료전과치료후를비교하였을때비교적치료후에임상적점수가정상범주로회귀하는경향을보인다. 그리고치료후에실시한임상적평가점수를비교하였을때두그룹간에유의수준 0.05 에서 WPI 와 BFI 가유의하게차이가났다. 또한전체적으로 PGB 군의임상적평가 Table 1. The Statistical Results of Subject s Clinical data (mean±sd) Group Age WPI SSS FIQ BFI BDI STAI 1 STAI 2 Pregabalin Pre-treat 51.8± ± Post-treat Milnacipran Pre-treat 51.8± Post-treat a b Fig. 3. Comparison of Pregabalin treatment group (Black) and Milnacipran treatment group (Gray) at pre-treatment (left) and posttreatment (right).

5 섬유근통환자에대한 Milnacipran 과 Pregabalin 약물치료에대한기능적자기공명영상에서의후속영향비교 강민재외 345 점수가낮은경향을나타내었다 (Table 1, Fig. 3). 나. 약물치료후그룹간비교 PGB 와 MNL 의두약물치료효과를비교하기위해약물치료후압통자극과동시에획득한기능적자기공명영상을비교분석하였다. 두그룹의영상통계분석은두표본 t- 검정을진행하였고유의수준 (p-value) 은 로설정하였다. 그결과 MLN 치료군이 PGB 치료군보다높은 BOLD 신호을보이는영역은띠이랑 (Cingulate gyrus) 과후방띠다발 (Posterior cingulate) 로나타났고 (Table 2, Fig. 4) 반대로 PGB 치료군이높은 BOLD 신호를보이는영역은전방띠다발 (Anterior cingulate), 대뇌섬 (Insula), 아래마루소엽 (Inferior parietal lobule) ( 이하우뇌 ), 위관자이랑 (Superior temporal gyrus), 아래마루소엽 (Inferior parietal lobule) ( 이하좌뇌 ) 으로나타났다 (Table 3, Fig. 4). 유의수준을 로변경했을때에는 MLN 치료군이높은 BOLD 신호를가지는영역은나타나지않았다. 다. 약물치료전후효과비교약물치료에따른후속효과를보면 PGB 군의경우약물치료후활성도가증가한영역은총 10 개영역으로다음과같다 (Table 4, Fig. 5): 상측두회 (Superior temporal gyrus), 중간이마이랑 (Middle frontal gyrus), 핵외 (Extra-nuclear), 전방띠이랑 (Anterior cingulate), 아래이마이랑 (Inferior frontal gyrus), 대뇌섬 (Insula), 중심앞이랑 (Precentral gyrus), 상측이마이랑 (Superior frontal gyrus) ( 이상좌뇌 ), 내측이마이랑 (Medial frontal gyrus), 상측이마이랑 (Superior frontal gyrus) ( 이상우뇌 ). 반대로 PGB 군에서치료후활성도가감소한 Table 2. Activation of MLN Treatment Group is Larger than PGB Treatment Group (p<0.005, Uncorrected for Multiple Comparison) Extra-Nuclear Sub-Gyral Posterior Cingulate Extra-Nuclear Precuneus Cingulate Gyrus* Medial Frontal Gyrus a b c d Fig. 4. The regions where the activation area of MLN group is larger than that of PGB group: Cingulate gyrus (a). The regions where the activation area of PGB group is larger than that of MLN group: Superior temporal gyrus (b), Anterior cingulate (c), Insula (d).

6 346 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 Table 3. Activation of PGB Treatment Group Larger than MLN Treatment Group (p<0.005, Uncorrected for Multiple Comparison) Cerebellar Tonsil Declive Culmen Middle Temporal Gyrus Superior Temporal Gyrus* Inferior Frontal Gyrus Superior Frontal Gyrus Inferior Parietal Lobule* Cerebellar Tonsil Extra-Nuclear Anterior Cingulate* Insula* Inferior Parietal Lobule* Middle Frontal Gyrus Superior Frontal Gyrus Table 4. Activation Increasing BOLD Signal at PGB Post-Treatment (p<0.05, Corrected for Multiple Comparison) Superior Temporal Gyrus Middle Frontal Gyrus Extra-nuclear Anterior cingulate Inferior Frontal Gyrus Insula Precental Gyrus Superior Frontal Gyrus Medial Frontal Gyrus Superior Frontal Gyrus

7 섬유근통환자에대한 Milnacipran 과 Pregabalin 약물치료에대한기능적자기공명영상에서의후속영향비교 강민재외 347 a b c d Fig. 5. The regions where BOLD signal increased at PGB post-treatment stage: Anterior cingulate (a), Insula (b) and decreased BOLD signal region: Insula (c), Cingulate gyrus (d). Table 5. Activation Decreasing BOLD Signal at PGB Post-treatment (p<0.05, Corrected for Multiple Comparison) Inferior Frontal Gyrus Middl Temporal Gyrus Insula Precuneus Inferior Frontal Gyrus Extra-nuclear Lingual Gyrus Middle Temporal Gyrus Precuneus Cingulate Gyrus Middle Frontal Gyrus 영역은총 11 개영역으로나타났다 (Table 5, Fig. 5): 아래이마이랑 (Inferior frontal gyrus), 중간측두회 (Middle temporal gyrus), 대뇌섬 (Insula), 쐐기앞소엽 (Precuneus) ( 이상좌뇌 ), 아래이마이랑 (Inferior frontal gyrus), 핵외 (Extra-nuclear), 혀이랑 (Lingual gyrus), 중간측두회 (Middle temporal gyrus), 쐐기앞소엽 (Precuneus), 띠이랑 (Cingulate gyrus), 중간이마이랑 (Middle frontal gyrus) ( 이상우뇌 ). 또한 MLN 군에서약물치료후활성도가증가한영역은 7 개영역으로소뇌전엽 (Cerebellum anterior lobe), sub-gyral, 핵외 (Extra-nuclear), 상측이마이랑 (Superior frontal gyrus) ( 이상좌뇌 ), 방추형이랑 (Fusiform gyrus), 쐐기앞소엽 (Precuneus), 띠이랑 (Cingulate gyrus) ( 이상우뇌 ) 에서나타났다 (Table 6, Fig. 6). 반대로치료후활성도가감소한영역은 13 개영역으로다음과같다 (Table 7, Fig. 6): 상측두회 (Superior temporal gyrus), 핵외 (Extra-nuclear), 대뇌섬 (Insula), 시상 (Thalamus), 띠이랑 (Cingulate gyrus) ( 좌뇌 ), 해마곁이랑 (Parahippocampal gyrus), 이랑밑 (Sub-gyral), 렌즈핵 (Lentiform nucleus), 시상 (Thalamus), 중심앞이랑 (Precentral gyrus), 미상 (Caudate), 중간이마이랑 (Middle frontal gyrus), 중심뒤이랑 (Postcentral gyrus) ( 우뇌 ).

8 348 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 토론및결론 현재많은연구자들에의해서섬유근통증후군의뇌신경회로의변화를알아보기위한연구가진행되고있다. 특히섬유근통증후군의주요증상인통증과민반응에대한연구가주로진행중이고이러한통증과민반응의주요작용기전을완화시키기위한방법으로약물치료등여러방면에서그치료법을연구중이다. 본연구에서는섬유근통증후군의주요치료방법으로쓰이는두약물인 PGB 와 MLN 의치료효과와그약물들의비교분석을진행하였다. 기본적으로두그룹의인구학적평가를보았을때연령에의한효과를배제하기위해두그룹의연령수준을유의하게맞췄고그와동시에섬유근통증후군이외의요인을배제하기위해여러신경정신학적평가를진행하였다. 이러한평가에있어서도두그룹간에유의수준 에서차이가나타 나는부분은존재하지않았다. 그결과두그룹간에영향을미칠수있는요인은섬유근통증후군으로한정되어연구를진행하였다. 임상적인평가만을분석했을때두그룹모두약물치료후에임상적점수가정상범주로가고있는경향을보인다. 하지만그변화폭은 PGB 치료군에서확연히나타나고있다. 이는임상적평가만을고려했을때 PGB 치료군이약물치료에대한반응이큰것으로보여진다. 섬유근통증후군의치료에있어두약물의치료경과를비교하기위해먼저두약물을치료한후임상적으로증상이호전되었다고판단되었을때에촬영한기능적자기공명영상을비교하였다. 먼저 MLN 그룹이 PGB 그룹보다높은활성도를나타내는영역은총 7 영역이나타난다. 그중후방띠다발 (Posterior cingulate) 의경우우울중의주요진단지점으로서많이사용되고있다 (19). 이는 MLN 의주요치료목적인통증과민반응과우울증에있기때문에우울증과관련된후방띠다발을포함하여띠다발전역에서 PGB Table 6. Activation of MLN Post-treatment Group Larger than That of MLN Pre-treatment Group (p<0.05, Corrected for Multiple Comparison) Cerebellum Anterior Lobe Sub-Gyral Extra-Nuclear Superior Frontal Gyrus* Fusiform Gyrus Precuneus Cingulate Gyrus* a b c d Fig. 6. The regions where the BOLD signal increased at MLN post-treatment stage: Superior frontal gyrus (a), Cingulate gyrus (b) and decreasing BOLD signal regions: Insula (c), Thalamus (d).

9 섬유근통환자에대한 Milnacipran 과 Pregabalin 약물치료에대한기능적자기공명영상에서의후속영향비교 강민재외 349 Table 7. Activation of MLN Post-treatment Group is Smaller than That of MLN Pre-treatment Group (p<0.05, Corrected for Multiple Comparison) Superior Temporal Gyrus* Extra-Nuclear Insula* Thalamus* Cingulate Gyrus* Parahippocampa Gyrus Sub-Gyral Lentiform Nucleus Thalamus* Precentral Gyrus Caudate* Middle Frontal Gyrus Postcentral Gyrus 군보다높은활성도를보이는것으로예상할수있다. 또한후방띠다발과함께높은활성도를보이는쐐기앞소엽은뇌신경망중하나인디폴트모드네트워크 (Default Mode Network, DMN) 를구성하는한영역으로앞선우울증과관련된연구에서 DMN 이정상인보다높은활성도를보인다는연구결과가발표되었다 (20, 21). 이러한결과들은우울증을동반하는섬유근통증후군의치료에있어 MLN 약물의기전에따른처방을뒷받침해주는근거로사용될수있다. 하지만 MLN 의치료에있어우울증의증세가완전히치료되지않았으므로 PGB 군보다해당영역이높은활성도를보이는것을알수있다. 반대로 PGB 군이높은활성도를보이는영역은 15 개영역에서나타난다. 이러한영역들은대부분뇌의통증회로에해당하는부분이고앞선연구자들에의해서밝혀진섬유근통증후군의이상활성도를보이는영역이다. Gracely 등의연구에따르면동일한통증조건일때섬유근통증후군환자들의아래마루소엽, 대뇌섬, 상측두회등영역에서정상인보다높은활성도를나타난다고보고되었다. 이러한결과를참고할때, PGB 치료군의병의치료정도가낮을것으로예상할수있다. 하지만이는앞선임상적평가와상반된결과를나타낸다. 정확한분석을위해본연구에서는약물내의전후후속영향을나타낸결과를이용해두그룹을비교분석하였다. 먼저기존발표된연구에따르면약물 치료후환자군의뇌활성도가정상인수준으로낮아진다는것을알수있다. 본논문의결과또한두약물치료군모두치료후통증회로에해당하는영역들의활성도가낮아진것을확인할수있었다. 특히 MLN 군의경우치료후활성도가감소한영역이대뇌섬, 시상, 띠이랑, 상측두회로약물치료전정상인보다높은활성도를보이는영역에서의감소를나타내고있어긍정적인결과로볼수있다. 반대로활성도가증가하는영역또한 7 영역이나타났는데이는앞선감소한영역에비해그유의수준이낮고영역의면적또한작아무시해도될것으로본다. PGB 군의경우그경향이 MLN 군의반대로나타나고있다. 주로통증회로에해당하거나앞선연구에서언급된과활성화영역에서약물치료후오히려활성도가증가하는것으로나타났다. 특히대뇌섬, 전방띠다발의경우통증회로영역에해당하는부분으로활성도가증가하는것을나타났다. 하지만대뇌섬의경우감소하는동일한좌뇌에서감소하는경향을나타내고활성면적또한감소하는경향이더크기때문에증가하는경향은아주미미한것으로보여진다. 결과적으로 PGB 군의경우대뇌섬을제외한나머지영역에서증가하는경향이보인다. 모든결과를종합해볼때임상적평가상에서는 PGB 군이그치료효과가긍정적인것으로볼수있으나기능적자기공명영상상에서의평가는 MLN 군이그치료경과가

10 350 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 PGB 에비해긍정적이라는것을알수있다. 이러한결과는앞서언급한두약물의작용기전의차이에의한결과일것으로예상된다. 또한이는절대적으로두약물간에어떤약물이더좋다는결과를나타내기에는성급할것으로보인다. 본연구의제한점인환자군간의수가맞지않고또한환자자체수의부족으로인해이러한결과가나타난것으로보여진다. 또한약물의후속효과비교에있어본연구에서는대응표본 t- 검정을사용하였지만후속연구에서는통증회로에해당하는영역을추출하여그부분만의영상을비교하여결과로나타낸다면더욱확실한경향을볼수있을것으로예상된다. References 1. Wolfe F. Fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990;16: Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38: Mease P. Fibromyalgia syndrome: review of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, outcome measures, and treatment. J Rheumatol Suppl 2005;75: Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33: Geenen R, Jacobs JW. Fibromyalgia: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2001;14: Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Gieseck, et al. Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia. Brain 2004;127: Kuchinad A, Schweinhardt P, Seminowicz DA, Wood PB, Chizh BA, Bushnell MC. Accelerated brain gray matter loss in fibromyalgia patients: premature aging of the brain? J Neurosci 2007;27: Robinson ME, Craggs JG, Price DD, Perlstein WM, Staud R. Gray matter volumes of pain-related brain areas are decreased in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Pain 2011;12: Schmidt-Wilcke T, Leinisch E, Straube A, et al. Gray matter decrease in patients with chronic tension type headache. Neurology 2005;65: D Esposito M, Detre JA, Aguirre GK, et al. A functional MRI study of mental image generation. Neuropsychologia 1997;35: Logothetis NK, Pauls J, Augath M, Trinath T, Oeltermann A. Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fmri signal. Nature 2001;412: Gracely RH, Petzke F, Wolf JM, Clauw DJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of augmented pain processing in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46: Apkarian AV, Bushnell MC, Treede RD, Zubieta JK. Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. Eur J Pain 2005;9: Williams DA. Psychological and behavioural therapies in fibromyalgia and related syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003;17: Häuser W, Bernardy K, Uçeyler N, Sommer C. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with antidepressants: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009;301: Üçeyler N, Sommer C, Walitt B, Häuser W. Anticonvulsants for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;10: CD Kim SH, Lee Y, Lee S, Mun CW. Evaluation of the effectiveness of pregabalin in alleviating pain associated with fibromyalgia: using functional magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS One 2013;8: e RH Gracely, DM Kwilosz. The Descriptor Differential Scale: applying psychophysical principles to clinical pain assessment. Pain 1988;35: Hedberg TG, Stanton PK. Long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic transmission in rat posterior cingulate cortex. Brain Res 1995;670: Beauregard M, Leroux JM, Bergman, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of major depression: an fmri study using an emotional activation paradigm. Neuroreport 1998;9: Raichle NE, MacLeod AM, Snyder Az, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:

11 섬유근통환자에대한 Milnacipran 과 Pregabalin 약물치료에대한기능적자기공명영상에서의후속영향비교 강민재외 351 JKSMRM 18(4) : , 2014 Comparison of the Medication Effects between Milnacipran and Pregabalin in Fibromyalgia Syndrome Using a Functional MRI: a Follow-up Study Min Jae Kang 1, Chi-Woong Mun 2, Young Ho Lee 3, Seong-Ho Kim 4 1 Dept. of Health Science and Technology, Inje Univ., Gyeongnam, Korea, 2 Dept. of Biomedical Engineering & u-harc, Inje Univ., Gyeongnam, Korea, 3 Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Gyunggi, Korea, 4 Dept. of Internal Medicine, Inje Univ., Heaundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea Purpose : In this study, the medication effects of Milnacipran and Pregabalin, as well known as fibromyalgia treatment medicine, in fibromyalgia syndrome patients were compared through the change of BOLD signal in pain related functional MRI. Materials and Methods: Twenty fibromyalgia syndrome patients were enrolled in this study and they were separated into two groups according to the treatment medicine: 10 Milnacipran (MLN) treatment group and 7 Pregabalin (PGB) treatment group. For accurate diagnosis, all patients underwent several clinical tests. Pre-treated and post-treated fmri image with block-designed pressure-pain stimulation for each group were obtained to conduct the statistical analysis of paired t-test and two sample t-test. All statistical significant level was less than Results: In clinical tests, the clinical scores of the two groups were not significantly different at pre-treatment stage. But, PGB treatment group had lower Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) score than those of MLN treatment group at post-treatment stage. In functional image analysis, BOLD signal of PGB treatment group was higher BOLD signal at several regions including anterior cingulate and insula than MLN treatment group at post-treatment stage. Also, paired t-test values of the BOLD signal in MLN group decreased in several regions including insula and thalamus as known as pain network. In contrast, size and number of regions in which the BOLD signal decreased in PGB treatment group were smaller than those of MLN treatment group. Conclusion: This study showed that MLN group and PGB group have different medication effects. It is not surprising that MLN and PGB have not the same therapeutic effects since these two drugs have different medicinal mechanisms such as antidepressants and anti-seizure medication, respectively, and different detailed target of fibromyalgia syndrome treatment. Therefore, it is difficult to say which medicine will work better in this study. Index words : fmri BOLD signal Fibromyalgia syndrome Milnacipran Pregabalin Address reprint requests to: Chi-Woong Mun, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering/u-HARC, Inje University, Building A, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongnam , Korea. Tel Fax mcw@inje.ac.kr

( )Kju098.hwp

( )Kju098.hwp 건강한젊은남성과중년남성에서성적자극에의한뇌의활성화비교 Difference of Brain Activation by Visual Erotic Stimuli in Young and Middle-aged Healthy Males Dong Wan Sohn, Kang June Cho, Hyo Sin Kim, Choong Bum Lee, Sung Hak Kang, Yong-Hyun

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

( )kju145.hwp

( )kju145.hwp 시각적성자극에의한대뇌활성의국지화 를이용한 분석 Location of Brain Electrical Source Activation according to Visually Stimulated Sexual Arousal: A Cross Spectral Analysis using Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography

More information

(

( 317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,

More information

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

2-1

2-1 Part Brain, Head & Neck PART Brain, Head & Neck Overview of brain Caudate nucleus Nucleus accumbens Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Putamen Substantia nigra Cerebral corter Thalamus Nucleus subthalamicus

More information

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

04조남훈

04조남훈 Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache

More information

(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) ISSN 228

(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016)   ISSN 228 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) (Regular Paper) 1 1, 016 1 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.016.1.1.60 ISSN 87-9137 (Online) ISSN 16-7953 (Print) a), a) An Efficient Method

More information

자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr

자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae

More information

γ

γ 경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

A 617

A 617 Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호

975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호 Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology

More information

???? 1

???? 1 The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial

More information

12이문규

12이문규 Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental

More information

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

( )Kju269.hwp

( )Kju269.hwp 만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University

More information

歯1.PDF

歯1.PDF 200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of

More information

16_이주용_155~163.hwp

16_이주용_155~163.hwp 사상체질의학회지 2008;20(2):155-163 J of Sasang Constitutional Medicine Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008:155-163 http://www.esasang.com 腦 梗 塞 으로 발생한 少 陽 人 半 身 舞 蹈 病 患 者 치험 1례 이주용 이한얼 한경수 안택원 Abstract 대전대학교 한의과대학 사상체질과 A Soyangin

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   3 * The Effect of H Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales

More information

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung

More information

03이경미(237~248)ok

03이경미(237~248)ok The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).

More information

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ 2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   (NCS) Method of Con Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency

More information

1..

1.. Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770> 주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율

More information

09권오설_ok.hwp

09권오설_ok.hwp (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

590호(01-11)

590호(01-11) T H E K O R E A N D O C T O R S W E E K L Y www.docdocdoc.co.kr I N S I D E 38 3 5 6 7 10 13 28 29 30 31 38 41 42 2 Advertisement Government & Medicine 3 Government & Medicine 4 Government & Medicine Government

More information

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( ) :,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

09È«¼®¿µ 5~152s

09È«¼®¿µ5~152s Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: * Review of Research

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   * Review of Research Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.79-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.79 * Review of Research Trends on Curriculum for Students with Severe and multiple

More information

ECG & EP CASES Young-Keun On, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Cardiac & Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea A case of

More information

Æ÷Àå82š

Æ÷Àå82š Lee, Kyungbae (E-mail : kblee6078@ex.co.kr) Lee, Jaehoon (E-mail : ranian74@ex.co.kr) Sohn, Duecksu (E-mail : mgsds@ex.co.kr) Kwon, Soonmin (E-mail : soonmini2@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The purpose

More information

Crt114( ).hwp

Crt114( ).hwp cdna Microarray Experiment: Design Issues in Early Stage and the Need of Normalization Byung Soo Kim, Ph.D. 1, Sunho Lee, Ph.D. 2, Sun Young Rha, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 and Hyun Cheol Chung, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 1

More information

황지웅

황지웅 Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic

More information

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu

878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu 한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: The Effect of Caree

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   The Effect of Caree Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.325-349 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.325 The Effect of Career Preparation Behavior Before and After Major Transitions

More information

27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :

27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( : 27 2, 17-31, 2009. -, * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** (: dminkim@cau.ac.kr) 18 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. Ⅰ. (,,, 2004). (,, 2006).,,, (Myrick,

More information

전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II)

전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - vii - - viii - - ix - -

More information

현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구

현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구 한지닥섬유제품의인체생리반응및쾌적성평가 임순 Evaluation of Thermal Physiological Responses and Comfort in Dox Fabric Soon Im Professor, Dept. of Fashion Industry, Incheon National University This study performed the evaluation

More information

Kbcs002.hwp

Kbcs002.hwp Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,

More information

(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re

(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern

More information

Æ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š

Æ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š Cho, Mun Jin (E-mail: mjcho@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding

More information

14.531~539(08-037).fm

14.531~539(08-037).fm G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked

More information

<313430333033C6AFC1FD28C3E0B1B8292E687770>

<313430333033C6AFC1FD28C3E0B1B8292E687770> 스포츠와 물리학: 구기운동 안티-싸커 와 간접-축구 DOI: 10.3938/PhiT.23.005 이 인 호 Anti-soccer and Indirect Soccer 편성은 없다고 장담한다. 벨기에(FIFA 랭킹 11위), 러시아 (FIFA 랭킹 22위), 알제리(FIFA 랭킹 26위), 그리고 한국(FIFA 랭킹 61위)으로 이어지는 H조 편성 결과이다. 이

More information

........-55..9.30

........-55..9.30 MYONGJI ST. MARY S HOSPITAL EXCELLENT STROKE TREATMENT CENTER The president of Myongji St. Mary s Hospital M.D. HUH, CHOON WOONG Graduated from Seoul Catholic Medical College. Achived M.D. in Neurosurgeon.

More information

인문사회과학기술융합학회

인문사회과학기술융합학회 Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement

More information

,......

,...... The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of

More information

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770> Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 2 pp. 1051-1058, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.2.1051 멤리스터의 전기적 특성 분석을 위한 PSPICE 회로 해석 김부강 1, 박호종 2, 박용수 3, 송한정 1*

More information

<31325FB1E8B0E6BCBA2E687770>

<31325FB1E8B0E6BCBA2E687770> 88 / 한국전산유체공학회지 제15권, 제1호, pp.88-94, 2010. 3 관내 유동 해석을 위한 웹기반 자바 프로그램 개발 김 경 성, 1 박 종 천 *2 DEVELOPMENT OF WEB-BASED JAVA PROGRAM FOR NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF PIPE FLOW K.S. Kim 1 and J.C. Park *2 In general,

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

More information

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)

More information

원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현

원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 지도김석원교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함

More information

A Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer

More information

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp 대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo

More information

석사논문.PDF

석사논문.PDF ABO Rh A study on the importance of ABO and Rh blood groups information in Public Health 2000 2 1 ABO Rh A study on the importance of ABO and Rh blood groups information in Public Health 2000 2 2 ABO Rh

More information

대한한의학원전학회지26권4호-교정본(1125).hwp

대한한의학원전학회지26권4호-교정본(1125).hwp http://www.wonjeon.org http://dx.doi.org/10.14369/skmc.2013.26.4.267 熱入血室證에 대한 小考 1 2 慶熙大學校大學校 韓醫學科大學 原典學敎室 韓醫學古典硏究所 白裕相1, 2 *117) A Study on the Pattern of 'Heat Entering The Blood Chamber' 1, Baik 1

More information

.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;, 1995), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, (, 201

.,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;, 1995), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, (, 201 4 21.,,,.,,. 1, 2, 3, 4.,,,,,,.,,,,., ( ). 60-66,,,,,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-220-2495/ E-mail: ikkim@jj.ac.kr .,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,, (, 2011)..,,, (, 2009)., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994;,

More information

09구자용(489~500)

09구자용(489~500) The Study on the Grid Size Regarding Spatial Interpolation for Local Climate Maps* Cha Yong Ku** Young Ho Shin*** Jae-Won Lee**** Hee-Soo Kim*****.,...,,,, Abstract : Recent global warming and abnormal

More information

상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: /

상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: / ,,. 164 -. SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 1 11 404 / Tel: 02-880-7636 / E-mail: dikimedu@snu.ac.kr ...,,, (, 2012),, (,,, 2012a, 2012b;,, 2011;, 2011;,, 2010). (, 2013;, 2012;, ;

More information

(5차 편집).hwp

(5차 편집).hwp (215), 54(1), 17-3 211 STEAM,.. STEAM, STEAM, 5~6 11.,., 5~6...,. (, 21)., 29. (,, 212). 211 STEAM * :, E-mail: njkwon@hanmail.net http://dx.doi.org/1.15812/ter.54.1.2153.17 (215), 54(1), 17-3,. (Arts)

More information

<31335FB1C7B0E6C7CABFDC2E687770>

<31335FB1C7B0E6C7CABFDC2E687770> 에너지기후변화교육 4(2):203~211(2014) 203 초등학교 교과서 에너지 단원의 탐구활동과 시각자료 기능 분석 사례 연구 신명경 권경필 * 경인교육대학교 Abstract : This study aimed to analyze energy related inquiry activity and visual materials in elementary textbook.

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 5 : 1031~1039 May. 2015 정보보호 산업의 경제적 파급효과 및 기여도 분석 김방룡 1 홍재표 2* Economic

More information

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö case of brugada syndrome presented as chest pain STRCT rugada syndrome was described in 1992 as a new clinical entity characterized by electrocardiographic STsegment elevation in the right precordial leads

More information

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770>

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770> J of Korean Tunn Undergr Sp Assoc 15(5)497-504(2013) eissn: 2287-4747 http://dx.doi.org/10.9711/ktaj.2013.15.5.497 pissn: 2233-8292 도로터널의 갱구부 경관설계가 터널 내부조명에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 이미애 1 ㆍ이동희 2 * 1 아이라이트 대표이사 2

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

À±½Â¿í Ãâ·Â

À±½Â¿í Ãâ·Â Representation, Encoding and Intermediate View Interpolation Methods for Multi-view Video Using Layered Depth Images The multi-view video is a collection of multiple videos, capturing the same scene at

More information

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm

16(1)-3(국문)(p.40-45).fm w wz 16«1y Kor. J. Clin. Pharm., Vol. 16, No. 1. 2006 x w$btf3fqpsu'psn û w m w Department of Statistics, Chonnam National University Eunsik Park College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4) THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method

More information

<5B313132385D32303039B3E220C1A634B1C720C1A632C8A320B3EDB9AEC1F628C3D6C1BE292E687770>

<5B313132385D32303039B3E220C1A634B1C720C1A632C8A320B3EDB9AEC1F628C3D6C1BE292E687770> 디지털 영상에서의 자막추출을 이용한 자막 특성 분석에 관한 연구 이세열 * 요약 본 연구는 방송 프로그램 제작에 있어서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있는 영상 자막의 특성과 영상 커 뮤니케이션 기능적인 관점에서 나타나고 있는 현상을 살펴본다. 다양한 방송 프로그램에서 활용되고 있는 디지털 영상 자막의 기능은 단순하게 간략한 정보를 전달하는 기능적인 역할을 수행하였다.

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Study on Teache Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational

More information

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, )

2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, ) Abstract Kim Dal-Rae, Kim Sun-Hyung* Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee Univ. *Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung-Hee

More information

Vol.259 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M

Vol.259 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2018.01 Vol.259 C O N T E N T S 02 06 28 61 69 99 104 120 M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2 2018.1 3 4 2018.1 1) 2) 6 2018.1 3) 4) 7 5) 6) 7) 8) 8 2018.1 9 10 2018.1 11 2003.08 2005.08

More information

202

202 201 202 Table 1. Quantitative Comparison of Activated Cerebral Regions (Brodmann s Areas) under Implicit and Explicit Memory Retrieval Tasks Location Implicit memory Explicit memory Act. index Act. pixels

More information

04김호걸(39~50)ok

04김호걸(39~50)ok Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, Vol. 22, No. 1(2013) pp.39~50 Prediction of Landslides Occurrence Probability under Climate Change using MaxEnt Model Kim, Hogul* Lee, Dong-Kun** Mo, Yongwon*

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze

More information

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling

More information

Dementia2

Dementia2 Today s Topics Memory Impairment & Dementia Age Associated Memory Impairment Dementia Definition of dementia Depression Schizophrenia Mental retardation Delirium : Not final diagnosis term, but symptomatologic

More information

1. 연구대상 연구방법 2. 측정도구 3. 명상법소개및연구절차 492

1. 연구대상 연구방법 2. 측정도구 3. 명상법소개및연구절차 492 KISEP Original Articles 38 3 1999 J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc Vol 38, No 3 명상이정서상태에미치는효과 * 이정호 ** 김영미 ** 최영민 ** The Effect of Meditation on Depression and Anxiety* Jung-Ho Lee, M.D.,** Young-Mee Kim,

More information

페링야간뇨소책자-내지-16

페링야간뇨소책자-내지-16 야간뇨의진단과치료 - 실제적접근 - Reference 1. Choo MS, Ku JH, Park CH et al. Prevalence of Nocturia in a Korean Population Aged 40 to 89 Years. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 27:60-64. 2. Weiss JP. Prevalence

More information

( )Kju225.hwp

( )Kju225.hwp 비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin

More information

WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성 ( 황수경 ) ꌙ 127 노동정책연구 제 4 권제 2 호 pp.127~148 c 한국노동연구원 WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성황수경 *, (disabi

WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성 ( 황수경 ) ꌙ 127 노동정책연구 제 4 권제 2 호 pp.127~148 c 한국노동연구원 WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성황수경 *, (disabi WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성 ( 황수경 ) ꌙ 127 노동정책연구 2004. 제 4 권제 2 호 pp.127~148 c 한국노동연구원 WHO 의새로운국제장애분류 (ICF) 에대한이해와기능적장애개념의필요성황수경 *, (disability)..,,. (WHO) 2001 ICF. ICF,.,.,,. (disability)

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 6, Jun Rate). STAP(Space-Time Adaptive Processing)., -

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 6, Jun Rate). STAP(Space-Time Adaptive Processing)., - THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Jun.; 29(6), 457463. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.6.457 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Sigma-Delta

More information

433대지05박창용

433대지05박창용 Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This

More information

386-390.hwp

386-390.hwp 386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information