DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

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1 ISSN (Print) / ISSN (Online) The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 136~142, 충격감소및중력보상을위한이족보행로봇의무릎 - 골반관절설계 Design of Knee-Pelvis Joint in the Biped Robot for Shock Reduction and Gravity Compensation 김영민 * 김용태 (Young-Min Kim Yong-Tae Kim) Abstract - In the paper, a design method of knee and pelvis joint in the biped robot is proposed for shock absorption and gravity compensation. Similarly to the human's body, the knee joints of the biped robot support most body weight and get a shock from the landing motion of the foot on the floor. The torque of joint motor is also increased sharply to keep the balance of the robot. Knee and pelvis joints with the spring are designed to compensate the gravity force and reduce the contact shock of the robot. To verify the efficiency of the proposed design method, we develope a biped robot with the joint mechanism using springs. At first, we experiment with the developed robot on the static motions such as the bent-knee posture both without load and with load on the flat ground, and the balance posture on the incline plane. The current of knee joint is measured to analyze the impact force and energy consumption of the joint motors. Also, we observe the motor current of knee and pelvis joints for the walking motion of the biped robot. The current responses of joint motors show that the proposed method has an effect on shock reduction and gravity compensation, and improve the energy efficiency of walking motions for the biped robot. Key Words : Biped Robot, Shock Reduction, Gravity Compensation, Knee Joint, Pelvis Joint, Energy Consumption 1. 서론산업기술의발달로자동화및무인화를위한지능로봇에대한연구개발이증가하고있다. 지정된장소에서정해진일만수행하는머니퓰레이터형태뿐만아니라, 바퀴를이용한주행로봇, 다리를이용한보행로봇등의형태로개발되어다양한분야에적용되고있다. 그중에서도이족보행로봇은인간에게친근감을주며, 인간의힘만으로진행하기어려운작업에협력하거나대신수행할수있다. 현재다양한지면환경에서의안정적인보행과보행속도증가등의연구가진행되고있으며, 3차원환경에서주변상황을인지하고그에맞는행동계획을만드는연구도진행되고있다 [1-2]. 이족보행로봇은인간의보행과동일한형태를지니며, 보행시무게를분산시키지못하고, 무릎관절에체중의대부분이실리게된다. 특히로봇이운반작업으로사용될경우에무릎에서짐의많은하중을지지하게되므로무릎관절에가해지는충격과중력에대한보상장치가필요하다. 이족보행로봇은장시간동작할경 Corresponding Author : Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Hankyong National Univerity, Korea. ytkim@hknu.ac.kr * Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Hankyong National Univerity, Korea. Received : July 07, 2014; Accepted : December 15, 2014 우에하체관절의오동작및파손을일으키며, 이로인해로봇의낙상이발생하여전체시스템이손상되므로이를방지하는설계를요구한다. 인간의경우에는대퇴골주위를감싸고있는대퇴근이발달하여무릎관절로몰리는체중을지지하고무릎으로전해지는충격을흡수한다. 그러나대부분의이족보행로봇은인간의관절형태만을모방하여, 관절에서의충격을흡수하는방법은적용되고있지않다. 그러므로인간의근육을대체할수있는형태의관절구조의설계가필요하다 [3]. 외부충격으로인한로봇시스템의손상을방지하기위해힘센서를장착하여외력을측정하는형태의연구들과용수철과같은탄성체를이용하여충격에대응할수있는연구, 머니퓰레이터자체의충격완충특성을적용하여충격을흡수하는연구가진행되었다 [4-5]. 다른방향으로이족보행로봇이걸을때지면으로부터의충격을흡수하기위해지면에대한최적의발설계와발가락관절설계방법에대한연구가있다 [6]. 하지만지면으로부터의충격은발에서만끝나지않고무릎까지영향을주기떄문에무릎의충격을흡수또는완화시킬수있는연구가필요하다 [7]. 중력으로인하여무릎관절로몰리는체중은에너지소비측면에서도문제점으로나타난다. 이족보행로봇의내장된형태의전원은로봇의동작시간을제한하므로, 작동시간증가를위해로봇의소비에너지절감에대한중요성이부각되고있다 [8]. 이족보행로봇은안정적인보행을위해무릎관절구동기에서많은토크를사용하게된다. 토크의증가는소모에너지를증가시키며, 전 136 Copyright c The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( licenses/by-nc/3.0/)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 64, No. 1, JAN, 2015 체적으로에너지사용효율성을감소시킨다. 그리고중력의작용으로항상구동기에토크가걸려있게되므로이를보상하여에너지소모를줄이는관절구조의설계가필요하다. 본논문에서는이족보행로봇의체중에의해무릎과골반이받는충격을감소시키고, 물건운반시하중에의해무릎관절이받는충격을완화시켜에너지사용효율성을증가시킬수있는무릎및골반관절설계방법을제안하였다. 실제제작된이족보행로봇을사용한실험으로제안된설계방법을검증하였다. 본논문의구성은다음과같다. 먼저 2장에서이족보행로봇의시스템구성과기구학모델을설명하고, 3장에서는중력과충격보상을위해용수철을사용한무릎-골반관절을설계하는방법을제안하였다. 4장에서는제안한설계방법으로제작된이족보행로봇의다양한동작실험을통한소비에너지저감성능을보였으며, 5장에서는결론을맺었다. 2. 이족보행로봇의구성 2.1 이족로봇시스템구성이족보행로봇은그림 1과같이주제어기, 모션제어기, 24개의 DC모터와센서모듈로구성된다. 주제어기는리눅스기반의임베디드보드를사용하여전체동작과, 모션제어기를제어한다. 모션제어기는 Cortex-M3 계열마이크로컨트롤러보드이며, 기구학을계산하여모터들을실시간으로제어하고, 모터위치와센서모듈에서받은데이터들을처리한다. 그림 2 이족보행로봇의설계도면 Fig. 2 Design drawings of the biped robot 축, 상하방향을 축으로설정하여그림 3과같은세가지형태의모션을기본동작으로구성하였으며, 각동작별로골반, 무릎, 발목의각도는역기구학을통해계산하였다. 본논문에서는그림 3의모션을조합하여실험에사용될동작및보행동작을구현하였다. Ħ L Ħ L Main Controller (Cortex-A15,Cortex-A7) Motion Command Motion Controller (Cortex-M3) Kinematics Calculation Sensor Module Camera Accelerometer Data Transmission and Reception Motor Control Gyro sensor PSD sensor D Ħ X axis Y axis Z axis PC (C# Application) 24 Motors (Current Sensor) 그림 3 이족보행로봇의역기구학 Fig. 3 Inverse kinematics of the biped robot 그림 1 이족보행로봇의전체시스템구성도 Fig. 1 Overall system configuration of the biped robot 이족보행로봇의기구부는인간의팔, 다리, 목관절을모방하여그림 2와같이설계하였다. 로봇의상체는팔과목으로구성되며, 팔은좌, 우각각 5자유도를가지고, 목은 2자유도를설계하였다. 하체는좌, 우각각 6개의모터를사용하여골반 3자유도, 무릎 1자유도, 발목 2자유도를가진다. 제작한로봇의높이는약 68cm이고, 전체로봇의무게는 4.84kg이다. 그림 3(a) 에서,, 는앞뒤방향움직임 로인해움직이는골반, 무릎, 발목의모터의각도이다. 다음의식 1과식 2와같이 와 을설정하면, 는 와 을더하여계산할수있고, 는발목이움직이는각으로 과 의차이로구한다. tan cos (2) (1) 2.1 이족보행로봇의역기구학 이족로봇의좌표계는로봇의앞뒤방향을 축, 좌우방향을 는삼각형의성질을이용하여 로나타낼수있다. 그림 3(b) 에서 와 는좌우방향움직임 로인해움직이는골반과발목의각도이다. 와 는다음의식 3과같이 충격감소및중력보상을위한이족보행로봇의무릎 - 골반관절설계 137

3 전기학회논문지 64 권 1 호 2015 년 1 월 표현된다. sin (3) 그림 3(c) 는무릎굽히기자세로로봇의안정적인정적상태구현과보행을시작하기전과후의정지상태구현을위해사용하였다.,, 는상하방향움직임 로인해움직이는골반, 무릎, 발목의각도로서다음의식 4와식 5로표현할수있다. sin (7) 식 6과식 7에언급된두힘의차를통해중력을보상한무릎관절구동기의토크 는다음의식 8로나타낼수있다 [10]. (8) sin cos (4) (5) 모터토크상수를, 전류를 라하면, 구동기토크 는다음의식 9와같이표현된다. 3. 이족보행로봇의무릎-골반관절설계 3.1 이족로봇의중력보상이족보행로봇의관절을이루는구동기가소비하는전체에너지중에서로봇자체의무게로인해소비하는에너지의비중이하중을옮길때필요한에너지의비중보다높다 [9]. 로봇자체무게및하중에의한중력보상을위해다음의그림 4와같이용수철을이용하여무릎관절을설계한다. (9) 중력보상이적용되지않았을때의전류 와중력보상으로인해감소하는전류 의차이가모터에서실제로소비하는전류이다. 를실제소비하는전류라고하면, 식 8을이용하여다음의식 10과같이표현할수있다. (10) 3.2 용수철을사용한무릎관절설계 Spring Pulley Wire a L k 본논문에서는용수철을사용하여중력을보상하고상하방향의충격을흡수할수있도록다음그림 5와같이무릎관절을설계하였다. 와이어를이용해용수철이고정된위치에서길이만변할수있는형태로제작하였다. 제안한방법은로봇이무릎을굽히면용수철이무릎관절구동기가사용하는토크의방향과동일한방향으로복원력을만들어무릎관절구동기의토크를감소시킨다. 또한중력방향의무게에대해무릎관절구동기가지지해야할토크를용수철이보상함으로써중력을보상하고, 구동기로전해지는충격을감소시킴과동시에파손가능성을낮추며, 전력소모를낮추어에너지사용효율성을증가시킨다. 그림 4 무릎관절의중력보상설계 Fig. 4 Gravity compensation design of knee joint 로봇체중, 로봇허벅지길이, 무릎각도 을이용하면, 중력보상효과가적용되지않은무릎관절구동기의토크 는다음의식 6과같이표현된다. (6) 무릎관절구동기의축과용수철의최단거리를, 용수철의탄성계수를 라하면용수철을이용한중력보상힘 는다음의식 7과같이표현된다. 그림 5 용수철을사용한무릎관절설계 Fig. 5 Design of knee joint using spring 138

4 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 64, No. 1, JAN, 용수철을적용한골반관절설계이족보행로봇의전체크기를증가시키면상체및하체의무게가증가하고, 길이가커져서관성이증가하게된다. 하모닉드라이브를사용하지않으면, 골반관절구동기의축이다리무게의증가를버티지못하고휘어져서발이디뎌야할곳에디디지못해보행의안정성을감소시키거나로봇의낙상을일으킨다. 이러한문제점을해결하기위해다음의그림 6과같이용수철을사용한골반관절의설계방법을제안하였다. 골반프레임과정강이프레임에고리를만들어용수철을고정시키면용수철이중력으로인해골반관절구동기의축이로봇의안쪽으로휘는것을방지한다. 류값을측정하고분석하였다. 무릎굽히기자세는다음의그림 7과같이구현하였다. 하중에대한실험은그림 8과같이모래주머니를사용하였으며, 로봇의상체에 1.35 무게의모래주머니 2개를얹어 2.7의하중을부여하였다. 무릎굽히기자세에서무릎을굽힌높이차로측정값이변할수있으므로 값은 30로고정하였다. 그림 8 상체에하중을부여한로봇자세 Fig. 8 Robot posture with load on the upper body 그림 6 용수철을이용한골반관절설계 Fig. 6 Design of pelvis joint using spring 4. 실험결과본논문은제안한설계방법의효율성을증명하기위해평지위에서무릎굽히기자세를취한동작과무릎굽힌자세에하중이실린동작, 경사면에서무릎굽힌동작, 마지막으로이족보행동작등의 4가지동작에서소비에너지측정실험을하였다. 에너지소모량을측정하기위해각상황에서무릎관절구동기의전 그림 9와그림 10은로봇이무릎을굽히는동작실험에서왼쪽및오른쪽무릎관절모터의전류값의변화를보여준다. 용수철을사용한제안된설계방법이공중에있던로봇발을지면으로내리면서발바닥과지면의접촉으로생기는충격과상체에하중이실리면서생기는충격을감소시키는것을그래프의피크값의감소를통해보여준다. 또한로봇발이지면에착지한후부터안정된상태일때도전체적으로전류가적게소모되는것을확인한다. 그림 7 이족보행로봇의무릎굽히기자세 Fig. 7 Bent knee posture of the biped robot 그림 9 평지에서무릎을굽힌동작일때왼쪽무릎관절모터의전류값 Fig. 9 Current response of the joint motor on left knee for the bent knee motion on the flat ground 충격감소및중력보상을위한이족보행로봇의무릎 - 골반관절설계 139

5 전기학회논문지 64 권 1 호 2015 년 1 월 그림 10 평지에서무릎을굽힌동작일때오른쪽무릎관절모터의전류값 Fig. 10 Current response of the joint motor on Right knee for the bent knee motion on the flat ground 그림 12 경사면에서무릎을굽힌동작일때의왼쪽무릎관절모터의전류값 Fig. 12 Current response of the joint motor on left knee for the bent knee motion on the incline plane 그림 11은경사면위에서보행을실험하는모습이다. 이족보행로봇은그림 3(c) 의자세에서발목의각도 을증가시켜경사면위에서무게중심을안정적으로유지한다. 지면부터발목이이루는각도는약 이다. 그림 11 경사면위에서무릎을굽힌자세 Fig. 11 Bent knee posture on the incline plane 그림 12와그림 13은로봇이경사면에서무릎을굽힌동작일때왼쪽및오른쪽무릎관절모터의전류값의변화를나타낸다. 제안한설계방법은들려있던로봇발을지면으로내릴때발바닥과지면의접촉으로생기는충격을감소시키는것을보여준다. 그리고로봇발이지면에착지한후안정된상태일때전류를적게소모하고변화량도감소시켜경사면에서도정적인상태의안정성을향상시키는것을보여준다. 평지에서측정한전류와경사면에서측정한전류를비교해보면경사면에서구동기가소비하는전류의평균값이더적다는것을볼수있다. 그이유는로봇이경사면에서의무게중심을유지하기위해발목을앞으로움직여몸전체를지지하고있기때문에로봇의무게가발목과무릎으로분산되지못하고발목으로집 그림 13 경사면에서무릎을굽힌동작일때의오른쪽무릎관절모터의전류값 Fig. 13 Current response of the joint motor on right knee for the bent knee motion on the incline plane 중되었기때문이다. 본논문에서제안한무릎관절과골반관절설계를적용한이족로봇을사용하여보행실험을하였다. 제안한설계방법을적용하여실험을통해로봇이보행하는동안무릎과골반관절의충격을줄이고, 구동기가소모하는에너지의감소에대해확인한다. 그림 14와그림 15는이족로봇이보행할때무릎관절모터가소모하는전류변화를나타낸그래프이다. 사용되는최대전류값은설계가적용되지않았을때가가장크고, 무릎관절과골반관절설계가같이적용되었을때가가장적은것을보여준다. 설계방법에따른왼쪽및오른쪽무릎모터가네주기 (4 cycle) 동안소모한전류의평균은표 1과같다. 이족로봇의보행실험을통해제안한설계를적용한무릎관절모터가전류를더적게소비하는것을확인하였다. 140

6 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 64, No. 1, JAN, 2015 절모터가소모하는전류를나타낸그래프이다. 제안한골반관절설계를적용하여골반모터가소모하는전류의최대값이적어지는것을볼수있다. 설계방법에따른왼쪽및오른쪽골반모터의네주기 (4 cycle) 동안소모한전류의평균은표 2과같다. 이족로봇이보행할때제안한골반설계방법을통해골반모터의에너지소모량을줄일수있다. 그림 14 보행동작일때의왼쪽무릎관절모터의전류값 Fig. 14 Current response of the joint motor on left knee for the walking motion 그림 16 보행동작일때의왼쪽골반 축관절모터의전류값 Fig. 16 Current response of the -axis motor on left pelvis for the walking motion 그림 15 보행동작일때의오른쪽무릎관절모터의전류값 Fig. 15 Current response of the joint motor on right knee for the walking motion 표 1 이족보행동작시무릎관절모터의소모전류비교 Table 1 Comparison of motor currents of the knee joint for the biped walking motion 구분 무릎관절과설계골반관절골반관절미적용설계적용설계적용 왼쪽무릎모터소모평균 전류 [ ] 오른쪽무릎모터평균소모 전류 [ ] 무릎모터평균소모전류의합 [ ] 본논문에서제안한골반관절구조를적용하여골반모터의 충격감소와에너지감소효과를관찰하였다. 그림 16과그림 17 은로봇이보행할때 축을움직이는왼쪽및오른쪽골반관 그림 17 보행동작일때의오른쪽골반 축관절모터의전류값 Fig. 17 Current response of the -axis motor on right pelvis for the walking motion 표 2 이족보행동작시골반 축관절모터의소모전류비교 Table 2 Comparison of motor currents of the -axis pelvis joint for the biped walking motion 구분 설계골반관절미적용설계적용 왼쪽골반 축모터평균소모전류 [ ] 오른쪽골반 축모터평균소모전류 [ ] 골반 축모터평균소모전류합 [ ] 충격감소및중력보상을위한이족보행로봇의무릎 - 골반관절설계 141

7 전기학회논문지 64 권 1 호 2015 년 1 월 이족보행로봇의여러가지자세에서각관절의모터각도는일반적으로좌우대칭이다. 그러나로봇에내장된부품의무게, 왼팔과오른팔의위치차이, 바닥환경, 하체를이루고있는관절모터의내부상태, 하중이실렸을때는고르지못한하중배치등에실험환경에따라비대칭을이루게되어좌우모터의전류값은동일하지않으며, 오른쪽모터들의에너지소모량이많은것을실험결과를통해알수있었다. 5. 결론본논문에서는용수철의복원력을이용하여충격감소와중력보상을위한이족보행로봇의무릎관절과골반관절설계방법을제안하였다. 제안한설계방법의효율성을검증하기위해서먼저정적인상태에서무릎을굽힌자세를구현하여평지에서체중을지지하는상황과하중이부여된상황, 경사면위의자세에서무릎관절모터의전류측정실험을하였다. 정적인상태에서제안한설계방법을적용했을때전류의최대값및사용량을고찰하여충격감소및중력보상효과를검증하였다. 그리고로봇의이족보행동작에서무릎관절과골반관절모터가소모하는전류를측정하여전류의최대값과보행하는동안소모하는전류량을비교하여동적인상태에서도제안한방법의충격흡수와중력보상효과를확인하였다. 또한충격흡수와중력보상효과를통해제안한설계기법의에너지사용의효율성이증가하는것을살펴보았다. 감사의글이논문은 2014년정부 ( 교육과학기술부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (KRF ) References [1] Bo-Hoon Lee, Jong-Han Park, Chang-Seok Lee, and Yong-Tae Kim Robust Walking Algorithm of Biped Robot on Uneven Terrain, IEIE Trans, vol. 48, No. 4, pp.33-39, July [2] Su-Hee Noh and Yong-Tae Kim Behavior Planning for Humanoid Robot using Behavior Primitive, KIIS Trans, vol. 19, No. 1, pp , February [3] Young-Min Kim, Yong-Tae Kim, Design of Knee Joint of the Biped Robot for Shock Absorption, Information and Control Systems Symposium, April [4] Seung-Yup Lee, Byeong-Sang Kim, Jae-Bok Song, and Soo-Won Chae, Force Control of Robot Fingers using Series Elastic Actuators, ICROS Trans, vol. 18, No. 10, pp , October [5] K. Bae, D. Hong, B. Chu, K. Jung, and Y. Chu, Development of Pre-acting Shock Absorbing Using Robot Manipulator, KSPE Annual Spring Conf, pp , June [6] Sang-Hak Sung, Yongsheng Zhao and Young-Il Youm, Design of shock absorption arch-structure foot, Korea Automatic Control Conf, pp , September [7] Byoung-Ho Kim, Contact Repulsion of Robotic Foot and Its Influence on Knee Joint, KIIS Annual Fall Conf, vol. 22, No. 2, pp.53-54, November [8] Chang-Seok, Doo-Young Na and Yong-Tae Kim, Low-Power Walking Compensation method for Biped Robot Based on Consumption Energy Analysis, KIIS Trans, vol. 20, No. 6, pp , December [9] Changhyun Cho, Gi-Hun Yang, Dong-Eun Choi and Sungchul Kang, Design of a 2-dofs Manipulator with gravity compensators, KSME Annual Fall Conf, pp , November [10] Satoru Shirata, Atsushi Konno and Masaru Uchiyama, Design and Evaluation of a Gravity Compensation Mechanism for a Humanoid Robot, IEEE/RSJ Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp , November 저자소개 김영민 (Young-Min Kim) 2014년 : 한경대학교정보제어공학과졸업 ( 학사 ) 2014년 : 한경대학교전기전자제어공학과석사과정관심분야 : 지능로봇, 지능시스템 ymkim@hknu.ac.kr 김용태 (Yong-Tae Kim) 1991년 : 연세대학교전자공학과졸업 ( 공학사 ) 1993년 : KAIST 전기및전자공학과졸업 ( 공학석사 ) 1998년 : KAIST 전기및전자공학과졸업 ( 공학박사 ) 1998년 2000년 : ( 주 ) 삼성전자 2006년 : Univ. of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign 방문연구 2002년 현재 : 국립한경대학교전기전자제어공학과교수관심분야 : 지능로봇, 지능시스템, 지능제어, 물류자동화 ytkim@hknu.ac.kr 142

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