SQL Tuning Business Development DB
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1 SQL Tuning Business Development DB
2 Oracle Optimizer 4.1
3 Optimizer SQL SQL.. SQL Optimizer :.. Rule-Based Optimization (RBO), Cost-Based Optimization (CBO) SQL Optimizer SQL Query Parser Dictionary Rule-Based Optimizer RBO Optimizer Mode? CBO Cost-Based Optimizer Row Source Generator Query SQL Execution
4 Optimizer 1. (expression) 2. SQL SQL 3. RBO? CBO? (CBO )?? 4. join join SQL SQL Oracle Step Step Step (Execution Plan)
5 SQL SQL : SELECT emp_id, job_id, sal, dept_name FROM emp, dept WHERE emp.deptno = dept.deptno AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM jobs WHERE emp.sal BETWEEN min_sal AND max_sal); SQL ( ) EXPLAIN PLAN ID OPERATION OPTIONS OBJECT_NAME SELECT STATEMENT 1 FILTER 2 NESTED LOOPS 3 TABLE ACCESS FULL EMP 4 TABLE ACCESS BY ROWID DEPT 5 INDEX UNIQUE SCAN PK_DEPTNO 6 TABLE ACCESS FULL JOBS
6 SQL ( ) Graphical 3 Table Access (Full) emp 2 Nested Loops 1 Filter 4 Table Access (By ROWID) dept 5 Index (Unique Scan) pk_deptno 6 Table Access (Full) Jobs Step Row Source. Step Row Set. Step Step ( Box) Row set ( Box) 4.2 Rule-Based Optimization Cost- Based Optimization
7 Rule-Based Optimization (RBO) SQL Syntax (Cost) Oracle 6 RBO Single row by ROWID Single row by cluster join Single row by hash cluster key with unique or primary key Single row by unique or primary key Cluster join Hash cluster key Indexed cluster key Composite index Single-column index Bounded range search on indexed columns Unbounded range search on indexed columns Sort-merge join MAX or MIN of indexed column ORDER BY on indexed column Full table scan
8 Cost-Based Optimization (CBO) CPU I/O Oracle7 :. RBO CBO Partitioning (Index-organized table) Reverse key Function-based SELECT SAMPLE Query DML Star Join Star Optimizer Materialized View Query rewrite Enterprise Manager progress meter Join bitmap bitmap Join skip scan
9 4.3 Optimizer Optimizer Oracle9i Optimizer SQL RBO CBO throughput - row Response time - row
10 Optimizer ( ) Optimizer OPTIMIZER_MODE ( alter system ) OPTIMIZER_MODE (alter session ) Optimizer Hint OPTIMIZER_MODE CHOOSE Oracle9i Optimizer.. RULE RBO ALL_ROWS FIRST_ROWS[_n]. n = 1, 10, 100, 1000
11 SQL Optimizer /*+ CHOOSE */ /*+ RULE */ /*+ ALL_ROWS */ Oracle9i Optimizer. RBO /*+ FIRST_ROWS[(n)] */. n = RBO RBO SQL syntax, FROM WHERE syntax
12 CBO CBO SQL CBO Optimizer Hint Optimizer, Optimizer Optimizer Hint Optimizer Hint /*+ RULE */ CBO
13 Hint Syntax SELECT INSERT /*+ hint */ UPDATE DELETE comment text SELECT INSERT --+ hint UPDATE DELETE comment text Hint SQL, alias alias.
14 Hint UPDATE /*+ INDEX(e EMPLOYEES_JOB_IX) */ employees e SET e.salary = (SELECT /*+ INDEX(m EMPLOYEES_SALARY_IX) */ (e.salary + m.salary)/2 FROM employees m WHERE m.emp_id = e.mgr_id AND m.salary > e.salary) WHERE e.job = 'INSTRUCTOR' AND e.hiredate > TO_DATE('01/01/1998', 'dd/mm/yyyy'); Hint Category Optimization Hint Hint Query Hint Join Order Hint Join Operation Hint Hint Hint
15 CBO OPTIMIZER_MODE OPTIMIZER_FEATURES_ENABLE CURSOR_SHARING DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT HASH_AREA_SIZE HASH_JOIN_ENABLED OPTIMIZER_INDEX_CACHING OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ OPTIMIZER_MAX_PERMUTATIONS PARTITION_VIEW_ENABLED QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED SORT_AREA_SIZE STAR_TRANSFORMATION_ENABLED 4.4 CBO
16 CBO Parser Query Estimator Parse Query Query Query + Cost Plan Dictionary Estimator Cardinality Selectivity Cost Plan Cost Plan Query Plan Row Source Generator Cost : Cardinality row set row Selectivity row set row Query (Predicate)
17 Estimator Output: Cost SQL I/O CPU Cardinality Selectivity Cost CBO Cardinality, Selectivity, Cost Static Dictionary : ANALYZE DBMS_STATS Category (Column),
18 ANALYZE TABLE ANALYZE INDEX CLUSTER schema. name COMPUTE STATISTICS DELETE STATISTICS ESTIMATE STATISTICS for clause for clause sample clause ANALYZE ( ) for clause FOR TABLE FOR ALL INDEXES FOR ALL INDEXED FOR COLUMNS SIZE n COLUMNS column SIZE n SIZE n sample clause SAMPLE n ROWS PERCENT
19 DBMS_STATS Oracle Dictionary ANALYZE, schema, ANALYZE DBMS_STATS dbms_stats.gather_table_stats ( sh, -- schema customers, -- table NULL, -- partition 20, -- sample size(%) TRUE, -- block sample? 'FOR ALL COLUMNS, -- column spec 4, -- degree of parallelism 'DEFAULT, -- granularity TRUE -- cascade to indexes );
20 ( ) ( ) ANALYZE DBA_TABLES ALL_TABLES USER_TABLES Distinct ANALYZE DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS ALL_TAB_COL_STATISTICS USER_TAB_COL_STATISTIC S
21 ( ) Leaf Distinct Key Key Leaf Key Clustering Factor ANALYZE DBA_INDEXES ALL_ INDEXES USER_ INDEXES Histogram selectivity :
22 Histogram ANALYZE Histogram DBMS_STATS Histogram Histogram : Height-balanced Histogram F(val 1) F(val 2) F(val 3) Val 1 Val 2 Val 3 Val 4.. Val k-1 #total rows / #bucket Val 4 Val k F(val k) Bucket 1 Bucket 2.. Bucket n
23 Histogram selectivity Popular Value (P) Non-Popular Value (NP) P : bucket NP : bucket Histogram Histogram
24 SQL 5.1 SQL
25 SQL Response Time Resource Workload Workload re-scheduling report batch Workload Parallel Query, Parallel DML DW SQL Step 1 SQL Step 2 Step 3 SQL
26 SQL SQL Trace TKPROF Dictionary View I/O Sort SQL SQL SQL View Base SQL CBO SQL
27 SQL 1. Optimizer Optimizer Optimizer Optimizer Hint 2. SQL Logic 5.2
28 SELECT empno, ename, job FROM emp WHERE empno = :b1; empno empno VARCHAR2(4) bind 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'EMP' ( ) Full Table Scan, WHERE TO_NUMBER(emp_id) = :b1 WHERE 1 : SQL SELECT empno, ename, job FROM emp WHERE empno = TO_CHAR(:b1); 2: empno number.
29 SELECT 'Not Exists' FROM dept WHERE dname!= :b1; ( ). dname 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'DEPT' Full Table Scan ( ) : SELECT 'Not Exists' FROM dual WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM dept WHERE dname = :b1 ); 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 FILTER 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'DUAL' 3 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_DEPT_DNAME' (NON-UNIQUE)
30 ( ) 'NOTEXISTS Not Exists Not Exists Not Exists Not Exists n. 'NOTEXISTS Not Exists 1. Full Table Scan EXISTS null SELECT empno, ename, job, comm FROM emp WHERE comm IS NULL;. comm 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'EMP' Full Table Scan IS NULL NULL
31 null ( ) SELECT empno, ename, job, comm FROM emp WHERE comm IS NOT NULL;. 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'EMP' Full Table Scan. null ( ) 1 : SQL SELECT empno, ename, job, comm FROM emp WHERE comm > 0; 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'EMP' 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_EMP_COMM' (NON-UNIQUE) comm > 0. NVL(comm, -1) > 0
32 null ( ) 2 : SELECT /*+ INDEX (emp i_emp_comm) */ empno, ename, job, comm FROM emp WHERE comm IS NOT NULL; 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=66 Card=20 Bytes=780) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'EMP' (Cost=66 Card=20 Bytes=780) 2 1 INDEX (FULL SCAN) OF 'I_EMP_COMM' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=26 Card=20) scan : INDEX (FULL SCAN) null ( ) 3 : CREATE TABLE emp (... comm NUMBER(7, 2) DEFAULT -1,... ); ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY(comm DEFAULT -1); IS NOT NULL IS NULL SELECT empno, ename, job, comm FROM emp WHERE comm > -1; SELECT empno, ename, job, comm FROM emp WHERE comm = -1;
33 SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE status = 'HOLD'; HOLD. status registrations 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=31 Card=11250 Bytes=303750) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=31 Card=11250 Bytes=303750) ( ) Full Table Scan status SELECT status, COUNT(*) FROM registrations GROUP BY status; STAT COUNT(*) CANC 2400 HOLD 5 PEND 2 REGI WAIT status skewed Optimizer selectivity = 1 / #distinct values = 1/ 5 = 20%
34 ( ) Histogram ANALYZE TABLE registrations COMPUTE STATISTICS FOR COLUMNS status; Query 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=2 Card=5 Bytes=135) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=2 Card=5 Bytes=135) 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_STATUS' (NON- UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=5) ( ) status = REGI Query 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=31 Card=53575 Bytes= ) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=31 Card=53575 Bytes= ) Full Table Scan CBO.
35 ( ) : SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE status = :b1; bind histogram. : ( REGI ) NULL. SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE status = :b1; SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE status IS NULL; sort SELECT empno, ename, job, comm FROM emp ORDER BY comm;. 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 SORT (ORDER BY) 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'EMP' sort. sort row.
36 sort ( ) : comm Query SELECT empno, ename, job, comm FROM emp WHERE comm >= 0; 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'EMP' 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_EMP_COMM' (NON-UNIQUE) sort. row. sort ( ) SELECT empno, ename, job, hiredate FROM emp WHERE hiredate >= TO_DATE(:b1, 'YYYY') ORDER BY job DESC; : job. job job Query SELECT /*+ INDEX_DESC (emp i_emp_job) */ empno, ename, job, hiredate FROM emp WHERE hiredate >= TO_DATE(:b1, 'YYYY') AND job > ' '; 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=1 Card=1 Bytes=35) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'EMP' (Cost=1 Card=1 Bytes=35) 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN DESCENDING) OF 'I_EMP_JOB' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=2 Card=4)
37 sort ( ) SELECT MAX(sal) FROM emp WHERE hiredate > TO_DATE(:b1, 'YYYY'); : SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 1 0 SORT (AGGREGATE) 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'EMP' 3 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_EMP_HIREDATE_ JOB ' (NON- UNIQUE) MIN/MAX sort. sort ( ) : (sal,_hiredate) Query SELECT /*+ INDEX_DESC (emp i_emp_sal_hiredate) */ sal FROM emp WHERE hiredate > TO_DATE(:b1, 'YYYY') AND ROWNUM = 1; 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=26 Card=1 Bytes=440) 1 0 COUNT (STOPKEY) 2 1 INDEX (FULL SCAN DESCENDING) OF 'I_EMP_SAL_HIREDATE' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=26 Card=20 Bytes=440) sort. STOPKEY row. select list sal scan
38 . SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE status = :b1 AND appr_by = :b2;. status appr_by registrations ( ) OPTIMIZER_MODE = RULE 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=RULE 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' 2 1 AND-EQUAL 3 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_APPR_BY' (NON- UNIQUE) 4 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_STATUS' (NON- UNIQUE) AND-EQUAL Merge Merge rowid row scan
39 ( ) CBO 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=13 Card=112 Bytes=3024) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=13 Card=112 Bytes=3024) 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_APPR_BY' (NON- UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=815) Merge Merge row scan Query AND_EQUAL Hint Merge cost 227. ( ) (status, appr_by) 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=5 Card=112 Bytes=3024) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=5 Card=112 Bytes=3024) 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_STATUS_APPR_BY' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=272) cost = 5 Merge Merge row scan rowid WHERE AND.
40 Skip Scan SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE appr_by = :b1;. 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=16 Card=815 Bytes=22005) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=16 Card=815 Bytes=22005) 2 1 INDEX (SKIP SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_STATUS_APPR_BY' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=4 Card=12) Oracle8i Leading WHERE B* Tree :. Oracle9i Skip Scan cost = 16 appr_by (cost = 13) SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE status = :b1 AND appr_by = :b2;. appr_by 1/74, status 1/5 : (appr_by, status)? (appr_by, status) 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=5 Card=112 Bytes=3024) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=5 Card=112 Bytes=3024) 2 1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_APPR_BY_STATUS' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=272)
41 ( ) SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE appr_by BETWEEN :b1 AND :b2 AND status = :b3;. Cost (status, appr_by) cost = 14 (appr_by, status) cost = 15 scan Fast Full Scan SELECT appr_by, status FROM registrations;. (appr_by, status) appr_by status NOT NULL 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=17 Card=56252 Bytes=506268) 1 0 INDEX (FAST FULL SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_APPR_BY_STATUS' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=17 Card= Bytes=506268) Fast Full Scan
42 AND SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE class_id = :b1 OR appr_by = :b2;. (class_id, appr_by) 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=31 Card=778 Bytes=21006) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=31 Card=778 Bytes=21006) OR? AND ( ) class_id appr_by 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=18 Card=761 Bytes=20547) 1 0 CONCATENATION 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=6 Card=1 Bytes=27) 3 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_APPR_BY' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=2 Card=18) 4 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=6 Card=1 Bytes=27) 5 4 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'REG_PK' (UNIQUE) (Cost=2 Card=18) SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE class_id = :b1 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE appr_by = :b2;
43 AND ( ) SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE class_id IN (:b1, :b2, :b3);. 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=3 Card=54 Bytes=1458) 1 0 INLIST ITERATOR 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=3 Card=54 Bytes=1458) 3 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_REGISTRATIONS_CLASS_ID' (NON- UNIQUE) (Cost=2 Card=54) AND. AND ( ) SELECT * FROM registrations WHERE (status = 'HOLD' OR appr_by = 85617) AND NOT (status = 'WAIT' AND appr_by = 95482) AND (attended = 'Y');. 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=127 Card=2117 Bytes=57159) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=127 Card=2117 Bytes=57159) CONCATENATION. Bitmap
44 AND ( ) status, appr_by, attended Bitmap 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=81 Card=4855 Bytes=131085) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'REGISTRATIONS' (Cost=114 Card=4855 Bytes=131085) 2 1 BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS) 3 2 BITMAP AND 4 3 BITMAP OR 5 4 BITMAP INDEX (SINGLE VALUE) OF 'BI_REGISTRATIONS_STATUS' 6 4 BITMAP INDEX (SINGLE VALUE) OF 'BI_REGISTRATIONS_APPR_BY' 7 3 BITMAP INDEX (SINGLE VALUE) OF 'BI_REGISTRATIONS_ATTENDED' Query. OPTIMIZER_MODE Join SELECT co.short_name, cl.start_date FROM classes cl, courses co WHERE cl.instr_id = co.dev_id;. join key classes.instr_id courses.dev_id OPTIMIZER_MODE = RULE 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=RULE 1 0 MERGE JOIN 2 1 SORT (JOIN) 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'COURSES' 4 1 SORT (JOIN) 5 4 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLASSES' Full Table Scan Sort/Merge : RBO Hash
45 OPTIMIZER_MODE Join ( ) OPTIMIZER_MODE = ALL_ROWS HASH_JOIN_ENABLED = FALSE HASH_JOIN_ENABLED = TRUE 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=24 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 1 0 MERGE JOIN (Cost=24 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 2 1 SORT (JOIN) (Cost=8 Card=1018 Bytes=14252) 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'COURSES' (Cost=3 Card=1018 Bytes=14252) 4 1 SORT (JOIN) (Cost=16 Card=1729 Bytes=15561) 5 4 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=9 Card=1729 Bytes=15561) 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=13 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 1 0 HASH JOIN (Cost=13 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'COURSES' (Cost=3 Card=1018 Bytes=14252) 3 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=9 Card=1729 Bytes=15561) OPTIMIZER_MODE Join ( ) OPTIMIZER_MODE = FIRST_ROWS 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=FIRST_ROWS (Cost=13 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 1 0 HASH JOIN (Cost=13 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'COURSES' (Cost=3 Card=1018 Bytes=14252) 3 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=9 Card=1729 Bytes=15561) OPTIMIZER_MODE = FIRST_ROWS Nested Loop Hash.
46 Join Key Join SELECT co.short_name, cl.start_date FROM classes cl, courses co WHERE cl.instr_id = co.dev_id;. join key courses.dev_id OPTIMIZER_MODE = RULE 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=RULE 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'COURSES' 2 1 NESTED LOOPS 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLASSES' 4 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_COURSES_DEV_ID' (NON-UNIQUE) Nested Loop Join Key classes driving Join Key Join ( ) OPTIMIZER_MODE = ALL_ROWS 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=13 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 1 0 HASH JOIN (Cost=13 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'COURSES' (Cost=3 Card=1018 Bytes=14252) 3 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=9 Card=1729 Bytes=15561) courses driving Hash driving Join Key Hash cardinality courses classes courses.
47 Join Key Join ( ) OPTIMIZER_MODE = FIRST_ROWS 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=FIRST_ROWS (Cost=3467 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'COURSES' (Cost=2 Card=2 Bytes=28) 2 1 NESTED LOOPS (Cost=3467 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=9 Card=1729 Bytes=15561) 4 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_COURSES_DEV_ID' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=5) OPTIMIZER_MODE Nested Loop Join Key classes driving RBO, CBO Join Key Join ( ) OPTIMIZER_MODE FIRST_ROWS Join Key classes.instr_id 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=FIRST_ROWS (Cost=2039 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=2 Card=4 Bytes=36) 2 1 NESTED LOOPS (Cost=2039 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'COURSES' (Cost=3 Card=1018 Bytes=14252) 4 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_CLASSES_INSTR_ID' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=4) Join Key courses driving OPTIMIZER_MODE FIRST_ROWS Nested Loop Join Key
48 Join Key Join ( ) OPTIMIZER_MODE = FIRST_ROWS Join Key 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=FIRST_ROWS (Cost=2039 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=2 Card=4 Bytes=36) 2 1 NESTED LOOPS (Cost=2039 Card=3599 Bytes=82777) 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'COURSES' (Cost=3 Card=1018 Bytes=14252) 4 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_CLASSES_INSTR_ID' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=4) courses driving driving courses cardinality driving Join Join Key row set cardinality Non-Join Join SELECT co.short_name, cl.start_date FROM classes cl, courses co WHERE cl.instr_id = co.dev_id AND cl.class_id = :b1; class_id. join key courses.dev_id classes.instr_id classes.class_id class_id classes Prinary Key. Unique
49 Non-Join Join ( ) OPTIMIZER_MODE = FIRST_ROWS 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=FIRST_ROWS (Cost=4 Card=2 Bytes=54) 1 0 NESTED LOOPS (Cost=4 Card=2 Bytes=54) 2 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=2 Card=1 Bytes=13) 3 2 INDEX (UNIQUE SCAN) OF 'CLS_PK' (UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=11163) 4 1 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'COURSES' (Cost=2 Card=2 Bytes=28) 5 4 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_COURSES_DEV_ID' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=5) classes driving Nested Loop OPTIMIZER_MODE = ALL_ROWS classes Non-Join Single Row Predicate Nested Loop Outer Loop Star Join SELECT cs.description, c.start_date FROM cls_statuses cs, class_types ct, classes c where cs.description = 'Class rescheduled or consolidated' and c.status = cs.cls_status and c.type = ct.type; Join Key class status cls_statuses Primary Key Join Key class type class_types Primary Key Classes Join Key
50 Star Join ( ) 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=60 Card=2847 Bytes=128115) 1 0 NESTED LOOPS (Cost=60 Card=2847 Bytes=128115) 2 1 HASH JOIN (Cost=60 Card=2847 Bytes=116727) 3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLS_STATUSES' (Cost=2 Card=2 Bytes=52) 4 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=24 Card=11163 Bytes=167445) 5 1 INDEX (UNIQUE SCAN) OF 'CTYPE_PK' (UNIQUE) Join cardinality cls_status driving classes hash join class_types nested loop join Star Join ( ) Star Schema 1 CLASS #class_id CLS_STATUSES #cls_status. CLASS_TYPES #type dimension/lookup.... DW Star Join Star schema Oracle CBO : join key (Status + type)
51 Star Join ( ) 0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=28 Card=2847 Bytes=128115) 1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'CLASSES' (Cost=2 Card=1861 Bytes=27915) 2 1 NESTED LOOPS (Cost=28 Card=2847 Bytes=128115) 3 2 MERGE JOIN (CARTESIAN) (Cost=4 Card=12 Bytes=360) 4 3 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CLS_STATUSES' (Cost=2 Card=2 Bytes=52) 5 3 BUFFER (SORT) (Cost=2 Card=1 Bytes=4) 6 5 INDEX (FULL SCAN) OF 'CTYPE_PK' (UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=1 Bytes=4) 7 2 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'I_CLASSES_STATUS_TYPE' (NON- UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=279) cls_statuses class_types Cartesian Product class nested loop Join Top-N SQL SELECT * FROM (SELECT COUNT(*), class_id FROM registrations GROUP BY class_id ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC) WHERE ROWNUM < SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=1443 Card=9 Bytes=234) 1 0 COUNT (STOPKEY) 2 1 VIEW (Cost=1443 Card=2828 Bytes=73528) 3 2 SORT (ORDER BY STOPKEY) (Cost=1443 Card=2828 Bytes=11312) 4 3 SORT (GROUP BY) (Cost=1443 Card=2828 Bytes=11312) 5 4 INDEX (FULL SCAN) OF 'REG_PK' (UNIQUE) (Cost=345 Card=56252 Bytes=225008) Sort
52 SQL SELECT COUNT (*) FROM employees WHERE salary < 2000; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 2000 AND 4000; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE salary > 4000; 3 query SQL ( ) SQL SELECT COUNT (CASE WHEN salary < 2000 THEN 1 ELSE null END) count1, COUNT (CASE WHEN salary BETWEEN 2001 AND 4000 THEN 1 ELSE null END) count2, COUNT (CASE WHEN salary > 4000 THEN 1 ELSE null END) count3 FROM employees; CASE query (DECODE ) Oracle Server 1/3
53 SQL cursor c is select crs_id, short_name from courses;.. loop fetch c into cid, sname; select count(*) into n from classes where crs_id = cid; if n = 0 then c_schedule := 'Not Scheduled'; else schedule := 'Scheduled'; select start_date into sdate from classes where crs_id = cid; if sdate is null then c_date := N/A ; elsif sdate > sysdate then c_date := to_char(sdate, 'YYYY-MM-DD'); else c_date := 'Already Started'; end if; end if; exit when c%notfound; end loop;. SQL ( ) SQL SELECT co.crs_id, co.short_name, CASE WHEN cl.class_id IS NULL THEN 'Not Scheduled ELSE 'Scheduled' END class_id, CASE WHEN cl.start_date IS NULL THEN 'N/A' else CASE WHEN cl.start_date > sysdate THEN TO_CHAR(cl.start_date, 'YYYY-MM-DD') ELSE 'Arleady Started' END END start_date FROM courses co, classes cl WHERE co.crs_id = cl.crs_id(+); CASE outer join SQL Optimizer SQL Optimizer
54
,, - - - : DELETE : ROW (ROWID) row ROWID : I/O Full Table Scan scan I/O scan Index Scan ROWID scan I/O Fast Full Index Scan scan scan I/O Unique, nonunique. (Concatenated Index) B* Tree Bitmap Reverse
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목차 BUG DEQUEUE 의 WAIT TIME 이 1 초미만인경우, 설정한시간만큼대기하지않는문제가있습니다... 3 BUG [qp-select-pvo] group by 표현식에있는컬럼을참조하는집합연산이존재하지않으면결괏값오류가발생할수있습니다... 4
![목차 BUG DEQUEUE 의 WAIT TIME 이 1 초미만인경우, 설정한시간만큼대기하지않는문제가있습니다... 3 BUG [qp-select-pvo] group by 표현식에있는컬럼을참조하는집합연산이존재하지않으면결괏값오류가발생할수있습니다... 4](/thumbs/85/92785232.jpg "목차 BUG DEQUEUE 의 WAIT TIME 이 1 초미만인경우, 설정한시간만큼대기하지않는문제가있습니다... 3 BUG [qp-select-pvo] group by 표현식에있는컬럼을참조하는집합연산이존재하지않으면결괏값오류가발생할수있습니다... 4")
ALTIBASE HDB 6.5.1.5.10 Patch Notes 목차 BUG-46183 DEQUEUE 의 WAIT TIME 이 1 초미만인경우, 설정한시간만큼대기하지않는문제가있습니다... 3 BUG-46249 [qp-select-pvo] group by 표현식에있는컬럼을참조하는집합연산이존재하지않으면결괏값오류가발생할수있습니다... 4 BUG-46266 [sm]
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빅데이터 활용을 위한 빅데이터 담당자들이 실무에 활용 할 수 있도록 비식별화 기술과 활용방법, 실무 사례 및 예제, 분야별 참고 법령 및 활용 Q&A 등 안내 개인정보 비식별화 기술 활용 안내서 Ver 1.0 작성 및 문의 미래창조과학부 : 양현철 사무관 / 김자영 주무관 한국정보화진흥원 : 김진철 수석 / 김배현 수석 / 신신애 부장 문의 : cckim@nia.or.kr
4 CD Construct Special Model VI 2 nd Order Model VI 2 Note: Hands-on 1, 2 RC 1 RLC mass-spring-damper 2 2 ζ ω n (rad/sec) 2 ( ζ < 1), 1 (ζ = 1), ( ) 1
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ORACLE 9 9i 개발자튜닝가이드 v0.92 (with SQLTools for Oracle) ORACLE 9i 개발자튜닝가이드 v0.92 Mail:heiya@nate.com Homepage:http://myhome.naver.com/heiya Last edited : 2003.06.10 목차 - 목차 - I. ORACLE 의이해 1. ORACLE Optimizer
[ 목차 ] 5.1 데이터베이스프로그래밍개념 5.2 T-SQL T-SQL 문법 5.3 JAVA 프로그래밍 2
![[ 목차 ] 5.1 데이터베이스프로그래밍개념 5.2 T-SQL T-SQL 문법 5.3 JAVA 프로그래밍 2](/thumbs/59/43454957.jpg "[ 목차 ] 5.1 데이터베이스프로그래밍개념 5.2 T-SQL T-SQL 문법 5.3 JAVA 프로그래밍 2")
5 장 SQL 응용 데이터베이스실험실 1 [ 목차 ] 5.1 데이터베이스프로그래밍개념 5.2 T-SQL 5.2.1 T-SQL 문법 5.3 JAVA 프로그래밍 2 5.1 데이터베이스프로그래밍개념 프로그래밍 이라고하면프로그램소스를설계하고, 작성하고, 디버깅하는과정을말한다. 프로그램 혹은소프트웨어는컴퓨터에서주어진작업을하는명령어나열을말한다. 데이터베이스프로그래밍은명확한정의는없지만데이터베이스에데이터를정의하고,
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@ Lesson 3 if, if else, if else if, switch case for, while, do while break, continue : System.in, args, JOptionPane for (,, ) @ vs. logic data method variable Data Data Flow (Type), ( ) @ Member field