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1 w œwz 47«y 010 Textile Science and Engineering Vol 47 No 010 sx» p Á y û w œ w» lœw ( / k) Structure and Filter Characteristics of Nonwoven Air-Filter Media Jin Ah Lee and Chang Whan Joo Department of Organic Materials and Textile SystemG Engineering Chungnam National University Daejeon Korea (Received January 3 010/Accepted March 8 010) Abstract: Various air-filter media by using meltblown (MB) and spunbond () nonwovens were structurally designed with different laying methods to obtain the relationship between structure and characteristic of air filters Air permeability pore size filter efficiency and pressure drop of the designed filter media were investigated experimentally The layer sequences of designed media showed significant factor on filter efficiency and pressure drop The optimum filter media was determined as two layer structural design composed of calendering and MB nonwovens In addition a model equation to predict the pressure drop and filter efficiency of air filter media based on nonwovens was developed The calculated values from the equation showed good agreement with experimental ones Keywords: air filter media meltblown spunbond pressure drop filter efficiency quality factor 1 y w y ƒ wì w» p y w w» w Ÿ w š š» (HEPA ULPA) w z y w w sx w w z û w ƒ y w [1-3] p (meltblown: MB) s 1~5 µm š w ƒ w ƒ wš š w û ƒ r(wiper) y š p MB s j x t jš»œj»ƒ w ƒ» š š w MB s»» w x w k [45] w s v v s š w Correspondence to Chang Whan Joo (changjoo@cnuackr) 010 The Korean Fiber Society /010-/ t û»» ù w w [67]» w» z t (quality factor) sƒw w p (»œj» s ) ( ) p ( j» s ) w j [89] sx» w š vl t t w œ» š Ÿ w š w œ» e š š z w e w w [10-1] r p e w Kuwabara[13] Happel[14] w t š w»œ sƒ e w š [1516] wr Kanaoka [17] d w w Thomas [1819] š w (clogging) x w y w ù š ww ³ w š 133

2 134 y w ƒ jwš w s w w p s w w d w y w w s v v MB s wš s l r (spunbond: ) s w w d w sx» p» w œ»n»œj» w d z w w p dw» w» w sx» ww w x w w mw š» y Davies [0] z p w y j w š ( P) (1) w P 3/ 3 ρ F ( ρF ) = 64µvZ Φ F» µ» v Z Ì ρ F Φ F w» t (surface filtration) ƒ w z (E) () ùkü E = 1 exp 4ρ F Zη ( 1 ρ F )Φ F π» η x ƒ w s z w Davies œ» z w ̃ ³ w ƒ w ù w s w j d ³ Ì s» š w w sx œ» y w» w s» (G) š w s (ρ F ) (ρ PO ) sww s Ì(Z) (3) txw G Z = ρ F ρ PO (1) () (3) (3) (1) w w sx ( P) (4) ƒ w P 1/ 3 ρ F ( ρF ) = 64µvG Φ ρ PO F (4) w» e» w» z w () s Ì» š wš ƒ x ƒ w z (5) E = 1 exp 4Gη ρ PO Φ F ( 1 ρ F )π wr» z sww w t (QF) (4) (5) l (6) tx ln( 1 E) QF = P (6) t œ s» y šz œ» t y ƒ w 3 x 31 x» s v v (MI 800) MB s wš t e œ w s w Table 1 s p ùkü Table d 4d w w 13 d y ùkü y t ƒ n x w t w s d q» w q 75 psi š 03 m/min w w 3 xk x (S-300N Hitachi) w w œ»n n x»(fx-3300 Textest) w KS K0570 (Frazier )» w xw w j» 0 cm š 15 Pa w»œp Capillary flow analysis(cfp-100-ael PMI) w (4) (5) (6) w œwz 47«y 010

3 부직포형 기체 여과재의 구조와 여과 특성 Material properties of media and substrate nonwovens Bonding G Nonwoven Material Symbol method (gsm) Through-air S1 305±308 Spunbond PET Calendering S 904±337 Meltblown PP M 301± Table 1 Table Sample ΦF (µm) 339± ±97 6±1 Z (mm) ρpo (g/m3) ρf (g/m3) Structural design conditions of samples ID Design structure Air direction and layer array S1 S M S1M SM S1MS S1MS1 SMS SMS1 S1MMS S1MMS1 SMMS SMMS1 여과특성 구조 설계된 시료의 여과특성은 여과효율시험기(Model 8130 TSI)를 사용하였다 이때 사용된 시료의 크기는 100 cm 이고 사용한 에어로졸은 NaCl이다 사용된 여과속 도는 m/sec 등 3단계로 변 화시켜 실험하였고 이때 여과속도에 따른 공기 이동량은 각각 /min에 해당한다 l 4 결과 및 고찰 형태학적 구조 1은 단층시료의 표면구조를 나타낸 SEM 사진이 다 부직포로 구성된 시료 (1)과 ()의 섬유직경은 MB 부직포로 구성된 시료 (3)의 섬유직경보다 크게 나타났다 특히 캘린더링 접착한 시료 ()의 표면이 열풍 접착한 시 료 (1)의 표면에 비해 구성섬유가 일정한 형태로 넓은 범 위에서 용융되고 기공크기가 매우 적게 나타난 반면 시료 (1)은 구성섬유의 표면이 열풍접착으로 벌키하고 불균일한 기공크기를 보여주며 좁은 범위에서 용융되는 것으로 관찰 되었다 는 층과 3층으로 설계된 다층구조 시료 (4)와 시료 (8)의 단면구조를 나타낸 것이다 와 MB 부직포의 모든 섬유가 비교적 랜덤배열하게 분포되어 있으며 MB 41 Textile Science and Engineering Vol 47 No Morphological structures of samples 부직포 층이 부직포 층보다 극세섬유의 집합체로 형성 되어 조밀한 구조로 나타났다 공기투과도와 기공크기 3은 다층구조 여과재 설계에 사용된 단층 부직포 의 기공분포를 나타낸 것이다 열풍 접착한 시료 (1)의 기공이 캘린더링 접착한 시료 ()의 기공보다 크고 넓 게 분포되어 있으며 극세섬유로 구성된 MB 부직포인 시 료 (3)의 평균기공은 5 µm로 가장 적으며 기공도도 가장 좁게 분포됨을 알 수 있었다 4는 구조 설계된 13가지 시료의 최소 최대 평균 기공크기를 도식화한 것이다 시료 (1)의 기공크기는 시료 4

4 이진아ㆍ주창환 136 SEM images of structural designed samples 3 Pore size distribution of single layer samples 5 Variation of air permeability for designed samples 지만 캘린더링 접착된 시료 의 기공분포가 넓게 나타났다 한편 층 구조로 설계한 경우 양면에 열풍접착 적층된 시료 이 캘린더링 접착된 시료 보다 기공크기가 더 크게 나타났다 한편 시료 과 시료 를 비교하면 캘 린더링 접착 부직포가 상단에 적층된 시료 가 열풍 접착 부직포가 상단에 적층된 시료 보다 기공크기 도 작고 기공분포도 가장 좁게 나타났다 층 구조를 갖는 시료 을 살펴보면 층으로 구성된 시료에 비해 최소기공 크기는 전체적으로 작게 나타났지만 평균기공 크 기는 유사하게 나타났다 결과적으로 단층구조와 다층구조 를 비교하면 다층구조 시료의 기공크기가 단층구조 시료 에 비해 작게 나타났지만 다층구조 시료에서 기공변화는 크게 발생하지 않았다 는 다양한 적층구조로 제조된 시료의 공기투과 도를 종합적으로 나타낸 것이다 전체적으로 단층구조에 비해 다층구조일수록 공기투과도가 작게 나타나는 경향이 다 단층구조 시료를 비교하면 열풍 접착된 시료 에 비해 캘린더링 접착된 시료 의 공기투과도가 작 게 나타났고 시료에 비해 시료의 공기투과도가 훨 씬 작게 관찰되었다 이는 부직포와 부직포를 구 (3) 3 (6) (7) (8) (9) (9) (8) 4 (10)~(13) 3 Minimum mean and maximum pore size of designed samples 4 의 기공크기에 비해 전체적으로 크게 나타났는데 이는 시료 의 두께가 시료 보다 얇고 열풍에 의해 접착된 시료 의 구성섬유가 캘린더링에 의해 접착된 시료 를 구성섬유에 비해 불균일하게 분포하기 때문이다 또한 층 구조에서 시료의 평균 기공크기는 큰 차이를 보이지 않 () (1) () (1) () 5 (1) () MB MB 한국섬유공학회지 제 권 제 호 47 년 010

5 sx» p 137 w w» w wr d d œ»n d w 1/ w ù 3d 4d d û œ»n ùk ü w w ùkü w (4) (5) w e s d Table 3 Filter efficiency and pressure drop of samples with different flow rate Property P (mmh O) E (%) Sample Flow rate (l/min) ewš d MB s ew œ»ƒ»œ s m w w (5)ƒ (4) w œ»n ùkû ù d 3d œ»n j š 3d d (6) (7) d j œ»n w œ»n s ³»œj»»œj»»œ s w q 43 p Table 3 3ƒ z w x w ƒ ƒw ƒwš z w w z w d w š d p j w ùkû d : 6 d j» z y ùkü z j» j»ƒ j ƒ û z ƒw š w MB z ƒw w ùkþ p (1) () s d z r ƒ j MB s (3) 6 Graph plot between filter efficiency with flow rate and particle size 7 Graph plot between quality factor with flow rate and particle size Textile Science and Engineering Vol 47 No 010

6 138 y 8 Filter efficiency of designed samples with flow rate 9 Pressure drop of designed samples with flow rate ƒ ûš j»ƒ ƒw z ƒw w yw ùkû MB s w s w»œ j»»œ s ³» w q 7 d t ùkü t w MB j ùkþš w ƒ û ƒ j j ùk û s ƒ f» p (3) ƒ ƒ û 16 l/ min j»ƒ ƒw t ƒ ƒw ùkü l HEPA (999%) šz œ» MB s t y š w w ƒ d : 8 z ùkü 9 ùkü d w w d z ù d w ùkû p 3d 4d d û z ùkü d w d e ewš»œ MB ew (5) ƒ t MB w (4) w z û ùkü w 3d d wd e s ewš d MB s w (8) (1)» œ m w w (6) (10) ƒ û z ùkþ d ƒ ƒw ù z d w w d ƒ e MB ew w (5)ƒ œ» q 44 sx w» ³ w š»» jw sx xw w mw (4) (5) w m w» w Table 1 s p w (4) z (5) w w Table 4 d z t x ùkü x j ùkû ƒ x w wr z x w w ww q p MB w w j ùkû w t t x ùkû ƒ w ùkû MB s (3) x mw t w ùkù w q s w (1) () x ƒ j ùkû s p»œj» ³» w ƒ w»œj»ƒ jš ƒ û s w»œj»ƒ š ƒ w œwz 47«y 010

7 sx» p 139 Table 4 Calculated and experimental values of single-layer samples for filtration characteristic with filtration velocity Sample 1 3 Flow rate (l/min) P (mmh O) E (%) QF Calculate value Experiment value Calculate value Experiment value Calculate value Experiment value MB s w yw q wr d sx œ» w d d w»œ s s p š w ƒ w w ƒw 5 MB s wš s w d 4d w» w œ»n»œj» z w w 1»œj» œ»n d w d ùkù d w t s ƒ e s œ»n»œj»ƒ j ùkû š MB s s w œ»n»œ ùkü z ƒ ƒw ƒwš z w w wr w d d w z ƒw w w d w š d p x w j w ùkû 3 sx t ƒ e w s d wd ewš MB s d dw ù»œ m w w ùkû p d (4) (5)ƒ û z š z» q 4 w» z ( ) ( ) w»œj»ƒ jš ƒ û s w»œj»ƒ š ƒ MB s w yw ùkû w r d sx œ» w d d w»œ s s p š w ƒ w w : 007 û w y w š x 1 Q Wang B Maze H V Tafreshi and B Pourdeyhimi A Case Study of Simulating Submicron Aerosol Filtration via Lightweight Spun-bonded Filter Media Chem Eng Sci (15) K Graham H S Gibson and M Gogins Incorporation of Electrospun Nanofibers into Functional Structure Int Nonwovens J () A C Payatakes and K Okuyama Effects of Aerosol Particle Deposition on the Dynamic Behavior of Uniform of Multilayer Fibrous Filter J Colloid Inter Sci (1) M Nifuku Y Zhou A Kisiel T Kobayashi and H Katoh Charging Characteristics for Electret Filter Materials J Electrostatics D L Myers and B D Arnold Electret Media for HVAC Filtration Applications Int Nonwoven J Winter G G Chase and D H Reneker Nanofibers in Filter Media Fluid/Particle Separation J () K W Lee and B Y Liu Theoretical Study of Filtration by Fibrous Filters Aerosol Sci and Tech 198 1() C E Billings Effects of Particle Accumulation in Aerosol Textile Science and Engineering Vol 47 No 010

8 140 y Filtration Doctoral Thesis California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA T A Witten and L M Sander Diffusion-limited Aggregation Phys Rev (9) A C Payatakes and L Gradon Dendritic Deposition of Aerosols by Convective Brownian Diffusion for Small Intermediate and High Particle Knudsen Numbers American Int Chem Eng J (3) P Penicot D Thomas P Contal D Leclerc and J Vendel Clogging of HEPA Fibrous Filters by Solid and Liquid Aerosol Particles: an Experimental Study Filtration & Separation () T Frising D Thomas D Bemer and P Contal Clogging of Fibrous Filters by Liquid Aerosol Particles: Experimental and Phenomenological Modelling Study Chem Eng Sci (10) S Kuwabara The Forces Experienced by Randomly Distributed Parallel Circular Cylinders or Spheres in Viscous Flow at Small Reynolds Numbers J Physical Soc Japan (4) J Happel Viscous Flow in Arrays of Cylinders Am Inter Chem Eng J () W Bergman R D Taylor H H Miller A H Biermann H D Hebard R A Da Roza and B Y Lum Enhanced Filtration Program at LLNLS 15th DOE Nuclear Air Cleaning Conf Boston T Frising D Thomas P Contal D Bemer and D Leclerc Influenece of Filter Fibre Size Distribution on Filter Efficiency Calculations Transactions of the Institution of Chem Eng (part A) C Kanaoka and S Hiragi Pressure Drop of Air Filter with Dust Load J Aerosol Sci D Thomas P Penicot P Contal D Leclerc and J Vendel Clogging of Fibrous Filters by Solid Aerosol Particles: Experimental and Modeling Study Chem Eng Sci P Contal J Simao D Thomas T Frising S Calle J C AU Collin and D Bemer Clogging of Fibre Filters by Submicron Droplets: Phenomena and Influence of Operating Conditions J Aerosol Sci () C N Davies The Separation of Airborne Dust and Mist Particles Proc Inst Mech Eng 195 pp w œwz 47«y 010

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