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1 J Kor Powd Met Inst Vol 0 No DOI: /KPMI PM Review s l ƒ z w Á yá aá bá vc w aw» pk bw»» c w œw Trend in Research and Development of Recovery of Valuable Metallic Powder from Wasted Batteries Shun-Myung Shin Sung-Ho Joo Dong-Won Lee a Jung-Yeul Yun b and Jei-Pil Wang c Extractive Metallurgy Group Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM Daejeon Korea a Titanium Department Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS Changwon Kyungnam Korea b Powder Technology Research Group Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS Changwon Kyungnam Korea c Department of Metallurgical Engineering Pukyong National University Busan Korea 1 s ƒ w w s p e p ƒ»» ƒ w w y f 30 m 1 s³ 40 w 1 75 ƒ q ƒ 1 1 wš w [1] w wš 80% wš w 00~400z ¾ ƒ w û ƒ 10% f -e p ù 10% wš [] y š 1 y w ùkü y w ƒ w yw m ew»yw mw yw» y j yw + w w ƒ 1 ù 1 ƒ y š e l y p œ» ƒ w p û fe f s y w t 1 z ƒ w t ùkü e y y š w p 1 w l p y l w ƒ Lead Acid Pb Ni-Cd f e sw p ã ƒwš p p g pƒ w Fig 1 Classification of commercial battery [3] *Corresponding Author : Jei-Pil Wang TEL: FAX: jpwang@pknuackr 60
2 s l ƒ z w 61 Table 1 Types of battery and chemical compositions [5] Battery ( Electrolyte (+ Fe Zn Mn Ag Hg Li Pb Ni Cd Co Valuable Metals Alkaline Manganese Zn KOH(NaOH MnO Zn Mn CF Li Primary Li LiBF 4 (LiClO Mn Li (MnO Silver Oxide Zn KOH(NaOH Ag O Zn Lead Acid Pb H SO 4 PbO 65 Pb Ni-Cd Cd KOH NiOOH Ni Cd Co Li-ion C6 LiPF 6 (LiBF 4 LiCoO 31 1 Li Co s w û e sw š w KOH NH 4 Cl p H SO 4» w y e w w w g p f p ƒ w y yw š ww z w» w s y š [4] s y» px w 1 w s y» px ùkü 197 s y» pxƒ 1994 ¾ ƒw z 000 ¾ wš ù ƒwš w š px y» w 1990 Recytec s y» w px 8 w ùkû 009 z px ƒ w w œ l w q w ƒ 1985 tƒ z t ƒ ƒw w y ùkû w ƒ» w 001 l 008 ¾ w Sao Paulo w 14 tw ùkû [6] ƒ w 3 px px ùkü v y ywš ww z w» w s y w œ» w 9 px 564% ƒ ùküš 18 63% š w «ùkù px ƒƒ w px ƒ j ùkû t px ƒƒ w w w ü pxy tw k 0 ü p x w [6] 3» w 4 s y px» Fig U Trend of the applied patent and paper by the year[6] Fig 3 The number of patent and paper by the country [6] Vol 0 No 1 013
3 신선명 주성호 이동원 윤중열 왕제필 6 Table Trend in technology and patent of domestic companies Company Fig 4 The number of patent and paper for detailed technologies [6] 건수를 나타낸 그래프이다 특허 및 논문의 기술별 건수를 살펴보면 금속회수 기술이 건으로 가장 많았으며 전처 리 기술은 건으로 나타났다 특허의 경우 금속회수 기 술이 건 전처리기술이 건 순으로 나 타났으며 논문은 금속회수 기술이 건 전처리 기술이 건 의 점유율을 차지하고 있다 %( %(61 93%(60 68%(19 3 [6] 폐전지 재활용 국내외 기술 동향 국내 시장 및 기술개발 동향 그림 는 국내 이차전지 제조 업체 현황 및 국내 전지 수요를 나타내고 있으며 표 에는 국내업체별 기술 및 특 허 현황을 나타내었다 현재 년 일차적으로 삼성 에서 개 월의 휴대폰용 온도퓨즈를 일본 사로부터 수입 사용이 시작 되었으며 온도퓨즈의 국산화 가 시급히 요청되고 있다 현재 국내상황에 비추어 볼 때 년 기준 년간 약 억개의 이차전지가 생산되고 있고 (010 SDI / panasonic 010 차적으로 백만개 원 천만개 년 의 온도퓨즈가 삼성 에서 사용되기 시작하였고 향 후 년 내에 온도퓨 즈 국산화에 다라 국내 생산 전량에 온도퓨즈가 사용 될 예정에 있어 년 후 부터는 생산량 만큼의 폐 온도퓨즈 가 발생될 것으로 예측이 된다 이차전지 시장의 확대 추 세에 따라 그 발생량은 더욱 증가될 것으로 예상되며 코 발트의 경우 금속 및 화합물 형태로 사용되고 있는데 코 발트 원소재별 국내 사용분야 및 사용량은 표와 같다 이 차전지업계는 현재 산화리튬코발트 형태로 사용하고 있고 초경합금 및 절삭공구 촉매 분야는 코발트 금속 및 분말 형태로 그리고 산화코발트 등의 화합물 형태로 수입 사용 하고 있다 1 5 / (6 SDI / 1~ ~3 31 Patent Method of recovery of high purity indium from indium liquid waste TSM Recovery of high purity indium oxide from wasted ITO scrap Method for recovery of indium Toricom Method for recovery of indium GMS Method for recovery of indium metal 9 digit Method for recovery of high purity indium Method for recovery of purity from wasted ITO scrap CSENG using nitirc acid Method of recovery of indium from wasted ITO target 5 Fig 5 Trend in domestic companies manufacturing secondary battery 해외 시장 및 기술개발 동향 그림 는 일 이차전지 연도별 시장가격 변화 추이를 나 타내고 있다 년 세계 전지시장 연료전지 태양전지 제외 규모는 억 달러로 연 평균 의 증가세를 보 ( 14% Fig 6 The change of market value of primary and secondary battery by year Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute (J Kor Powd Met Inst
4 s l ƒ z w 63 ƒƒ x w û SLI x 11 wš ù 5 5% NiCd NiMH t œ w 0 x wš š p 47 NiCd NiMH w ùƒš» ƒ x t 68 x wš 7% ƒ wš» IIT p ³ ƒ w wš 70% ƒ { s p» q w wš eù EU ƒ s l ƒ z w» w ƒ w š x y» ƒ z wš TMC ( AEA Technology( Bartec( Toxco( Recupyl(v z s w wš ƒ z wš s p y s š w w w w y»w q ƒ š z e w w wš s w z œ v w w š š ƒƒe z ƒ ƒ w Sony-Sumitomo( Inco Process( Recytec( Snam-Savam(v Accurec( z s y wš yws e š w w» p p y s x w w œ q y» š ƒ v p w ƒ ƒ w œ w w z ƒ û š ƒƒe z w w ƒ ƒ ƒ v w z w š š ƒ z q wš w» w z w š 41 z w y» ü wš s 80% w š e œ mw ƒ swwš k y e e e ƒ e k»yw mw y z wš s ƒ ƒƒ 0% 15%ƒ sw z w y w x ü Ÿ ƒ 7% w z» w š s y mw y wš»» w s q l ƒ k w» wš e w» w e s e w q z 8 mesh» e 8 mesh under ƒ š e x w s 7 ƒƒ ƒ yw k k x q» w q w q» j» 0 mm w e q œ s q» š q 4» w s l z w j / yw ù e œ e w Fig 7 Process diagram of physical treatment [7] Vol 0 No 1 013
5 신선명 주성호 이동원 윤중열 왕제필 64 Fig 8 (a Zn powder by electrowinning in NaOH solution (04A/cm (b SEM analysis of Mn Zn Ferrite [8] Fig 9 Flowsheet for treatment of waste Ni-Cd battery by wet process [5] 하면 최종배출물은 자성체 비자성체 8 mesh over 비자성 체 8 mesh under의 3가지로 분류되어서 배출되어진다 그 리고 침출에 사용되어지는 시약은 NH 의 함량이 30%인 (NH CO 와 NH 의 함량이 8%인 NH OH을 사용하여 침출용액을 제조하였다[7] 그림 8은 전류밀도 04A/cm 에서 석출된 아연을 나타낸 것으로 알카리용액에서의 아연 전해 채취 시 음극판에 분 말상(a으로 전착됨을 확일 할 수 있었다 또한 침출공정 에서 발생하는 폐수를 효율적으로 처리하고 고부가가치 제품을 제조하기 위하여 페라이트를 제조하였으며 SEM 을 이용하여 관찰해 본 결과 (b와 같이 약 0 nm 정도의 입자가 생성된 것을 확인 할 수 있었다 습식법으로 폐니켈-카드늄 전지를 처리하는 경우에는 우선 원료를 파쇄한 다음 적정 농도의 황산용액에 투입하 여 금속성분인 니켈과 카드늄을 용해시키고 그림 9에 도 시한 바와 같이 니켈과 카드늄의 수용액에 H S 혹은 Na S 를 첨가하게 된다 이때 카드뮴은 cadmium sulfide의 침전 으로 회수하며 잔류하는 황산니켈은 용액중의 철분을 제 거한 다음 농축하여 nickel carbonate와 nickel sulfate 결정 으로 제품화 한다 이 과정에서 니켈을 금속으로 회수하고 자 하는 경우에는 PC88A 혹은 DEHPA둥의 유기추출 제를 사용한 용매추출법과 전해채취법을 이용하여 금속 니켈을 얻을 수도 있으나 이때에는 적정 처리물량이 확 보되어야 경제성이 있으며 초기 설비비를 감안하여야 한다[5] 폐니켈-카드늄 전지를 처리하는데 있어 건식법 과 습식법을 병행한 처리공정에 관한 연구가 진행 중이 며 지속적인 처리 물량이 확보 될 경우에는 1차로 건식 법에서 카드늄을 분리하고 차 습식법을 통하여 고부가 가치의 니켈 제품을 회수하는 기술 개발이 계속 되어야 할 것이다 리튬일차전지는 음극활물질로서 금속 리튬을 사용하고 전해액으로 비수용매를 사용하는 전지의 총칭으로 전지 내부에 리튬금속이 포함되어 있어 다음과 같은 반응이 진 행되면서 격렬하게 수소를 발생시켜 리튬수화물을 형성 한다 Li + HO = LiOH + H 리튬일차전지의 해체시에 화재 및 폭발 위험이 있기 때 문에 방전을 시킨 후에 유압프레스를 물속에 위치시키고 전지를 물 속에서 해체되도록 실험을 수행하였다 군용으 로 사용이 되는 염화티오닐 리튬전지의 경우 전지내 리튬 금속이 반응하여 LiCl상태로 존재하고 물과 반응시 격렬 한 발열반응과 함께 이산화황 가스와 염산이생성되는데 이때 온도가 상승하게 되면 급격한 폭발과 화재가 발생 할 수 있다 SOCl + HO = SO + HCl 물리적 해체-파쇄-자력선별-분급 등의 과정을 거쳐 철 성분 플라스틱 성분 등을 분리하여 각각 판매하고 리튬과 탄소 니켈합급 등이 농축된 분말은 습식처리하여 각각을 Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute (J Kor Powd Met Inst
6 s l ƒ z w 65 Fig 10 Flowsheet for treatment of spent Li-ion battery by wet processes [8] p f yw œ x w mw z p q œ y ù s ù w» e m w [8] s p y œ 10 œ yw œ q œ g pƒ 600% sw g p 880% z w w yw œ y w e œ w y š 1/ 0 y 10 vol% 75 C g p p e ƒƒ 970% 990% ùkû y e g p 1:4 ƒw 7 g g p g p 950% z w [8] Fig 11 The ovreal process for recovery of valuable materials by heat-treatment 4 z w y» w w y ƒ j ƒ wš s y ƒ š y k y» w w s l ƒ z w wwš 11 s y œ yws š w w z ƒ wš y w» w œ w s ƒ ƒƒ œ mw t ƒ w z ƒ ƒ w yws š ü e 10 C/ w x (100~500 C 3 w z 10 C/ w w š w š e ü s w wƒ Ball-milling» w e ball WC 0 mm milling time 30 ü t t e mw ü yw ü / t ƒ t metal case top and bottom t case k t ƒ e ù v p s» w y q w y w ƒƒ t y ü yw ƒ ƒeƒ s ü w KOH NH 4 Cl p H SO 4»» s»w wz ƒw m»w ƒ œ v w œ y» wš š 00 C¾ z w ü»» s w» ƒ œ w (Zn e (Cd xk z ü 400 C torr š» y graphite condenser xk z e 300 C Vol 0 No 1 013
7 66 Á yá Á Á v w 500 C y ƒ»w x ww 1 ùkü œ e ü s w Ì metal top bottom š jacket w x š v ƒw w w xk q/ e t ü t k / q ( jacket Sieving e ü 75 µm ƒ t w» w s š w v ƒ xk w x ww x t 3 w t ùkù w z z w š x s w s x y w w 5 Fig 1 Battery component and powder collected from each wasted battery after heat-treatment process torr z œ e yw œ Co Ni Mn Mg ƒ w š x w» { t ƒ w ƒ w ã ƒw w ƒ ƒvw s j p s w ƒ ( f g p p f z w ƒ ã w w p ƒwš š p t ƒ šƒ w y» ƒw w Table 3 Chemical compostion of collected powder of each battery after heat-treatment process (Analyzer: AA Temperature: 500 o C [unit:wt%] Mn Ni Fe Zn Al Co Cd Li Manganese Alkaline Ni-Cd NiMH Li Primary Li ion Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute (J Kor Powd Met Inst
8 s l ƒ z w 67 y k y» s y w ( y: 11-A06-MR š x [1] JG P Wiaux and JG P Waefler: J Power Sources 57 ( [] T White: Status of Consumer Battery Recycling in Singapore ITE Lett Batter New Technol MedU 1(5 ( [3] y» w (006 [4] : p y» w w wz 13(5 ( [5] HGY Lee and BGW Cho: Prospective of Indus Chem 3( (000 3 [6] SG M Shin SG H Joo SG K Kim YG J Cho and BG G Cho: J Kor Int of Resources Recycling 1(4 (01 16 [7] SGM Shin JGG Kang JGS Shon DGH Yang and SGK Kim: JGKor Soc for Geosystem Eng 4( ( [8] z ½kx: y» p r 18(4 (005 1 Vol 0 No 1 013
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