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1 26 韓國複合材料學會誌오진오 윤성호韓國複合材料學會誌 論文 오진오 *, 윤성호 **+ Measurements of Thermal Expansion Coefficients in GRP Pipe Jin-Oh Oh *, Sung-Ho Yoon **+ ABSTRACT This study was focused on the measurement of thermal expansion coefficients for GRP pipe through strain gage circuits. First of all, thermal expansion coefficients of aluminum beam were measured to examine the validity of the suggested method by using various types of strain gage circuits. Thermal expansion coefficients of GRP pipes along axial and hoop directions were measured to investigate the effect of the location of strain gages, number of repeated measurements, and strain gage types with different thermal expansion coefficients on the thermal strains and the repeatability of measured results. According to the results, thermal expansion coefficients of GRP pipes along hoop direction were lower than those along axial direction due to the constraint effect of reinforced glass fibers on thermal strains along hoop direction. As measurements were repeated, thermal expansion coefficients of GRP pipes were slightly increased, but the degree of increase became smaller. Finally, the same thermal expansion coefficients were obtained irrespective of different types of strain gages with different thermal expansion coefficients if thermal strains of strain gages were compensated by using reference compensation specimen. 초록 본연구에서는스트레인게이지회로를이용하여 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수를측정하고자하였다. 이를위해다양한스트레인게이지회로를적용하여알루미늄보의열팽창계수를측정함으로써측정방법의타당성을검증하였다. 또한스트레인게이지의부착위치와반복횟수를달리하며또한열팽창계수가다른스트레인게이지를적용한경우에대해 GRP 복합관의길이방향및원주방향열팽창계수를측정함으로써열변형률결과와측정결과의재현성에미치는영향을조사하였다. 연구결과에따르면 GRP 복합관의경우보강된유리섬유에의해원주방향의열변형률이제한되어원주방향열팽창계수가길이방향의열팽창계수에비해낮게나타났다. 또한 GRP 복합관의후경화로인해측정횟수가증가할수록측정된열팽창계수는다소증가하지만증가폭은점차감소하였다. 아울러열팽창계수가다른스트레인게이지를적용하더라도기준보상시편을통해스트레인게이지의열변형률을보상하면동일한열팽창계수가얻어짐을알수있었다. Key Words : GRP 복합관 (GRP pipe), 열팽창계수 (thermal expansion coefficient), 스트레인게이지회로 (strain gage circuits) 1. 서론모래가배합된수지에단섬유형태의유리섬유를함침시켜제작한 GRP 복합관은기존의주철관, 강관, 시멘트관등 211년 12월 19일, 수정 : 212년 2월 6일, 게재승인 : 212년 2월 6일 * 금오공과대학교기계공학과대학원 **+ 금오공과대학교기계공학과, 교신저자 ( shyoon@kumoh.ac.kr)

2 第 25 券第 1 號 에비해열전도도가낮고내부식성이우수하여많은관심을받고있으며최근에는수 km 이상의긴거리에 GRP 복합관을시공하려는시도도행해지고있다. 이러한경우온도변화에의한 GRP 복합관의팽창과수축등이주요설계인자로서온도에의한길이변화영향을최소화하기위해팽창루프와팽창조인트등의부가장치를적용한다. 이때부가장치의최적위치와개수를결정하기위해서는 GRP 복합관의길이방향및원주방향열팽창계수의정보가필수적이다. 일반적으로열팽창계수를측정하기위해서는팽창계를이용하는방법 [1-3], 영상을이용하는방법 [4], 스트레인게이지를이용하는방법 [5] 등이제시되어있다. 스트레인게이지를이용한방법은다른방법들에비해정량적인측정과다양한재료에의적용이가능하다는장점을가지고있다 [6,7]. Goo 등 [8] 과 Kim 등 [9] 은스트레인게이지를이용하여자유조건과구속조건을받는알루미늄보의열팽창계수와일방향탄소섬유 / 에폭시복합재의섬유방향및섬유횡방향열팽창계수를측정하였다. 이들은일방향탄소섬유 / 에폭시복합재의경우섬유횡방향열팽창계수는섬유방향열팽창계수에비해 2배정도크다고하였다. Park 등 [1] 은게이지길이가다른스트레인게이지들을이용하여화강암의입자크기에따른열팽창계수를측정하였다. 이들은스트레인게이지의온도보정을위해서는표준물질을이용한방법이열특성표준식을이용한방법에비해정확하다고하였다. 본연구에서는스트레인게이지를이용하여 GRP 복합관의길이방향및원주방향열팽창계수의측정방법을제시하였다. 이를위해 Full 브리지, Half 브리지, Quarter 브리지등의스트레인게이지회로를적용하여알루미늄 (AL661-T6) 보시편의열팽창계수를측정하고측정방법의타당성을검증하였다. 또한 GRP 복합관의길이방향및원주방향열팽창계수를 Quarter 브리지스트레인게이지회로를적용하여측정하였다. 그리고스트레인게이지의측정위치와반복횟수를달리하여 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수를측정함으로써측정위치의영향과측정결과의재현성도조사하였다. 아울러열팽창계수가다른스트레인게이지를이용하여 GRP 복합관의길이방향과원주방향열팽창계수를측정함으로써열팽창계수가다른스트레인게이지를통해 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수를정량적으로평가할수있음을보였다. 2. GRP 복합관의제작 Fig. 1에는내부라이너층, 내부강화층, 코아층, 외부강화층, 외부보호층으로구성된 GRP 복합관의적층구조가나타나있다. 이때내부및외부강화층은일정장력을적용하여폴리에스터수지에함침된유리섬유를원주방향으로연속적으로감은형태로서복합관에작용되는내부압력과외부하중을각각지지한다. 코아층은폴리에스터수지에함침된단섬유형태 의유리섬유와모래를내부강화층위에일정한두께로적층시켜놓은형태로서복합관두께의대부분을차지하여복합관의이차단면모멘트와원강성을높여준다. 본연구에서는내경이 mm, 압력등급이 16bar, 강성등급이 1N/m 2 인 GRP 복합관을고려하였다. (a) GRP pipe Section A (b) Section A Fig. 1 Configuration of GRP pipe. 3. 이론적배경 Surface veil Reinforced layer Core layer Reinforced layer Liner 외부하중과온도변화를동시에받는부재에형성된전체변형률은외부하중에의한변형률과온도변화에의한열변형률의합으로나타난다. 응력-변형률관계는 Hook 법칙에의해식 (1) 과같이표현된다. (1) 여기에서 E 는부재의탄성계수, α 는부재의열팽창계수, ε T 는전체변형률, ε M 은외부하중에의한변형률, ε th 은온도변화에의한열변형률, ΔT는부재에가해진온도변화이다. 일반적으로온도변화를받는부재의경우부착된스트레인게이지를이용하여열변형률을측정한다. 이때측정된열변형률은부재의열변형률뿐아니라스트레인게이지와리드선의열변형률도포함된다. 스트레인게이지의열변형률은그리드컨덕터와측정시편과의열팽창계수차이에의해발생한다. 시편의순수한열변형률을얻기위해서는기준보상시편을이용하여측정된열변형률에서스트레인게이지와리드선의열변형률을제거할수있다. 온도변화에의한스트레인게이지의저항변화는식 (2) 와같이나타난다. (2) 여기에서 는그리드컨덕터의열저항계수, 는스트레인게이지의게이지상수, 는스트레인게이지의횡방향민감도, 는표준시편의포와송비이다 [11,12]. 시편의순수한열변형률을평가하기위해열팽창률이아주

3 28 오진오 윤성호韓國複合材料學會誌 낮은기준보상시편을이용하면식 (3) 에의해스트레인게이지의열변형률을제거할수있다. (3) 여기에서 와 은각각시편과기준보상시편에서의열변형률이다. Strain (με) Full bridge Half bridge Quarter bridge (Test specimen) Quarter bridge (Reference) 4. 측정방법의타당성검증 Fig. 2에는열팽창계수를측정하기위한 Full 브리지, Half 브리지, Quarter 브리지등의스트레인게이지회로가나타나있다. 이때동일한길이의리드선이적용된시편과기준보상시편을준비하여챔버안에넣고각시편에서의열팽창계수를측정하였다. 특히 Quarter 브리지의경우시편과기준보상시편에각각 Quarter 브리지를형성시켰으며측정된각시편의열변형률에서기준보상시편의열변형률을제거하였다. Fig. 3에는측정방법의타당성을검증하기위해참조시편 (AL661-T6) 에대해측정된열변형률결과가나타나있다. 이때열변형률은 25~65 의온도범위에서측정하였다. 여기에서보면 Full 브리지, Half 브리지, Quarter 브리지를통해측정된참조시편의온도에따른열변형률변화는각각 m/m/, m/m/, m/m/ 이다. 또한 Quarter 브리지를통해측정된기준보상시편의온도에따른열변형률변화는 m/m/ 이다. 기준보상시편의열변형률변화를이용하여참조시편의온도에따른열변형률변화는 m/m/ 로나타났다. 모든브리지에서측정된온도에따른열변형률변화는기존문헌에제시된결과와 1% 이내의오차안에있음을알수있다. 특히 Quarter 브리지는 GRP 복합관과같이열전도도가낮거나챔버내부위치에따라온도차이가발생하는경우에유리하게적용될수있다 Fig. 3 Thermal strain results of AL661-T6 specimen measured by various bridge connection methods. Strain gage Reference specimen P3 Indicator Agilent 3497A T-type thermocouple (a) Overview of test set-up GRP pipe (b) Strain gage locations Fig. 4 Test set-up of thermal strain measurement for GRP pipe Fig. 2 Strain gage circuits for measuring thermal expansion coefficient. Fig. 4에는 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수를측정하기위한시험장치가나타나있다. GRP 복합관의열변형률을측정하기위해 GRP 복합관외면의, 9, 18 지점에이축스트레인게이지 (KFG-5-12-C1-11, Kyowa) 를원주방향과길이방향으로부착하였다. 스트레인게이지의열변형률을보상하기위해서는기준보상시편 (Titanium Silicate Code7972, Vishay) 을적용하였다. 이때온도범위는 25~6 를고려하였으며 1 간격으로열변형률을측정하였다. 기준보상시편의열팽창계수는고려한온도범위에서 m/m/ 의낮은값을갖는다. GRP 복합관과기준보상시편에서의온도는 T-type 열전대를

4 第 25 券第 1 號 Strain (με) Axial Hoop Reference Table 1 Thermal strain results of GRP pipe by the repeated measurements Thermal strain for GRP pipe Thermal strain for Reference specimen Coefficient of thermal expansion 1st 2nd 3rd Axial Hoop Axial Hoop unit : 1-6 m/m/ Fig. 5 Thermal strain results of GRP pipe by varying environmental temperatures. 이용하여온도안정화구간에서분당 1개씩수집하였다. Fig. 5에는기준보상시편의열변형률및 GRP 복합관의길이방향과원주방향열변형률이나타나있다. 여기에서보면기준보상시편의열변형률은 m/m/ 이고 GRP 복합관의길이방향과원주방향의열변형률은각각 m/m/ 와 m/m/ 이다. 이와같이 GRP 복합관의원주방향열변형률이길이방향의열변형률에비해매우낮은이유는탄성계수가높고열팽창계수가낮은유리섬유가원주방향을따라보강되어온도변화에의한열변형이제한되기때문으로판단된다. Table 1에는 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수에대한재현성을검증하기위한결과가나타나있다. 이때스트레인게이지부착용접착제의후경화영향을배제하기위해스트레인게이지접착후 6 에서 2시간동안경화시켰으며열팽창계수는 3 회반복하여측정하였다. 여기에서보면 GRP 복합관의폴리에스터수지는온도에노출되면후경화가진행되어열팽창계수가증가하지만반복회수에따른열팽창계수의차이는점차줄어듬을알수있다. Table 2에는측정위치에따른 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수가나타나있다. 여기에서보면 GRP 복합관의 3곳에부착된스트레인게이지에서측정된길이방향과원주방향의열팽창계수는각각최대 m/m/ 와 m/m/ 정도차이를나타낸다. 이는단섬유형태의유리섬유와모래로구성된 GRP 복합관의경우위치에따라유리섬유배향과분포가달라질수있기때문으로판단된다. Fig. 6에는열팽창계수가다른스트레인게이지를이용하여측정한 GRP 복합관의온도에따른열변형률변화가나타나있다. 이때스트레인게이지의열팽창계수는스틸용인경우 m/m/ 이고알루미늄용인경우 m/m/ 이다. GRP 복합관의열변형률은 GRP 복합관과스트레인게이지와의열팽창계수차이때문으로길이방향의온도에따른열변형률변화는스틸용과알루미늄용인경우 m/m/ 와 m/m/, 원주방향의온도에따른열변형률변화는스틸용과 Table 2 Thermal strain results of GRP pipe measured at various locations Thermal strain for GRP pipe Thermal strain for reference specimen Coefficient of thermal expansion 9 18 Axial Hoop Axial Hoop unit : 1-6 m/m/ 알루미늄용인경우 m/m/ 와 m/m/ 이다. 기준보상시편의온도에따른열변형률변화는스틸용과알루미늄용인경우 m/m/ 와 m/m/ 이다. GRP 복합관에서의측정결과를기준보상시편의측정결과로보정하면 GRP 복합관의길이방향과원주방향열팽창계수는스틸용인경우 m/m/ 와 m/m/, 알루미늄용인경우 m/m/ 와 m/m/ 이다. 따라서 Quarter 브리지를이용하여열팽창계수를측정하면열팽창계수가다른스트레인게이지를적용하더라도 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수는비교적정확하게측정할수있음을알수있다. 6. 결론 본연구에서는스트레인게이지를적용하여 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수를평가하였으며다음과같은결론을얻을수있었다. 1) Quarter 브리지의경우기준보상시편을이용하여온도에따른열변형률변화를보상하면스트레인게이지의열변형률을제거할수있기때문에측정시편의열팽창계수를정확하게평가할수있었다. 2) GRP 복합관의원주방향열변형률은탄성계수가높고열팽창계수가낮은유리섬유가원주방향을따라보강되어온도변화에의한열변형이억제되기때문에길이방향의경우에비해낮게나타났다. 3) GRP 복합관이온도에반복적으로노출되면폴리에스터수지에후경화가진행되어열팽창계수가달라질수있지만반복횟수에따른열팽창계수의차이는점차감소하였다. 또한 GRP 복합관의위치에따라단섬유형태의유리섬유배향과

5 3 오진오 윤성호韓國複合材料學會誌 Thermal strain (με) Axial_Al Hoop_Al Axial_Steel Hoop_Steel Ref_Al Ref_Steel Fig. 6 Thermal strain results GRP pipe for two types of strain gage with different thermal expansion coefficient. 분포가달라스트레인게이지부착위치에따라서도열팽창계수의차이는발생하였다. 4) 열팽창계수가다른스트레인게이지를적용하여 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수를측정하면스트레인게이지의열팽창계수차이만큼열변형률의차이가나타날수있지만기준보상시편을이용하여스트레인게이지의열변형률을보상하면동일한 GRP 복합관의열팽창계수가얻어짐을알수있었다. 후기 본연구는 ( 주 ) 코오롱인더스트리의지원으로수행되었으며연구지원에대해진심으로감사드립니다. 참고문헌 1) Deng, D.Q., and Xu, L., Measurements of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Phenolic Foam at Low Temperatures, Journal of Crogenics, Vol. 43, No. 8, 23, pp ) Mukhopadhyay, A.K., and Zollinger, D.G., Development of Dilatometer Test Method to Measure Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Aggregates, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 12, 29, pp ) Loser, R., Munch, B., and Lura, P., A Volumetric Technique for Measuring the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Hardening Cement Paste and Mortar, Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 4, No. 7, 21, pp ) Bing, P., Hui-min, X., Tao, H., and Asundi, A., Measurement of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Films Using Digital Image Correlation Method, Journal of Polymer Testing, Vol. 28, No. 1, 29, pp ) ASTM D5335, Standard Method for Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using Bonded Electric Resistance Strain Gages, Annual Book of ASTM, Vol. 4.8, ) Versluis, A., Douglas, W.H., and Sakaguchi, R.L., Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Dental Composites Measured with Strain Gauges, Journal of Dental Materials, Vol. 12, No. 5, 1996, pp ) Wang, H., Zhou, X., Sun, L., Dong, J., and Yu, S., The Effect of Stress Levels on the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of a Fine-Grained Isotropic Nuclear Graphite, Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 239, No. 3, 29, pp ) Goo, N.S., Kwon, Y.D., Kim, J.S., and Yoon, K.J., Measurement Method of Strain/Stress in a Variable Temperature Environment and Its Application to Measurement of CTE of a Composite, Journal of Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 2, 21, pp ) Kim, J.S., and Yoon, K.J., Characterization of Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Carbon/Epoxy Composite for Temperature Variation, Journal of Korean Society for Composite Materials, Vol. 12, No. 6, 1999, pp ) Park, C., Cheon, D.S., Synn, J.H., Kim, H.M., and Park, Y.J., Measurement of Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Rock using Strain Gauge, Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics, Vol. 17, No. 6, 27, pp ) Vishay Micro-measurement, Measurement of Thermal Expansion Coefficient Using Strain Gage, Measurements Group TECH NOTE TN-513-1, ) Vishay Micro-measurement, Strain gage Thermal Output and Gage Factor Variation with Temperature, Measurements Group TECH NOTE TN-54-1, 27.

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

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