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1 Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 9, No. 4, December 2010 Original Article pissn , eissn 프렌첼안경에따른시고정억제능력의차이 단국대학교의과대학이비인후 - 두경부외과학교실 정성도, 정재윤, 이정구, 서명환 Competence in Suppressing the Visual Fixation among Different Types of Frenzel Glasses Sungdo Jung, MD, Jae Yun Jung, MD, Chung-Ku Rhee, MD, Myung-Whan Suh, MD Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea Received Oct 15, 2010 Accepted Nov 17, 2010 Corresponding Author: Myung-Whan Suh, MD Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University Hospital, San 16-5, Anseo-dong, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan , Korea Tel: Fax: drmung@naver.com Copyright c 2010 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved. Background and Objectives: Several manufacturers supply different types of Frenzel glasses, but the quality of these varied Frenzel glasses seems to be quite different. The aim of this study was to compare the competence in suppressing visual fixation (VF) among different types of Frenzel glasses. The second aim was to develop a new type of Frenzel glasses which is cheaper and more convenient to carry, but has an equivalent competence. Materials and Methods: Four different types of Frenzel glasses were evaluated: 30 diopter Frenzel glasses manufactured by Nagashima (N), 10 diopter Frenzel glasses manufactured by Jungang (J), 13 diopter conventional magnifying glasses (M) and 17 diopter Fresnel lens glasses assembled by the authors. The amplitude of the spontaneous nystagmus (SN) was measured though the electronystagmography system. The SN was measured 35 times from 15 patients who were diagnosed as vestibular neuritis. Results: The mean amplitude of the SN was 8.8±3.2 /sec when measured with the videonystagmography goggles. When the same SN was measured through the 4 different Frenzel glasses, it was 7.5±2.8 (N), 6.3±3.0 (F), 6.2±3.0 (M), and 5.7±2.6 (J) /sec respectively. The amplitude of the SN was significantly bigger when wearing the N glasses compared to the other 3 glasses. The SN was significantly smaller when wearing the J glasses compared to the F glasses. Conclusion: The competence of suppressing VF was significantly different among the varied types of glasses. The F glasses seem to have a similar or better competence with the J glasses. F glasses seems to be a fairly good alternative which is very portable and cheap. Research in Vestibular Science 2010;9(4): Key Words: Frenzel glasses; Visual fixation; Diopter; Fresnel lens; Spontaneous nystagmus 서론말초성안진은시고정을억제하는경우안진의크기가커지기때문에안진이불명확한경우시고정을방해하면보다명확한안진을관찰할수있다. 1-3 이러한원리는온도안진 검사와회전의자검사를시행하는경우에도비슷하게적용된다. 4 동물실험을통해알려진바에의하면소뇌의전정소뇌 (vestibulocerebellum), 즉소뇌편엽 (flocculus), 소결절 (nodulus) 를통해안진이억제되는것으로생각되고있다. 5-7 시고정을억제하기위해서는프렌첼안경, 적외선카메라, 134

2 정성도외 3 인. 프렌첼안경에따른시고정억제능력의차이 검안경, 종이눈가림법등다양한방법이사용될수있다. 이중프렌첼안경과비디오안진검사 (videonystagmography, VNG) 가임상에서가장보편적으로사용되고있다. 프렌첼안경의볼록렌즈는시고정을억제하는역할을할뿐만아니라, 동공을확대시켜보여주므로안진의관찰을더욱용이하게한다. 하지만현재의료현장에서실제사용되고있는다양한프렌첼안경들은렌즈의굴절률이나안경의형태에대한기준이없어매우다양한형태로제작되고있다. 즉다양한업체에서여러가지제품을판매하고있지만그품질또는시고정억제능력에대한검증없이사용되고있는것이현실이다. 또다른문제점은프렌첼안경이주머니안에넣어가지고다닐수있는정도로휴대성이좋지않다는점과가격이비싸다는점이다. 이에이연구의목적은첫째, 시고정을억제하는여러가지안경을비교하여각안경에따른시고정억제능력을비교하는것이다. 둘째, 프렌첼안경에비해휴대가편리한일반돋보기안경과저자들이제작한프레넬 (Fresnel) 렌즈안경의임상적인유용성에대해서알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 2009년 5월부터 2009년 7월까지단국대학교병원에내원하였던환자중전정신경염으로진단받고자발안진이있는 15명의환자를대상으로하였다. 선택된환자는병력청취순음청력검사, 이신경학적검사및 VNG를포함한전정기능검사를시행하였다. 15명의환자중남자가 10명이었으며여자는 5명이었다. 한환자에서 2번이상검사를실시한경우까지포함하며총 35회검사가이루어졌다. 2번이상검사를진행한경우는각각 24시간이상의시간차를두고실험을시행하였다. 환자들의평균연령은 54.0±16.1세였다. 피험자중중증시력장애및중추신경계의기질적병변과같이시고정이방해받는안과적, 신경과적기저질환이있는환자는없었다. 여러안경에따른안진의크기를기록하기위해서전기안진검사 (electronystagmography, ENG) 를시행하였다. 안구의운동을기록하기위하여표면전극을사용하였으며, 비반전전극은우측외안각에, 반전전극은좌측외안각부위에부착시켰다. 그리고공통전극은이마의중심에부착하여안구의전후극간의존재하는각막망막전위차의좌우움직임을기록하였다. 8 안진크기의절대적기준 (golden standard) 을결정하기위 해서는 VNG에서사용되는고글 ( 즉, 시고정이불가능한완전한암실상태 ) 을이용하였다. Nagashima (N) 사프렌첼안경 (Nagashima Medical Instruments, Tokyo, Japan) 은 30 디옵터의렌즈를사용하였고고글안에작은백열전구가장착되어있다. 중앙메딕스 (J) 사프렌첼안경 (Joongang Medics Co., Seoul, Korea) 렌즈는 10 디옵터였으며 light-emitting diode (LED) 전구가있는고글형태를취하고있다. 다음의일반돋보기안경 (magnifier, M) 은 13 디옵터의렌즈가장착되어있었으며, N사와 J사프렌첼안경과는다르게안경점에서쉽게구할수있는일반돋보기안경이다. 13 디옵터로굴절률을정한이유는현재시중에서기성품으로구할수있는최고배율의원시용플라스틱렌즈가 13 디옵터이기때문이었다. 이보다굴절률이높은렌즈를구하기위해서는유리렌즈를주문제작해야하는데, 이경우비용이비싸지고무게가무거워지게된다. 프레넬렌즈안경 (F) 은명함크기의 8.5 디옵터를갖는프레넬렌즈 (Iloupe, Seoul, Korea) 2장을겹쳐 17 디옵터가되도록만든후, 양측눈위치에맞추어 17 디옵터렌즈를좌우로붙여안경형태로조립한것이다. 또한시고정이가능한나안상태 (visual fixation, V) 에서도안진을측정하였다. 일반돋보기안경과프레넬렌즈안경은동공을조명하는전구가없었다 (Figure 1). 각안경은안과에서 Autolensmeter (LM50, Takagi Seiko, Nakano, Japan) 를이용하여굴절률을사전에측정하였다. 실제실험은먼저 ENG전극을피험자의얼굴에부착시키고보정을시행한후 VNG고글을이용하여시고정억제상태의 Figure 1. Four different types of glasses which were evaluated in this study. Electronystagmography (ENG) was recorded while wearing the videonystagmography (VNG) goggle and four different types of glasses: 30 diopter Frenzel glasses manufactured by Nagashima (N), 10 diopter Frenzel glasses manufactured by Jungang Medics (J), 13 diopter conventional magnifying glasses (M) and 17 diopter Fresnel lens glasses (F) assembled by the authors. 135

3 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, No. 4, Dec 자발안진의크기를측정하였다. 이후에 ENG 전극은그대로둔상태로안경만 N사프렌첼안경으로바꾸고곧바로다시안진의크기를측정하였다. 이후마찬가지방법으로 J사프렌첼안경을착용하고안진의크기를측정하고, M안경과, F안경을바로이어서착용시켜동일한검사를시행하였다. 이후아무런안경도착용하지않은나안상태에서시고정을허용한이후다시안진을측정하였다. 마지막으로다시 VNG 고글착용상태에서안진을측정하여, 서로다른안경으로검사가이루어지는동안자발안진의크기가일정하게유지되었는지를확인하였다. 각안경당안진의관찰시간은 20초였다. 모든실험은한명의연구자가시행하여검사자에따른변수를줄었다. 분석은 SPSS ver. 12.0K (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하여비모수검정, 대응표본의 Wilcoxon 검정법을이용하여분석하였다. 결과 VNG고글을착용하였을때자발안진의크기는 8.8±3.2 /sec 였다. N사프렌첼안경을사용하는경우는 7.5±2.8 /sec의자발안진이측정되었다. J사프렌첼안경은 5.7±2.6 /sec의자발안진이측정되었다. M 안경은 6.2±3.0 /sec의자발안진이측정되었으며 F안경의경우 6.3±3.0 /sec의자발안진이측정되었다. 나안인경우는 4.2±2.4 /sec의자발안진이측정되었다 (Figure 2). 절대적기준으로사용된 VNG 고글은각각의다른조건보다도우월한시고정억제능력을보였다 (N, p<0.01; F, p<0.01; M, p<0.01; J, p<0.01; V, p<0.01). N사프렌첼안경은 VNG를제외한다른조건들과비교하였을때유의하게우수한시고정억제능력을보였다 (F, p<0.01; M, p<0.01; J, p<0.01; V, p<0.01). F안경은 M안경과는비슷한결과를보였으나 (p=0.26), J사프렌첼안경과나안상태보다는우수한시고정억제능력을보였다 (J, p=0.01; V, p<0.01). J사프렌첼안경은 M안경 (p=0.26) 을제외한다른안경들에비해유의하게안진의크기가작게측정되었다. 그러나 J사프렌첼안경도나안으로안진을관찰하는것보다는안진이유의하게크게측정되었다 (p<0.01). 측정된안진의크기와굴절률은양의선형상관관계를보였다 (Figure 3). 고찰다양한안경을대상으로시고정억제능력을점검한결과, 안경별로성능에유의한차이가있음을알수있었다. 가장성능이미진한 J사프렌첼안경은, 실제안진의크기에비하여안진이약 65% 로작게측정되었다. 즉안진이명확하지않은경우는이러한안경의성능차이로인하여안진을관찰하지못하는경우가발생할수도있을것으로생각된다. 또성능이우수할것으로추정된 N사의프렌첼안경도, 실제안진의 85% 정도로안진이작게측정되는것은임상적으로중요한정보이다. 따라서검사자는자신이사용하고있는안경의특성과한계를잘이해하고관찰된결과를해석해야할것이다. Figure 2. Mean amplitude of the spontaneous nystagmus while wearing different types of glasses. The mean amplitude of the spontaneous nystagmus (SN) was 8.8±3.2 /sec when measured with the VNG goggles. When the same SN was measured through the 4 different glasses, it was 7.5±2.8 (N), 6.3±3.0 (F), 6.2±3.0 (M), and 5.7±2.6 (J) /sec respectively. The amplitude of the SN was significantly bigger when wearing the N glasses compared to the other 3 glasses. The SN was significantly smaller when wearing the J glasses compared to the F glasses. No significant difference was found between the M and F glasses. Figure 3. Correlation between the optical power of the glasses and the amplitude of the spontaneous nystagmus. There is a good linear correlation between optical power of the glasses and the amplitude of the spontaneous nystagmus. 136

4 정성도외 3 인. 프렌첼안경에따른시고정억제능력의차이 프렌첼안경의성능을결정하는요소로는렌즈의굴절률, 렌즈의크기, 외부시야차단성, 조명밝기등다양한인자들이관여할것으로추정된다. 그러나이연구에서는이모든요인들을분석하지는못하였으며, 렌즈의굴절률과시고정차단능력사이의상관관계만을분석하였다. 그결과, Figure 3과같이렌즈의굴절률은시고정억제능력과선형적인양의상관관계를보였다. 즉디옵터값이높을수록시고정억제능력이우수한것으로나타났다. 또한가지주지할사실은 Figure 3의그래프를연장해보면, VNG 고글과비슷한수준 ( 자발안진크기 8.8 /sec) 까지시고정을억제하기위해서는약 40 디옵터의렌즈가필요하다는것을유추해볼수있다. 지금까지알려진일반적인지식은프렌첼안경은 20~30 디옵터의렌즈를사용하면된다는것이었다. 9 그러나본연구결과 20~30 디옵터렌즈를사용하면실제안진의크기의 75~85% 로감쇠된안진을관찰하게된다. VNG 고글과동등한수준으로안진을관찰할수있는가장이상적인프렌첼안경을제작하기위해서는 40 디옵터정도의렌즈가필요할것으로생각된다. 기존에사용하는프렌첼안경들은부피가크고무겁기때문에휴대성이낮다. 예상치않게갑자기응급실이나병동환자의안진을관찰하게는경우에는부득이하게나안상태에서안진을관찰하게된다. 또프렌첼안경의비싼가격도모든진료실또는모든전공의가프렌첼안경을구비하는것을어렵게한다. 그러나본연구결과나안으로안진을관찰하면실제안진의 47% 정도로안진이매우작게측정되었다. 또한어떤안경을사용하더라도, 나안을관찰하는것보다는유의하게안진이크게측정되었다. 따라서가격이저렴하고가벼운안경을전공의들을포함한모든의료진이가운이나주머니속에휴대할수있다면어지러움환자의진료에도움이될것으로추정된다. 저자들은이러한휴대성과가격적인측면에서프레넬렌즈안경이임상적으로의미가있다고생각한다. 프레넬렌즈는등대의렌즈가너무크고무거워서, 그무게와렌즈의크기를줄이기위하여프랑스의과학자 Augustin-jean Fresnel에의하여발명되었다. 10 렌즈의굴절률은굴곡면의표면에의해서결정되기때문에굴곡면표면굴곡만유지된다면, 볼록렌즈의중간부위유리양을줄여도렌즈의특성을유지할수있다는것이그원리이다 (Figure 4). 특히최근에는플라스틱재질로매우가볍고얇게프레넬렌즈를제작할수있게되어주머니에들어갈정도로휴대성이좋은볼록렌즈를제작하는것이가능해졌다. 또한렌즈가얇기때문에손쉽게여러장의프 Figure 4. Conceptual illustration of collapsing a continuous surface aspheric lens into an equivalent power Fresnel lens. By converting a conventional lens into Frensel lens we can make the lens thinner and lighter. Also the amount of material required is significantly smaller by collapsing aspheric lens into a Fresnel lens. 레넬렌즈를겹쳐서굴절률을높일수있다. 본연구결과 저자들이제작한프레넬렌즈안경은기존에이미시판중인 J사의프렌첼안경보다오히려시고정억제능력이우수한것으로나타났다. 또한프레넬렌즈안경은가격이 N사프렌첼안경의 0.5% 정도에불과하기때문에가격적인측면에서도큰장점이있다. 약간의단점은전구가달려있지않아기존의프렌첼안경에비해약간어둡지만안진을관찰하기에는무리가없는정도이다. 결 다양한안경을대상으로시고정억제능력을점검한결과, 안경별로성능에유의한차이가있다. 그러나어떠한안경도나안으로안진을관찰하는것보다는유의하게안진이크게측정되었다. 따라서검사자는각자자신이사용하고있는안경의특성과한계를잘이해하여관찰된안진을해석해야할것이다. 또한저자들이조립한프레넬렌즈안경은기존에시판중인 J사프렌첼안경과비교하여시고정억제능력이비슷하거나오히려우수한것으로판단된다. 프레넬렌즈안경은가격이저렴하여모든의료진에게쉽게보급할수있으며, 작고얇고가벼워가운주머니에쉽게휴대할수있기때문에안진을간단히관찰할때임상적으로유용한도구라고생각된다. 론 중심단어 : 프렌첼안경, 시고정, 디옵터, 프레넬렌즈 137

5 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, No. 4, Dec REFERENCES 1. Baloh RW, Honrubia V, Konrad HR. Periodic alternating nystagmus. Brain 1976;99: Leigh RJ, Robinson DA, Zee DS. A hypothetical explanation for periodic alternating nystagmus: instability in the optokinetic-vestibular system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1981;374: Pola J, Wyatt HJ. Offset dynamics of human smooth pursuit eye movements: effects of target presence and subject attention. Vision Res 1997;37: Aschan G, Bergstedt M, Stahle J. Nystagmography; recording of nystagmus in clinical neuro-otological examinations. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1956;129: Takemori S. Visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus after cerebellar lesions. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1975;84: Takemori S. Visual suppression test. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1978;3: Takemori S, Cohen B. Loss of visual suppression of vestibular nystagmus after flocculus lesions. Brain Res 1974;72: Wuyts FL, Furman J, Vanspauwen R, Van de Heyning P. Vestibular function testing. Curr Opin Neurol 2007;20: Han GC. Nystagmography. In: Lee WS, JK Lee, GC Jeong, BL Park, GC Han, et al. editors. Equilibrium and Disequilibrium. Seoul: KoonJa Press; p Miller OE, McLeod JH, Sherwood WT. Thin sheet plastic Fresnel lenses of high aperture. J Opt Soc Am 1951;41:

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