05 KRS R1-( )-Final-54.hwp

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1 Dual Rotor 풍력발전을이용한선박에서의효과적인풍향풍속측정 309 Dual Rotor 풍력발전을이용한선박에서의효과적인풍향풍속측정 Efficient Measurement of Wind Velocity and Direction Using Dual Rotor Wind Power Generator in Vessel 최원연 1, 박계도 2, 이장명 Choi Won-Yeon 1, Park Gye-Do 2, Lee Jang-Myung Abstract This paper proposes an efficient measurement system for the velocity and direction of the wind using the dual rotor wind power generator in vessel. Conventional digital measurement system recognizes the direction and the velocity of the wind using the electric compass or synchronous motor and Vane probe method using hall sensors. But each system has its own short-comings: the synchronous motor has a larger measurement error than the magnetic compass and magnetic compass is weak for the external disturbances such as fluctuation of the vessel. To compensate these short-comings, this paper proposes a new compensation algorithm for the fluctuation errors according to the external interference and the unexpected movement of the vessel along the roll and pitch directions. The proposed system is implemented with the dual compasses and a synchronous motor. The proposed independent power generation system can be operated by itself and can raise the efficiency of the wind power generation systems of 30 ~ 400 W installed along the vertical and horizontal axes. The proposed system also realizes the efficient and reliable power production system by the MPPT algorithm for the real-time recognition of the wind direction and velocity. An advanced switching algorithm for the battery charging system has been also proposed. Effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been verified through the real experiments and the results are demonstrated. Keywords: Wind power generator, wind velocity/direction, magnetic compass, synchronous motor, MPPT 1. 서론 1) 최근화석에너지의고갈및고유가시대를맞아에너지절약이전세계적으로이슈화되고있으며풍력이나태양광, 바이오, 태양열, 수력, 지열등을이용한대체에너지 Received : Jul ; Reviewed : Aug ; Accepted : Sep 본연구는지식경제부및정보통신산업진흥원의대학 IT 연구센터지원사업의연구결과로수행되었음 (NIPA-2010-C ). 본연구는 ( 부산대학교특수환경 Navigation/Localization 기술연구센터를통한 ) 지식경제부 / 정보통신산업진흥원융복합형로봇전문인력양성사업의지원으로수행되었음. 교신저자 : 부산대학교전자전기공학과 1 부산대학교전자전기공학과 2 부산대학교로봇협동과정 개발이증가하고있는추세이다 [1]. 이중에서풍력발전을이용하여에너지를생산하고반영구적으로사용하는것은자원고갈과환경오염문제를해결하는데중요한역할을할수있는반면기후변화에영향을많이받고부하에따라전력생산량이변화되는단점이있다 [2-4]. 이러한문제를해결하기위한방법으로전력생산의효율성을높이고 2차전지를활용하는방안이확산되고있다 [5,6]. 그리고선박에서의정확한풍향 / 풍속측정은선박의안전하고효율적인항해와정확한항로수행에밀접한관련이있다 [7,8]. 기존의풍향풍속계의경우 single magnetic compass 또는 synchronous motor를이용하여풍향을측

2 P_310 로봇학회논문지제 5 권제 4 호 ( ) 정하였다. magnetic compass 는지구자기장과자기센서에의해서정확한측정이가능하지만외부자기장에대한간섭에민감하게반응하며흔들림에영향을많이받아절대방위의지시에어려움이있다 [9,10]. 반면 synchronous motor 는외부간섭에강인하고짧은시간의방위에대해서는비교적정확한측정이가능하나장시간측정시누적오차가발생하고정밀한측정이불가능하다 [11]. 본논문에서는선박에서의풍향측정오차를해결하기위한방법으로철구조물로인한자기장의변화에강인하고풍향풍속계가설치된선박에서의 roll과 pitch운동에도컴파스의측정값을보정할수있는 dual compass와 synchronous motor를이용한알고리즘을제안한다. 그리고풍력발전을이용하여외부의추가전원없이에너지를공급이가능하며효율적인풍력발전을위한최대전력점추적 (MPPT) 알고리즘과 battery 충전알고리즘을제안한다. 먼저 2장에서는풍력발전의기본원리에대해소개하며 3장에서기존풍향풍속계의측정방법대해서간단히설명한다. 4장에서는풍력발전의 MPPT 알고리즘과풍향풍속계의 dual compass와 synchronous motor를이용한보정알고리즘을설명한다. 5장에서는제안한알고리즘의타당성을실험을통하여검증하며마지막으로 6장에서결론을맺는다. 2. 풍력발전시스템 2.1 풍력발전원리풍력발전에의해발생되는블레이드의기계적에너지 P blede 는풍속과밀접한관련이있으며베츠의법칙에따라서식 (1) 과같이표현된다. Rbladeω CPλ= V wind blade R blade 는블레이드의회전반경 [m] 는블레이드의회전각속도 [rad / sec] 그림 1은 TSR에따른 C P 의출력관계를나타내었으며 TSR OPT 와 C P_MAX 에서최대전력값을가지며풍력발전으로부터최대전력을나타낸다. CPCMaxT02.2 풍력발전구성요소 ROPT그림 1. 출력계수와주속비 15(2) SRT그림 2은풍력발전시스템구성을나타내고있다. PMSG (Permanent magnet synchronous generator) 는풍속변동시빠른추정속도를가지고있어소형풍력발전에유리하며효율적인발전이가능하다. PMSG Rectifier SDC_DC Converter Charge Circuit 1 3 Pblade = AρVwindCp( λ) 2 A 는블레이드의회전단면적 [m 2 ] 는공기밀도 [kg/m 3 ] V wind 는풍속 [m/sec] C P(λ) 는블레이드의출력계수로주속비 λ 의함수 여기서, 출력계수 는풍속 V wind 이가지고있는에너지중에서풍력발전을통해서발생되는에너지의비율을주속비 (TSR : Tip Speed Ratio) 라고한다. (1) 그림 2. 풍력발전시스템 3. 풍향풍속측정원리 3.1 Synchronous motor을사용한풍향측정 Synchronous motor는고정자와회전자로구성되어있고 transmitter와 receiver는전기적으로동기화되어있다. synchronous TX로부터측정된각도값을 receiver단으로전달하여출력값을얻는방식으로외부간섭및움직임에강인하며가격에장점이있으나장시간측정시누적오차

3 Dual Rotor 풍력발전을이용한선박에서의효과적인풍향풍속측정 311 가발생하며정밀한측정이어렵다. 3.2 Magnetic compass 를이용한풍향측정선박에서설치되는 magnetic compass는자기저항센서를이용하여지구자기장을검출한다. 미약한지구자기장을측정하여자북에대한지구방위각을구할수있는방위각센서이다. 본연구에사용된센서는 Barber pole 형태의 2개의소자가 90 로직교된것을사용하여 x축과 y축을동시에측정하여 360 전방위를검출할수있다. 그림 3(a) 는컴파스의내부구조를나타내며, 컴파스를 α방위로 360 회전시키면그림 3(b) 와같이지구자기장은 x축센서와 y축센서에서미소전압값으로측정된다. 풍속과풍향을측정을하고 RS232 Serial을통해 data을송신하게된다. 풍력발전에서최대전력전달을위하여실시간으로풍속을측정하여 PWM신호로 DC-DC Converter 를제어하여효율성을높이는알고리즘을적용한다. 또한, 충전회로에 battery를연결하여전자적스위치를이용한 switching알고리즘을적용시켜효율적으로 battery를충전한다. 그림 4은풍력발전을이용한풍향풍속계의시스템구조이다. AC/DC Rectifier DC/DC Converter Charge Circuit α Speed control PWM control dspic30f4012 Circuit control wireless communication X-SENSOR Y-SENSOR Vane probe Wind velocity Wind direction Magnetic compass Sensitive Direction Sensitive Direction Vy 그림 4. 풍력발전을이용한풍향풍속계구조 0 Vx α VVy 그림 3. (a) 센서의구조 (b) 센서의출력특성 4. Dual rotor 풍향풍속시스템 4.1 Dual rotor 풍력발전 system 구성 선박의정확한해상정보제공은선박의안전성과밀접한관련이있으며최적의운항을설계하기위해서정확한풍향과풍속이측정되어야한다. dspic4012을이용하여 Vx α 4.2 MPPT 알고리즘및 battery 충전알고리즘풍력발전의경우가변적인바람의영향으로효율적인출력을얻어내기힘들다. 따라서풍력으로최대출력을얻기위해최대전력점을찾아효율을높이는알고리즘을제안한다. 그림 5과 6는 DC/DC Converter의 MPPT알고리즘과배터리충전회로알고리즘을나타내었다. 실시간으로 V Wind 을측정하여이상적인 PWM 신호와 얻을수있다. 실시간으로측정되는 와비교하여 DC/DC Converter 부분에서 을만드는방법으로 rotor speed 조절이가능하여풍속에따른최대전력을얻을수있다. 더효율적인에너지저장을위하여 2개이상의배터리를충전하는알고리즘을제안한다. 배터리용량측정 chip을사용하여 A/D Converter로실시간측정하며배터리에연결된전자스위치를이용하여충전회로알고 I L ω Wind V ω ref Wind L PI PWM S PWM 그림 5. DC/DC Converter MPPT 알고리즘 D C

4 312 로봇학회논문지제 5 권제 4 호 ( ) battery 1,2 측정 다. 그림 7은금속영향에대한자화원변화를나타내었다. 선박에서풍향을측정하는방법으로 2개의전자컴파스 를 180 위상을가지도록설치를하여 dual compass 로오 battery 2>battery1 battery 1,2 비교 battery 2<battery1 차를보정하여교정된풍향을측정할수있다. 그림 8의양방향교정법칙에의해 soft iron effect의경우는식 (3) 로 battery2 충전 battery1 사용 battery 1 =< 최소전압 no yes yes battery1 충전 battery2 사용 battery 2 =< 최소전압 no 간단히보정할수있다. H1X H2X H1+ H2= + H1Y H2Y HeX + HiX HeX + HiX 2HiX = + = HeY + HiY HeY + HiY 2HiY (3) battery2 완전충전 battery1 완전충전 위식을다시정리하면식 (4) 로나타난다. 그림 6. Battery 충전회로알고리즘리즘을적용할수있다. 본알고리즘은소형풍력발전에적합하며적은가격으로풍력발전이가능한장점이있으며쉽게구현이가능하다. 4.3 Dual compass 를이용한풍향측정 Single compass에발생하는오차는어떤외부의간섭없이설계상발생하는기본적인 3가지의오차가있다. 오프셋의차이에서발생하는오차의영점보정, 소자의감도에의한편차와증폭률의차이에서발생하는소자출력감도차이, 센서제작시발생하는비직교오차가있다 [12]. 이러한오차는 single compass 보정알고리즘으로해결이가능하다. 현재까지의기술로는고정된위치에있는순간적인외부환경에의해발생되는오차는보정하기어렵 Hi 1 = 2 H + H Hi 1 = 2 H + H ( 1 2 ) X X X ( 1 2 ) Y Y Y 그림 9와같이 Hard iron effect 의경우각각의컴파스는원점을기준으로양방향으로 shift된 2개의원으로분리되며이는시간에대해서일정하게작용하므로 dual compass 3_point calibration 방법을이용하여보정할수있다. 3개의측정된센서값으로원의중심을구할수있으며간섭에의해이동된자화원의중심을원점으로이동가능하다. 1 1 x + y + Ax + By + C = x + y + Ax + By + C = x + y + Ax + By + C = 0 (4) (5) y compass1 y He x compass2 Hard iron effect Soft iron effect -He H2 Hi H1 He x 그림 7. 금속영향에의한자화원변화 그림 8. 양방향교정법칙

5 Dual Rotor 풍력발전을이용한선박에서의효과적인풍향풍속측정 313 Yvalue ( x2, y2) ( x1, y1) ( x3, y3) 컴파스 1 V y,off V x,offt 컴파스 2 V x,offt 컴파스 1 과 2 의최초자화원 Xvalue V y,off ( x1, y1) ( x 2, y2 ) ( x3, y3) 그림 축교정방법 A P:2 2matrix = B Q :1 2 matrix A B =, V = ( P) ( Q) V X, off Y, off 원에대한일반식은 (5) 과같으며 A와 B를통하여원의중심을구할수있으며최종적으로식 (6) 에서원의제로오프셋값을알수있다. 4.4 Dual compass와 synchronous motor를이용한풍향측정풍향을측정하는경우선박의움직임과동적인외란요소에대하여보정되어야하며실시간으로풍향의정보를측정하기위하여선박에서의 roll과 pitch운동을항상고려하여야한다. Dual compass를이용하여방향을측정할경우풍향이변하지않는범위에서선박의움직임은 y축과 x 축을기준으로수직과수평으로일정한형태의값이발생하여예측값을통해보정하지만풍향이변할때선박의움직임에러는보정하는데한계가있다. 이는수직축으로설치된 synchronous motor에의해서보정될수있다. Synchronous motor의값은외부자기장과선박의움직임에강인하며상대적인풍향값측정이가능하다. 그림 10 는 roll과 pitch 운동에의한컴파스의오차를나타내었다. V x1, V y1, V x2, V y2 는두개의컴파스에의한출력값으로 (6) 그림 10. Roll과 pitch 방향의 magnetic compass 에러식 (7) 에의해 값을알수있다. V R= V + V, θ = arctan y x y (7) V Pitch와 roll운동을할경우오차보정방법은예측값을구하여측정가능하다. 예측값은 FIFO(First in first out) 을이용해구할수있으며 synchronous motor를이용하여측정한값과 dual compass의값 2가지를측정하고 roll과 pitch의영향을거의받지않는 synchronous motor값의특성을이용하여알수있다. n1 ˆ 1 θ = θ + Δθ n, compass n-1, compass k, compass n k= 0 θn, compass Vn, compass Vn, reference < ε ˆ ˆ (8) Vn, x Vn, x < ε and, Vn, y Vn, y > ε ˆ θn, compass V ˆ ˆ n, x Vn, x > ε and, Vn, y Vn, y < ε θn, syncro motor otherwise 위식에서 θ n, compass 은현재측정되는컴파스값 n, compass 는예측된컴파스값이며 θ n, syncro motor 은 synchronous motor 로측정한값, ε 는컴파스의에러성분이다. 그림 11는 magnetic compass의오차보정알고리즘이다. Iron effect와 motion운동에따라컴파스예측값, synchronous motor 측정값, 컴파스현재값으로효율적으로오차를보정하는알고리즘이다. x

6 314 로봇학회논문지제 5 권제 4 호 ( ) θ n, compass 사용 no motion x : 1 motion o : 2 θˆ θ θ n, compass 사용 시작 n, compass n, synchro motor θ n, synchro motor 변화 θ n, synchro motor 사용 Motion+iron effect:3 iron effect: yes 그림 11. Magnetic compass 의오차보정알고리즘 5. 실험및결과 θ n, compass 사용 즘을검증하기위하여사용한풍력발전풍향풍속계와실험장치이다. 풍향측정을위한컴파스는 KMZ52, 풍속측정은 pb62를사용하였다. 전체시스템은 microchip( 社 ) 의 dspic30f4012를사용하여제어하였다. 그림 12은실험환경을구성하는풍력발전풍향풍속계와컨트롤회로이다. 5.2 풍력발전결과풍력발전기의실험을위해회로를구성하고제안한 MPPT알고리즘을적용하여 dspic4012에서 PWM신호를조절하였다. 그림 13는풍속에따른출력전력그래프이다. 0.5m/s 풍속마다일정시간동안출력전력을측정하여나타내었다. MPPT알고리즘을적용하여 duty ratio 변화시킨알고리즘은붉은색그래프이며 0.5의일정한 duty ratio를적용한그래프는푸른색이다. 5.1 실험환경 효율적인풍향풍속측정과 MPPT, battery 충전알고리 그림 13. 풍속에따른출력전력 5.3 풍향측정결과풍향을측정하기위하여 dual compass를 180 위상차로설치를하고아래쪽에수직축으로 synchronous motor 를설치하여실험을하였다. 그림 14(a) 는일정한각도에서외부간섭을주었을때의결과를나타내었으며그림 14(b) 는풍향측정시 360 회전하면서외부에간섭을주었을때이를보정하여결과값을나타내었다. 그림 14(c) 와 (d) 는결과값의오차율을나타낸그래프이다. 그림에서 dual compass와 synchronous motor를이용하였을때가장정확한값을나타냄을알수있다. 그림 12. 실험환경 (a) 풍력발전풍향풍속계 (b) 컨트롤회로

7 Dual Rotor 풍력발전을이용한선박에서의효과적인풍향풍속측정 315 (a) (b) (c) (d) 그림 14. (a) 정지상태에서풍향측정 data, (b) 0~90 동적상태의풍향측정 data, (c) 정지상태에서풍향측정 error, (d) 0~90 동적상태의풍향측정 error 표 1. 정지상태풍향측정에러 ( ) Dual compass+ synchronous motor Single compass Synchronous motor Mean error Max error Average error 표 2. 0~90 동적상태풍향측정에러 ( ) Dual compass+ Synchronous synchronous Single compass motor motor Mean error Max error Average error 결론 본논문에서는풍력발전시스템을기반으로풍향풍속 계의효율성을높이는알고리즘을제안하였다. 기존의시스템은풍향측정시평균 4 이상의오차를발생하였지만 dual compass와 synchronous motor를이용한알고리즘으로오차를 0.7 이내로향상시켜서해상에서의정밀한풍향측정이가능하도록하였다. 특히선박에서의흔들림을안정적으로보완함으로써그활용도가높을것으로판단된다. 그리고풍력발전시스템을적용시켜해상에서의풍부한풍력으로자가발전이가능하기때문에에너지효율성에서우수한장점이있다. 참고문헌 [1] R. H. Liang, and J. H. Liao, A Fuzzy- Optimization Approach for Generation Scheduling With Wind and Solar Energy Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.22, No.4,

8 316 로봇학회논문지제 5 권제 4 호 ( ) November, [2] R. J. Wai, C. Y. Lin and Y. R. Chang, Novel maximum power extraction algorithm for PMSG wind generation system, Electric Power Applications, IET, Vol.1, No.2, pp , March, [3] A. M. Debroe, S. Drouilhet and V. Gevorgian, A peak power tracker for small wind turbines in battery charging applications, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.14, No.4, pp , December, [4] K. Tan, and S. Islam, Optimum control strategies in energy conversion of PMSG wind turbine system without mechanical sensors, IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, Vol.19, No.2, pp , June, [5] Yuang-Shung Lee and Ming-Wang Cheng, Intelligent control battery equalization for series connected lithium-ion battery strings, Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions, Vol.52, No.5, pp , October, [6] Liang-Rui Chen, PLL-based battery charge circuit topology, Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions, Vol.51, No.6, pp , December, [7] E. C. Kent, A comparison of ship- and scatterometer-derived wind speed data in open ocean and coastal areas, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.19, No.17, pp , January, [8] David E. Weissman, Mark A. Bourassa and Jeffrey Tongue, Effects of Rain Rate and Wind Magnitude on Sea Winds Scatterometer Wind Speed Errors, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol.19, No.5, pp , May, [9] Kyung-Moon Lee, Yang-Hwan Kim, Jae-Mu Yun and Jang-Myung Lee, Magnetic-interference-free dual-electric compass, Sensors and Actuators, Vol.120, No.2, pp , May, [10] Sun-Sin Han, Im-Yong Kang and Jang-Myung Lee, Implementation of Spreader Pose Control Using Dual-Electric Compasses, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol.9, No.1, pp.69-70, January [11] Peter B. Schmidt, Michael L. Gasperi, Glen Ray and Ajith H. Wijenayake, Initial Rotor Angle Detection Of A Non-Salient Pole Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Louisiana New Orleans, October [12] 고재평, 강웅기, 김양환, 이장명, 동적간섭자기장에강인한전자컴파스, 제어. 자동화. 시스템공학논문지, 제11권, 제1호, pp.27-33, 1, 최원연 2009 인제대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2009~ 현재부산대학교전자전기공학과석사과정재학중관심분야 : 지능로봇제어, 센서융합, Localization, 풍력발전, 마이크로프로세서응용박계도 2010 진주산업대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 2010~ 현재부산대학교로봇협동과정석사과정재학중관심분야 : 센서융합, 지능제어, 풍력발전, 마이크로프로세서응용

9 Dual Rotor 풍력발전을이용한선박에서의효과적인풍향풍속측정 317 이장명 1980 서울대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1982 서울대학교전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1990 USC( 미국남가주대학교 ) 컴퓨터공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1992~ 현재부산대학교전자전기공학과교수관심분야 : 지능로봇제어, 로보틱스, 비선형제어, 특수환경 Localization 및 Navigation

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