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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography Vol. 34, No. 1, 33-42, ISSN (Print) ISSN X(Online) Original article 우리나라도로명주소를활용한지오코딩및역지오코딩기법개발 Development of Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding Method Implemented for Street-based Addresses in Korea 석상묵 1) 이지영 2) Seok, Sangmuk Lee, Jiyeong Abstract In Korea, the address-point matching technique has been used to provide geocoding services. In fact, this technique brings the high positional accuracy. However, the quality of geocoding result can be limited, since it is significantly affected by data quality. Also, it cannot be used for the 3D address geocoding and the reverse geocoding. In order to alleviate issues, the paper has implemeted proposed geocoding methods, based on streetbased addresses matching technique developed by US census bureau, for street-based addresses in Korea. Those proposed geocoding methods are illustrated in two ways; (1) street address-matching method, which of being used for not only 2D addresses representing a single building but also 3D addresses representing indoor space or underground building, and (2) reverse geocoding method, whichas converting a location point to a readable address. The result of street-based address geocoding shows 82.63% match rates, while the result of reverse geocoding shows 98.5% match rates within approximately 1.7(m) the average position error. According to the results, we could conclude that the proposed geocoding techniques enable to provide the LBS(Location Based Service). To develop the geocoding methods, the study has perfoermed by ignoring the parsing algorithms for address standardization as well as the several areas with unusual addresses, such as sub-urban areas or subordinate areas to the roads, etc. In the future, we are planning the improved geocoding methods for considering these cases. Keywords : 3D GIS, Street-based Address, Indoor Space, Reverse Geocoding, Address-matching 초록 -.,, 3.,., (1) 2 3, (2)., 82.63%, 98.5%, 1.7.,,.. : 3 GIS,,,, Received , Revised , Accepted ) Member, Dept. of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul ( rltk00@uos.ac.kr) 2) Corresponding Author, Member, Dept. of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul ( jlee@uos.ac.kr) This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 33

2 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 33-42, 서론 (geocoding) ( ),. GIS, (Lo and Yeung, 2006) , Fig. 1.,., ( ) ( ),. Fig. 1. Address format of street addressing system in Korea,. 20, 10,,.,., ( ) (. 96, 96-1)., (address range), (Drummond, 1995).,.,., ,.., (1) 2 3, (2) (reverse geocoding). 2. 선행연구분석, 1) (US Census, 1992), 2) (Lee, 2009), 3) - (address-point) (Ordnance Survey, 2004)., (Drummond, 1995; Lee and Kim, 2006).,,.,. (match rate). Lee(2009) (block) BlockObject model,. Ordnance Survey(2004) - 34

3 Development of Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding Method Implemented for Street-based Addresses in Korea.,. 3 (Lee, 2009), (reverse geocoding).,.,, -, (Zandbergen, 2008). -., 3. 3,.,. 3. 도로명주소를활용한지오코딩및역지오코딩기법 3.1 도로명주소기반지오코딩기법 (single address) (detailed address),,,,. 2 3.,.,,, (Lee, 2009). Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Geocoding process 단일주소지오코딩 (1) 참조데이터설계. ( ) (RoadSectionObject). (RoadSectionObject), (RDS_ID) (FR_BN_L, TO_BN_L, FR_BN_R, TO_BN_R). (SingleAddressObject) 1:1 Association (metro, ward), (roadname), (roadtype).,., 0 (Fig. 3). 35

4 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 33-42, , 10. Step 2 : / (k) k (i) (S i).. i Eq. (1)., FN k,. (1) Fig. 3. Example of RoadSectionObject model where, k: Building main-number/room number of target addresses, FN: Address range attribute for starting point of the reference data. (2) 주소정규화 (Lee and Kim, 2006). /, / /,,, /,,., 0. (3) 참조데이터매칭., FR_BN_L, TO_BN_L, FR_BN_R, TO_BN_R. (4) 위치결정,., 2.. Step 3 : S i / (pt 1 (x i, y i, z i ), pt + i 1 (x + i 1, y + i 1, z + i 1 )) (ptm0j(x0j, y0j, z0j))., S i 2 (j)*2 S 1 (pts(x s, y s, z s )), /. Step 4 : S 1 /, / (offset distance). Step 5 : (ptm0j(x0j, y0j, z0j)) Step 4 pts (l) Eq. (2). ptm0j(x0j, y0j, z0j), / (pt k (x k, y k, z k )).. (2) where, ptm0j:: midpoint of the line segment(s i) numbering building/room k, j: the number of addresses allocated in the line segment(s i), pts: geographic coordinates divide into line segment by 2j, l: Building sub-number of a matched address, and pt i: geographic coordinates of the starting point of the line segment(s i) Step 1 : (Start Node) (End Node) (d s ) (pt n (x n, y n, z n )). d s Fig. 4 (k). 36

5 Development of Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding Method Implemented for Street-based Addresses in Korea (a) Single addresses without building sub-number 상세주소지오코딩 (1) 참조데이터설계, ( ). (transition) (Lee, 2004a; Lee, 2004b; Li and Lee, 2013). (CorridorSection Object). (FR_RN_L, TO_RN_L, FR_RN_R, TO_RN_R) (minimalunit), (DetailedAddressObject) Association (RDS_ID) (buildmainnum), (buildname), (floor). ( ),, (alternative number).. Fig. 5. (b) Single addresses with building sub-number Fig. 4. Locating single address, Step 3, Step 5 (ptm) Step 4.,, (azimuth angle), (ptm0j(x0j, y0j)) (Hill, 1994; Zwillinger, 1995). Fig. 5. Example of CorridorSectionObject model 37

6 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 33-42, 2016 (2) 주소정규화.,. (3) 참조데이터매칭 ( ), ( )., LOOKUP TABLE,. P projected (d p), (k)., (ptb) (pte), P P projected. (k) P r (d p) (dks) (index_k). Fig. 6. (4) 위치결정., d s (pt n (x n, y n, z n )), d s 역지오코딩기법 (Reverse geocoding), (Stenneth et al., 2011).,., (P(xp, yp, zp)).,.. Step 1 : (P(x p, y p, z p)) P (projection) (P projected(x pr, y pr, z pr) (Lee, 2004a). Step 2 : P projected, Fig. 6. Example of the reverse geocoding 4. 실험및결과분석 4.1 참조데이터구축,, 30. GRS80, UTM-K,.,., ,., 38

,. (1) 단일주소지오코딩., (http://www.juso.go.kr) DB. 30, 18.5, 6.5. Fig. 7

Fig. 8. Geocoded single addresses with building subnumber. Fig. 9.

7 Development of Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding Method Implemented for Street-based Addresses in Korea 0, Z 0. 21,,., 2.5,. 4.2 결과분석 도로명주소기반지오코딩기법적용 2, , 6, 7 89.,. (1) 단일주소지오코딩., ( DB. 30, 18.5, 6.5. Fig. 7 2,447. Fig. 7. Mapping geocoded single addresses 261. Fig. 8 (195, 195-1, 195-2). Fig. 8. Geocoded single addresses with building subnumber. Fig. 9. Fig. 9. Geocoded underground addresses 2,447 1,651, 796., 1,651 1,507, 1, , 2.0,

8 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 33-42, 2016 Table 1. Distance from geocoded single addresses that not included in building polygons to nearest building polygons Category Single Address (n = 775) Distance Max(m) Mean(m) Std(m) Table 2. Results of the geocoded single addresses Category Single Address 1 (n = 1,651) Single Address 2 (n = 796) Total Geocoding (n = 2,447) Partly matched Perfectly matched Unmatched 1,507 (61.59) 618 (25.26) 2,125 (86.84) 1,448 (59.17) 574 (23.46) 2,022 (82.63) 144 (5.88) 178 (7.27) 322 (13.16), Table 1 -. Table 2., 2,447 2,022, 322. (2) 상세주소지오코딩., (Fig. 10). Table 3., 89 89,. Table 3. Results of the geocoded detailed addresses Category Detailed Address Matched room number 89 (100) Geocoding (n = 89) Matched alternative number 89 (100) Unmatched 0 (0).,. Fig. 10. Spatial query example of the geocoded detailed addresses 역지오코딩기법적용, 30 40

9 Development of Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding Method Implemented for Street-based Addresses in Korea 1,000 (point). ArcMap (Near). 1,000,., 0.. Table 4., 1, (98.5%). Category Single address Table 4. Results of the reverse geocoding Reverse geocoding (n = 1,000) Matched 985 (98.5) 15,.., 20, 10, 19.9, 9.9,., 20, 결론 Unmatched 15 (1.5). 2, 3. 50% (Jeon et al., 2010), 3.., 82.63%., 89.,., 1, %. ( ).,,.,,,.,.,.. 알림의글. 41

10 Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 33-42, 2016 References Drummond, W.J. (1995), Address matching GIS technology for mapping human activity patterns, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp Hill, F.S. Jr. (1994), The pleasures of perp dot products, In: Heckbert, Paul S. (ed.), Graphics Gems IV, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp Jeon, W., Kim, J., and Kim, J. (2010), A study of standardization model for detailed address writing of apartment house, Journal of the Korean Cadastre Information Association, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp (in Korean with English abstract) Lee, J. (2004a), A spatial access-oriented implementation of a 3-D GIS topological data model for urban entities, GeoInformatica, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp Lee, J. (2004b), 3-D GIS for geo-coding human activity in micro-scale urban environments, Geographic Information Sciences: Springer's Lecture Notes in Computer Science Computers, Vol. 3234, Springer, New York, NY, pp Lee, J. (2009), GIS-based geocoding methods for area-based addresses and 3D addresses in urban areas, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp Lee, J. and Kim, H. (2006), A geocoding method implementation for hierarchical areal addressing system in Korea, The Journal of GIS Association of Korea, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp (in Korean with English abstract) Li, K. and Lee, J. (2013), Basic concepts of indoor spatial information candidate standard IndoorGML and its applications, Journal of Korea Spatial Information Society, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp (in Korean with English abstract) Lo, C.P. and Yeung, A.K.W. (2006), Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems 2 nd Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Ordnance Survey (2004), OS MasterMap User Guide: Product Specification, Ordnance Survey, Southampton. Roh, H. (2009), Assessment and improvement method of position accuracy of geocoding application for new address system in Korea, Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp (in Korean with English abstract) Stenneth, L., Wolfson, O., Yu P.S., and Xu B. (2011), Transportation mode detection using mobile phones and GIS information, Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, November, Chicago, IL, pp U.S. Census Bureau (1992) TIGER/Line Census Files, 1992: Technical Documentation, Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. Zandbergen, P.A. (2008), A comparison of address point, parcel and street geocoding techniques, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 32, pp Zwillinger, D. (1995), Spherical coordinates in space, In: Zwillinger D. (ed.), CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp

09권오설_ok.hwp

09권오설_ok.hwp (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction