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1 Weed Turf. Sci. 3(4):284~291 Print ISSN , Online ISSN Research Article Weed & Turfgrass Science Weed & Turfgrass Science was renamed from both formerly Korean Journal of Weed Science from Volume 32 (3), 2012, and formerly Korean Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 25 (1), 2011 and Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 26 (2), 2012 which were launched by The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea found in 1981 and 1987, respectively. 경기도밭의외래잡초분포 김창석 1 이인용 1 이정란 1 홍선희 2 오영주 3 * 1 국립농업과학원작물보호과, 2 고려대학교환경생태연구소, 3 ( 주 ) 미래환경생태연구소 Distribution of Exotic Weeds on Upland Crop Field in Gyeonggi do Chang-Seok Kim 1, In-Yong Lee 1, Jeong-ran Lee 1, Sun-Hee Hong 2, and Young-Ju Oh 3 * 1 Crop Protection Division, National Academy of Science, RDA, Jeonju , Korea 2 Institute of Environment and Ecology, Korea University, Seoul, , Korea 3 Institute for Future Environmental Ecology Co., Ltd, Suwon , Korea ABSTRACT. We surveyed the distribution of exotic weeds in the 350 upland crop fields of Gyeonggi-do. The exotic weeds were summarized as 78 taxa including 19 families, 52 genera, 74 species and 4 varieties. Among the total exotic weeds, the summer annuals were 48.7%, the winter annuals 28.2%, and the perennials 23.1%. Compositae was dominant family (32%), followed by Gramineae (8%), Polygonaceae (8%) and Malvaceae (7%). Dominant exotic weeds in northern Gyeonggi-do were Amaranthus lividus, Ambrosia trifida, Chenopodium album, Bidens frondosa and Erigeron Canadensis, and in southern Gyeonggi-do were Chenopodium album, Erigeron Canadensis, Erigeron annuus, Taraxacum officinale and Galinsoga ciliate. The most dominant exotic weeds in the Gyeonggi-do were Chenopodium album, followed by Amaranthus blitum, Erigeron canadensis. Canonical correspondence analysis for investigation of correlation between exotic weeds occurred in northern and southern Gyeonggi-do showed that the exotic weeds in northern Gyeonggi-do were more diverse then in southern Gyeonggi-do. This information could be useful for establishment of exotic weed control methods in Gyeonggi-do. Key words: Dominant species, Exotic weed, Gyeonggi do, Upland crop field Received on November 14, 2014; Revised on December 5, 2014; Accepted on December 10, 2014 *Corresponding author: Phone) , Fax) ; ) cave50joo@gmail.com 2014 The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License & #160; ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, & #160; and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 농경지외래잡초의확산은국내에외래잡초가유입된이후에계속해서진행되어왔고작물의재배와관리에많은어려움을주고있다 (David et al., 2004). 최근에는외래잡초의생태적영향, 기후변화에의한양상, 관리방법등에대해관심이높아지고있다 (Mack et al., 2000; Pimentel et al., 2000; Pimentel, 2002). 외래잡초는다양한침입경로를가지고있고의도적으로인간에의해교란되는도로, 농경지, 목장등에빠르게침입하여다른자생잡초종에비해서식영역의확장이빠르고서식공간의환경조건도매우광범위한생태적특성을가지고있다 (Gould, 1991; Jordan and Jannink, 1997; Martinez-Ghersa et al., 2000; Mohler, 2001). 농경지에침입한외래잡초는환경에신속하게적응하여기생식물, 포식및경쟁자로부터효과적으로회피하고높은번식력을가져자생잡초에비해성공적인생태적지위를가진다 (Cox, 1993). 인간에의한토지이용의변화는생태계의측면에서구성요소의변화를야기하고이러한생태계의변화는외래잡초가서식할수있는공간을제공한다 (Hong et al., 2005). 국내에는외국에서유입되어분포하는외래잡초가 38과 160속 286종류가자라고있는것으로보고되어있다 (Park, 2009). 이중농경지에발생하는외래잡초의종수는총 72종으로논에 8종, 사료용옥수수밭에 31 종, 콩밭 12종, 초지 59종이발생하는것으로보고된바있 284

2 경기도밭의외래잡초분포 285 다 (Oh et al., 2002). 국내도서지역중백령도, 흑산도, 추자도, 거문도에발생하는외래잡초는 18과 70종으로이중일년생이 40%, 월년생이 30% 를차지하는것으로알려져있다 (Kim et al., 2010). 경기, 강원및제주의농경지에서발생하는외래잡초를포괄적으로조사한결과에서는 19과 79종으로확인되었다 (Oh et al., 2004). 본연구는경기도지역의밭경작지를대상으로외래잡초의분포및발생피도등급을조사하여밭에발생하는외래잡초의종류와특징을밝혀내고외래잡초의관리를위한기초자료를구축하기위하여수행하였다. 재료및방법 외래잡초분포조사외래잡초의분포조사는 2014년 5월부터 9월까지경기도의북부와남부지역을대상으로실시하였다. 경기북부지역은가평군, 고양시, 김포시, 남양주시, 양주시, 연천군, 파주시, 동두천시, 포천시등 9개시군을, 경기남부지역의과천시, 광명시, 광주시, 군포시, 남양주시, 부천시, 성남시, 수원시, 시흥시, 안산시, 안성시, 안양시, 양평군, 여주시, 오산시, 용인시, 의왕시, 이천시, 평택시, 하남시, 화성시 21개시군을대상으로하였다. 총 350필지를대상으로하였으며, 이가운데경기북부는 157필지, 경기남부는 193필지를조사하였다. 외래잡초분포조사지점은밭위치를위성으로파악하여시군의밭이고루조사될수있도록선정하였고조사구의면적은 1필지를대상으로하여측정하였다. 식물의피도는 Braun Blanquet (1964) 의방법으로 7개등급 (r, +, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 을기준으로조사하였다. 위하여 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) 을수행하여생태학적관점에서지역과종과의상호관계를분석하였다 (Ter Braak, 1986). 결과및고찰 발생외래잡초경기남 북부 350개의밭에발생하는외래잡초는 19과 51속 72종 6변종, 총 78분류군이출현하는것으로조사되었다. 이는 Oh et al. (2004) 의연구에서경기도에 52종류가보고된 2004년에비해많은종이경기도밭에분포하고있는것을확인할수있었다. 이중경기북부는 18과 43 속 59종 2변종, 총 61분류군, 경기남부는 15과 36속 47종 3 변종, 총 50분류군이분포하는것으로나타났다. 출현한외래잡초총 78종의생활형은경기북부가일년생 47.5%, 월년생 31.1%, 다년생 21.3% 로구성되었고경기남부는일년생 56.0%, 월년생 28.0%, 다년생 16.0% 가출현하였다. 경기도전체의외래잡초생활형은일년생이 48.7%, 월년생 28.2%, 다년생 23.1% 로다년생보다는일년생과월년생의비율이높았다 (Table 1). 경기도밭에출현한외래잡초중생태계교란생물은가시박, 가시상추, 돼지풀, 단풍잎돼지풀, 도깨비가지, 미국쑥부쟁이, 서양등골나물, 애기수영 8종이출현하였다. 외래잡초의과별비율은국화과 32%, 벼과 8%, 마디풀과 8%, 아욱과 7%, 십자화과 6%, 메꽃과 6%, 현삼과 5%, 비름과 5%, 가지과 5%, 명아주과 4% 등으로구성되었다 (Fig. 1) 밭외래잡초의과별분포비율을조사한 Park et al. (2003) 에따르면, 국화과가우점하였는데, 본연구에서도이러한경향은일치하였다. 발생외래잡초및분포특성분석외래잡초조사결과는국가표준식물목록 (KNA, 2007) 및한국의귀화식물원색도감 (Park, 2009) 을참고하였다. 출현한외래잡초종에대해서는 Raunkiaer (1934) 의생활형을기준으로일년생과다년생을구분하였고과별분포비율을산정하였다. 외래잡초의우점순위를알아보기위하여중요치 (IV) 분석을실시하였다 (Curtes and Mc Intosh, 1950). Relative frequency (RF) (%) = Relative cover (RC) (%) = Frequency of any species Total frequency of all species Cover of species A Total cover of all species Important value (IV) = (RF + RC) / 2 지역간의외래잡초의분포에의한차이를비교하여보기 외래잡초별중요치분석경기도에출현하는외래잡초의우점순위를판단하기위한중요치분석에서흰명아주가가장우점하는것으로분석되었고개비름, 망초, 개망초, 좀명아주, 털별꽃아재비, 단 Table 1. Classification of exotic weeds found in Gyeonggi-do by life cycle. No. of exotic weeds (%) Northern Gyeongggi-do Southern Gyeongggi-do Total Summer annual 29 (47.5) 28 (56.0) 38 (48.7) Life cycle Winter annual 19 (31.1) 14 (28.0) 22 (28.2) Perennial 13 (21.3) 8 (16.0) 18 (23.1) Total 61 (100) 50 (100) 78 (100)

3 286 김창석 이인용 이정란 홍선희 오영주 Fig. 1. Occurrence ratio of family of exotic weeds in Gyeonggido. 풍잎돼지풀, 미국가막사리순으로우점도의서열이정해졌다 (Appendix 1). 흰명아주의우점은, Oh et al. (2004) 선행연구에서경기도의밭에우점하는외래잡초가흰명아주, 망초, 개망초, 서양민들레, 가는털비름, 비름, 좀명아주, 어저귀, 달맞이꽃등인것과동일한결과를나타내었다. 또한, 생태계교란생물인단풍잎돼지풀이경작지인밭까지확산된것을확인할수있었다. 경기도외래잡초의발생특성은주변의도시및도로의발달과연관되어있다. 경기도북부와남부지역에서출현한외래잡초는지역의개발과관리특성에따라다른발생양상을나타내었다. 군사지역및축산지역이많은북부지역에서는개비름이가장우점하였고, 단풍잎돼지풀, 흰명아주, 미국가막사리, 망초, 좀명아주, 어저귀, 개망초등이발생하여해외물자가다양하게도입되는과정에서지속적으로유입되는외래잡초의수가많은것으로판단되었다 (Table 2). 도시개발의넓이와도로가잘발달한경기남부지역에서는, 흰명아주, 망초, 개망초, 서양민들레, 털별꽃아재비, 개비름, 좀명아주순으로우점하였다 (Table 3). 경기도의주요작물경작지별외래잡초의출현종수는콩 54종, 고추 46종, 들깨 47종, 옥수수 48종, 고구마 44종, 마늘 24종, 파 30종, 호밀 34종, 율무 19종이조사되었다 년에조사된옥수수 31종, 콩 12종외래잡초의발생종수 Table 2. Importance value (IV) of exotic weeds in 9 city / gun of northern Gyeonggi-do, decreasingly ordered by IV. Family name Scientific name N w RF x RC y IV z Amaranthaceae Amaranthus lividus Compositae Ambrosia trifida Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album Compositae Bidens frondosa Compositae Erigeron canadensis Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ficifolium Malvaceae Abutilon avicennae Compositae Erigeron annuus Amaranthaceae Amaranthus patulus Compositae Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior Compositae Galinsoga ciliata Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederacea Solanaceae Solanum carolinense Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata Chenopodiaceae Oenothera odorata Convolvulaceae Quamoclit angulata Rosaceae Potentilla paradoxa Polygonaceae Rumex obtusifolius Compositae Helianthus tuberosus w N: number of sampling units in which the species was accounted; x RF: relative frequency; y RC: relative cover; z IV : importance value.

4 경기도밭의외래잡초분포 287 Table 3. Importance value (IV) of exotic weeds in 21 city / gun of southern Gyeonggi-do, decreasingly ordered by IV. Family name Scientific name N w RF x RC y IV z Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album Compositae Erigeron canadensis Compositae Erigeron annuus Compositae Taraxacum officinale Compositae Galinsoga ciliata Amaranthaceae Amaranthus lividus Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ficifolium Polygonaceae Rumex crispus Leguminosae Trifolium repens Amaranthaceae Amaranthus patulus Compositae Bidens frondosa Convolvulaceae Quamoclit angulata Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium glaucum Onagraceae Oenothera odorata Compositae Sonchus oleraceus Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia supina Gramineae Panicum dichotomiflorum Solanaceae Solanum americanum Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederacea Compositae Aster pilosus w N: number of sampling units in which the species was accounted; x RF: relative frequency; y RC: relative cover; z IV: importance value. 유입되는외래잡초의종류가많아졌기때문인것으로추정되었다 (Oh et al., 2002). Fig. 2. Ordination diagram by Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the sampling plots on the cover value of 78 exotic weeds and habitat area. The triangle symbol was 157 investigated sites of southern Gyeonggi-do. The plus symbol was 193 investigated sites of northern Gyeonggi-do. 에비해많은종이분포하고있다. 이는경작지에적응한외래잡초의종류가많아지거나, 잦은경운을통해새롭게 발생지별출현외래잡초의상관관계외래잡초의발생지역별차이를알아보기위하여, CCA분석으로종분포패턴을분석하였다 (Fig. 4). CCA분석결과경기북부지역이경기남부지역보다외래잡초의다양성과분포종의범위가넓은것으로분석되었고경기남부는일부지역을제외하고는거의경기북부지역의외래잡초분포범위에포함되었다 (Fig 2). CCA분석결과에서 1축에서는개비름, 흰명아주, 어저귀, 단풍잎돼지풀, 서양민들레에의해구별되고 2축에서는망초, 개망초, 털별꽃아재비에의해구별되었다. 요약 경기도의밭주변을대상으로 350지점을선정하여조사를진행하였다. 경기도의밭에발생하는외래잡초조사결

5 288 김창석 이인용 이정란 홍선희 오영주 Table 4. Important value (IV) of exotic weeds by different crops in Gyeonggi-do. Scientific name Red pepper Rye Perilla Garlic Crops Sweet potato Corn Adlay Been Green onion Chenopodium album Amaranthus lividus Erigeron canadensis Erigeron annuus Chenopodium ficifolium Galinsoga ciliata Ambrosia trifida Bidens frondosa Taraxacum officinale rumex crispus Abutilon avicennae Amaranthus patulus Ipomoea hederacea Quamoclit angulata Trifolium repens Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior Oenothera odorata Solanum americanum Potentilla paradoxa Solanum carolinense 과 19과 52속 74종 4변종, 총 78종류의외래잡초가조사되었고하계일년생식물은 48.7%, 동계일년생은 28.2%, 다년생은 23.1% 가출현하였다. 과별로보면국화과가 32% 를차지하여가장많은비율로출현하였고벼과 8%, 마디풀과 8%, 아욱과 7% 로구성되었다. 경기북부에서의외래잡초우점종은개비름, 단풍잎돼지풀, 흰명아주, 미국가막사리, 망초이고경기남부에서는흰명아주, 망초, 개망초, 서양민들레, 털별꽃아재비가조사되었다. 경기도전체에서는흰명아주, 개비름, 망초가가장우점하는것으로파악되었다. 경기북부와경기남부지역의외래잡초의상관관계를살펴보기위한 CCA 분석결과경기북부가경기남부지역보다다양한외래잡초가넓게확산되어있는것으로분석되었다. 경기도에발생하는외래잡초의발생정보는밭의지속적인관리방안을수립하는데도움이될것이다. 주요어 : 우점종, 외래잡초, 경기도, 밭 Acknowledgement This study was carried out with the support of Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ ), National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. References Braun-Blanquet, J Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzfige der Vegetationskunde, 3rd ed. Springer, Wien-New York. USA. p Cox, G.W Conservation ecology: Biosphere and biosurvival. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, IA, USA. Curtis, J.T. and McIntosch, R.P The interrrelations of certain analytic and synthetic phytosociological characters. Ecol. 31:

6 경기도밭의외래잡초분포 289 David, R.C., Antonio, D., Nicholas, J., Barabara, D.B., John, C., et al Adaptability of plants invading North American cropland. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 104: Gould, F The evolutionary potential of crop pests. Am. Sci. 79: Hong, S.K., Kang, H.G., Kim, U.S., Kim, J.G., Kim, C.H., et al Engineering of ecology conservation. pp In: Lee, E.J. Invasive plants and vegetation conservation, Lifescience Publishers. Seoul, Korea. Jordan, N.R. and Jannink, J.L Assessing the practical importance of weed evolution: a research agenda. Weed Res. 37: Kim, C.S., Lee, I.Y., Oh, Y.J., Oh, S.M., Kim, S.C., et al Occurrence of exotic weeds in several islands in Korea. Korean J. Weed Sci. 30(2): (In Korean) KNA (Korea National Arboretum) A synonymic list of vascular plants in Korea. Pochen, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Mack, R.N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W.M., Evans, H., Clout, M., et al Biotic invasions: Causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol. Appl. 10: Martinez-Ghersa, M.A., Ghersa, C.M. and Satorre, E.H Coevolution of agricultural systems and their weed companions: implications for research. Field Crops Res. 67: Mohler, C.L Weed evolution and community structure. pp In: Liebman, M., Mohler, C. and Staver, C.P. (Eds.). Ecological management of agricultural weeds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Oh, S.M., Kim, C.S., Moon, B.C. and Lee, I.Y Inflow information and habitat current status of exotic weeds in Korea. Korean J. Weed Sci. 22(3): (In Korean) Oh, S.M., Moon, B.C., Kim, C.S. and Lee, I.Y Distribution of exotic weeds in agricultural fields of the Gyeonggi, Gangwon and Jeju areas in Korea. Korean J. Weed Sci. 24(2): (In Korean) Park, J.E., Lee, I.Y., Park, T.S., Lim, S.T., Moon, B.C., et al Occurrence characteristics of weed flora in upland field in Korea. Korean J. Weed Sci. 23(3): (In Korean) Park, S.H New illustrations and photographs of naturalized plants of Korea. Ilchokak Inc., Seoul, Korea. Pimentel, D Biological Invasions: Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. USA. p Pimentel, D., Lach, L., Zuniga, R. and Morrison, D Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioSci. 50: Raunkiaer, C Plant life forms. Clarendon press. Oxford, UK. Ter-Braak, C.J.F Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecol. 67: Appendix 1. Importance value (IV) of exotic weeds in 30 city / gun of Gyeonggi-do, decreasingly ordered by IV. Family name Scientific name Korean name N RF RC IV Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album 흰명아주 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus lividus 개비름 Compositae Erigeron canadensis 망초 Compositae Erigeron annuus 개망초 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ficifolium 좀명아주 Compositae Galinsoga ciliata 털별꽃아재비 Compositae Ambrosia trifida 단풍잎돼지풀 Compositae Bidens frondosa 미국가막사리 Compositae Taraxacum officinale 서양민들레 Polygonaceae rumex crispus 소리쟁이 Malvaceae Abutilon avicennae 어저귀 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus patulus 가는털비름 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederacea 미국나팔꽃 Convolvulaceae Quamoclit angulata 둥근잎유홍초 Leguminosae Trifolium repens 토끼풀 Compositae Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior 돼지풀 Onagraceae Oenothera odorata 달맞이꽃 Solanaceae Solanum americanum 미국까마중

7 290 김창석 이인용 이정란 홍선희 오영주 Appendix 1. Importance value (IV) of exotic weeds in 30 city / gun of Gyeonggi-do, decreasingly ordered by IV (continued). Rosaceae Potentilla paradoxa 개소시랑개비 Solanaceae Solanum carolinense 도깨비가지 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium glaucum 취명아주 Compositae Aster pilosus 미국쑥부쟁이 Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata 큰석류풀 Gramineae Panicum dichotomiflorum 미국개기장 Compositae Helianthus tuberosus 뚱딴지 Polygonaceae rumex obtusifolius 돌소리쟁이 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia supina 애기땅빈대 Compositae Sonchus oleraceus 방가지똥 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea purpurea 둥근잎나팔꽃 Compositae Galinsoga parviflora 별꽃아재비 Compositae Carduus crispus 지느러미엉겅퀴 Scrophulariaceae Veronica arvensis 선개불알풀 Cruciferae Lepidium apetalum 다닥냉이 Compositae Lactuca scariola 가시상추 Caryophyllaceae cerastium glomeratum 유럽점나도나물 Rosaceae Potentilla amurensis 좀개소시랑개비 Compositae Xanthium canadense 큰도꼬마리 Scrophulariaceae Veronica persica 큰개불알풀 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus 긴털비름 Compositae Senecio vulgaris 개쑥갓 Compositae Erechtites hieracifolia 붉은서나물 Polygonaceae rumex japonicus 참소리쟁이 Scrophulariaceae Lindernia dubia var. major 나도미국외풀 Cruciferae Lepidium virginicum 콩다닥냉이 Compositae Erigeron bonariensis 실망초 Cruciferae Thlaspi arvense 말냉이 Solanaceae Datura stramonium 독말풀 Polygonaceae rumex acetocella 애기수영 Compositae Erigeron philadelphicus 봄망초 Malvaceae Hibiscus trionum 수박풀 Scrophulariaceae Lindernia dubia 미국외풀 Solanaceae Physalis angulata 땅꽈리 Compositae Erigeron strigosus 주걱개망초 Cucurbitaceae Sicyos angulatus 가시박 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea hederacea var. intergriuscula 둥근잎미국나팔꽃 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana 미국자리공 Polygonaceae rumex nipponicus 좀소리쟁이 Compositae Sonchus asper 큰방가지똥 Polygonaceae Persicaria cochinchinensis 털여뀌 Leguminosae Medicago hispida 개자리 Malvaceae Malva neglecta Wallr. 난쟁이아욱

8 경기도밭의외래잡초분포 291 Appendix 1. Importance value (IV) of exotic weeds in 30 city / gun of Gyeonggi-do, decreasingly ordered by IV (continued). Convolvulaceae Cuscuta pentagona 미국실새삼 Cruciferae Brassica juncea var. integrifolia 갓 Compositae Xanthium strumarium 도꼬마리 Malvaceae Malva pusilla Smith 둥근잎아욱 Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia 나도공단풀 Compositae Tagetes minuta 만수국아재비 Compositae Cirsium vulgare 서양가시엉겅퀴 Compositae Eupatorium rugosum 서양등골나물 Gramineae Poa pratensis 왕포아풀 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia maculata 큰땅빈대 Gramineae Bromus unioloides 큰이삭풀 Gramineae Avena fatua 메귀리 Compositae Gnaphalium calviceps 선풀솜나물 Gramineae Dactylis glomerata 오리새 Cruciferae Lepidium ruderale 좀다닥냉이 Gramineae Festuca arundinacea 큰김의털

04(오영주)p fm

04(오영주)p fm Weed Turf. Sci. 3(4):276~283 http://dx.doi.org/10.5660/wts.2014.3.4.276 Print ISSN 2287-7924, Online ISSN 2288-3312 Research Article Weed & Turfgrass Science Weed & Turfgrass Science was renamed from both