800 최슬기ㆍ육형준ㆍ한원민ㆍ윤영글ㆍ손호선ㆍ이경리ㆍ박겸준 (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2015)., (Yoon et al., 2002)., Panova et al. (2012) Onega Bay (64 24 N, 35 4

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1 한수지 50(6), , 2017 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(6), ,2017 사육흰고래 (Delphinapterus leucas) 의휘슬음특징 최슬기 육형준 1 한원민 1 윤영글 손호선 이경리 박겸준 * 국립수산과학원고래연구센터, 1 한화호텔앤리조트아쿠아플라넷여수 Whistle Characteristics of Captive Beluga Whale Delphinapterus leucas Seulgi Choi, Hyeong jun Yuk 1, Won min Han 1, Young Geul Yoon, Hawsun Sohn, Kyunglee Lee and Kyum Joon Park* Cetacean Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Ulsan 44780, Korea 1 Hanwha Hotels & Resorts Aqua planet, Yeosu 59744, Korea The whistle sounds of three Beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas were recorded four times, for an hour each time, in and analyzed to obtain the most stable and basic acoustic characteristics of the whales in captivity. This study investigated the whistle characteristics of beluga whales and the relationship between whistle sounds and behavior to understand the meaning of the whistle sounds. The whistles were classified into six types (flat, ascending, descending, hump, dip, and wavy type) by their frequency contour and shape. The most common type was the ascending type, accounting for>30% of total whistles. The fundamental frequency of whistles was khz. Four types of behavior were related with the sounds of beluga whales (aggressive, submissive, affiliative, sexual behavior). A flat whistle was the most recorded in the group and an aggressive act was observed in association with the flat whistle. A dip whistle were recorded more when submissive acts were observed. Key words: Delphinapterus leucas, Captive beluga whale, Whistle characteristics, Behavior 서론 (Delphinapterus leucas) (Order Cetacea), (Suborder Odontoceti), (Family Monodontidae), (Genus Delphinapterus),,.,, White whale Beluga whale m, 1.6 ton, (Jefferson et al., 2008).,, (OSJ, 2017). (Vergara et al., 2010), (Whistle) (Echolocation click), (Pulsed tone and noisy call), (Combined call) 4 (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012). 4, (Belikov et al., 2007; Chmelnitsky et al., 2012). 200 Hz-120 khz (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2015).,, (Karlsen et al., 2002; Chmelnitsky et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2015). Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 50(6) , December 2017 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 13 November 2017; Revised 8 December 2017; Accepted 15 December 2017 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: mogas@hanmail.net Copyright 2017 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 799 pissn: , eissn:

2 800 최슬기ㆍ육형준ㆍ한원민ㆍ윤영글ㆍ손호선ㆍ이경리ㆍ박겸준 (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012; Garland et al., 2015)., (Yoon et al., 2002)., Panova et al. (2012) Onega Bay (64 24 N, E) 6 (directional motion, quiet swimming, sleeping/ resting, social interaction, feeding, exploration of hydrophone), Van Parijs and Corkeron (2001) Moreton Bay ( N, E) (Pacific humpback dolphin) 4 (travelling, socializing, foraging, milling)..., 3. 3,. (Belikov et al., 2007), 3. 재료및방법 연구대상 2012 (TINRO, Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Center, Russia), 2 1.,, Table 1. (Lui) (Luo) 9 8, (Lubi) m, kg, 3.6 m, kg, 3.4 m, kg Robeck et al. (2005), Table 1. Physical features of beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas in this study Name Sex Age Length (m) Weight (kg) Lui male ( ) Luo male ( ) Lubi female ( ) Standard, June, m 9.1,, 1-2. 휘슬음기록 Song Meter SM3BAT (Wildlife Acoustics, Inc., USA) SM3-H1 (Wildlife Acoustics, Inc., USA 2 Hz-40 khz flat to +/- 1dB, sensitivity, -165 db; re, 1V/uPa). ( m), H1 1 m. Fig 1. 3,. 9 5, 9 6, 9 26, , 9 5, 9 26, 12 19, Table 2. 휘슬음분석 (Figueiredo et al, 2009; Chmelnitsky et al., 2012). SM3-H1 Avisoft Table 2. Pairing of beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas on the date of recording Date Main pool Pool Second pool September 5. Lui, Lubi Luo September 26. Luo, Lubi Lui December 19. Lui, Luo Lubi September 6. Lubi, Lui, Luo -

사육흰고래의휘슬음특징 801 10 m Song Meter SM3BAT H1 Hydrophone & Steel cage 6.5 m 15 m Second pool Main pool, 10x15 6.5 m Fig. 1. Survey diagram (installation position and method of hydrophone).

3 사육흰고래의휘슬음특징 m Song Meter SM3BAT H1 Hydrophone & Steel cage 6.5 m 15 m Second pool Main pool, 10x m Fig. 1. Survey diagram (installation position and method of hydrophone). SAS Lite software (Avisoft Bioacoustics, Berlin, Germany). (frequency modulation, FM) ( )., (Chmelnitskyet et al., 2012). Chmelnitskyet et al. (2012) (flat, W1) (ascending, W2), (descending, W3), - (hump, W4), - (dip, W5), (wavy, W6) 6 (starting ending frequency), (minimal maximal frequency), (signal duration), (number of inflection points). (Chmelnitskyet al., 2012). 행동기록및분석 (NEX-VG30H, Sony, Japan). Recchia (1994) 34 (Agressive), (Submissive), (Affiliative), (Sexual) 4. (Bite), (Hit), (Charge), (Chase), (Head jerk), (Mouth open), (Jaw clap), (Directed look), (Bite threat). (Flee), (Flinch), (Contact swim), 3 (Echelon swim), (Follow swim). (Thrust with erection), (Ventral-to-ventral), (Ventral present), (Ventral swim) (Recchia, 1994). 결과및고찰 , ,

4 802 최슬기ㆍ육형준ㆍ한원민ㆍ윤영글ㆍ손호선ㆍ이경리ㆍ박겸준, , Table 3 (,, ) Fig 2. 6 (W2) 30.7%, - (W4) 26.7%. (W2) 41.7%, - (W5) 19.4%, (W3) - (W4)., (W1) 41.1%, (W2) 20.6%., (W2) 35.2%, - (W5) 24.6%. (W2) 30.7%, 41.7%, 41.1%, 35.2%, khz. Chmelnitsky et al. (2012) 6 (W2) khz khz, Belikov et al. (2007) Table 3. Characteristics of whistles produced by beluga whales Delphinapterus leucas in this study Recording date Lui &Lubi 9/5 Luo &Lubi 9/26 Lui &Luo 12/19 Lui&Luo &Lubi 9/6 Call type Number of whistle % of total whistle Duration (s) Frequency (khz) Start End Min. Max. Inflection points W W W W W W Total 75 W W W W W W Total 72 W W W W W W Total 141 Total 165 Min, Minimum; Max, Maximum. W W W W W W

5 사육흰고래의휘슬음특징 803 Fig 2. Representative spectrograms of six whistle type classified by visual inspection method in this study. W1, flat type; W2, ascending type; W3, descending; W4, hump type; W5, dip type; W6, wavy type khz, Chmelnitsky et al. (2012) khz, Garland et al. (2015) khz Chmelnitsky et al. (2012). - (W5) (W6) (W6) ( W1) 7 ( W6),. (W6) 19 (Table 3). Belikov et al. (2007) , 0-9, Chmelnitsky et al. (2012) , 0-22, Garland et al. (2015) Belikov et al. (2007). Recchia (1994). 10 ( 48 ) 2,. 9 ( 38 ),, 6, 4

6 804 최슬기ㆍ육형준ㆍ한원민ㆍ윤영글ㆍ손호선ㆍ이경리ㆍ박겸준 Behavior type rate (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% (a) 17% 0% 83% 32% 21% 47% 92% 0% 8% 74% 10% 16% Lui & Lubi Luo & Lubi Lui & Luo Lui & Luo & Lubi Group type Aggressive Submissive Affiliative Whistle type rate (%) 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% (b) 9% 31% 9% 27% 15% 12%12% 42% 4% 6% 19% 14% 41% 21% 9% 9% 9% 11% 20% 35% 2% 2% W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 24% Lui & Lubi Luo & Lubi Lui & Luo Lui & Luo & Lubi Group type 16% Fig 3. Rate of behavior(a) and whistle(b) produced by group of beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas for 1 hour..,, 35, 3 ( 12 ).,, 23, 5 ( 18 ), 3.,,.. Fig 3. (W2) 31% 42%. 92% (W1) 41%, (W1) 9% 15%., - (W5) 19% 24% (12% 9%)., (W1), - (W5)., (Chmelnitsky et al., 2012)., (Panova et al., 2012),.

7 사육흰고래의휘슬음특징 805. 사사 2017 (R ). References Bazúa-Durán C and Au WW The whistle of hawaiian spinner dolphins. J Acoust Soc Am 112, dx.doi.org/ / Belikov RA and Bel 'kovich VM High-Pitched Tonal Signals of Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in a Summer Assemblage off Solovetskii Island in the White Sea. Acoust Phys 52, S Belikov RA and Bel 'kovich VM Whistles of Beluga Whales in the Reproductive Gathering Off Solovetskii Island in the White Sea. Acoust Phys 53, dx.doi.org/ /s Belikov RA and Bel 'kovich VM Communicative Pulsed Signals of Beluga Whales in the Reproductive Gathering off Solovetskii Island in the White Sea. Acoust Phys 54, Chmelnitsky EG and Ferguson SH Beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, vocalizations from the Churchill River, Manitoba, Canada. J Acoust Soc Am 131, dx.doi.org/ / CSJ (Ocean science Journal) Echolocation. Retrieved fromhttp://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docid=374980&cid= 50313&categoryId=50313 on Mar 07, Figueiredo LD and Simão SM Possible occurrence of signature whistles in a population of Sotalia guianensis (Cetacea, Delphinidae) living in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. J Acoust Soc Am 126, org/ / Garland EC, Castellote M and Berchok CL Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) vocalizations and call classification from the eastern Beaufort Sea population. J Acoust Soc Am 137, Jefferson TA, Webber MA and Pitman RL Marine mammals of the world: A comprehensive guide to their identification. Academic Press, London, U.K., Karlsen JD, Bisther A, Lydersen C, Haug T and Kovacs KM Summer vocalisations of adult male white whales (Delphinapterusleucas) in Svalbard, Norway. Polar Biol 25, Panova EM, Belikov RA, Agafonov AV and Bel Kovich VM The Relationship between the Behavioral Activity and the Underwater Vocalization of the Beluga Whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Oceanol 52, org/ /s x. Recchia CA Social Behaviour of Captive Belugas, Delphinapterus Leucas. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Amherst, U.S.A. Robeck TR, Monfort SL, Calle, PP, Dunn JL, Jensen E, Boehm JR and Clark ST Reproduction, growth and development in captive beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Zoo Biol 24, Van Parijs SM and Corkeron PJ Vocalization and behaviour of pacific humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis. Ethology 107, Vergara VL, Michaud R and Barrett Lennard LG What can Captive Whales tell us About their Wild Counterparts? Identification, Usage, and Ontogeny of Contact Calls in Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). J Comp Psychol. 23, Yoon BD, Shin HI, Lee JU, Hwang DJ and Park TG The Waveform and Spectrum analysis of Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) Sonar Signals on the Show at the Aquarium. Korean Soc Fish 36,

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일