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1 Transactions of KSAE, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp (2012) Copyright C 2012 KSAE / pissn / eissn DOI 3D/1D 하이브리드유한요소모델을이용한동력분산형차세대고속열차전체차량의충돌해석 김거영 구정서 * 서울과학기술대학교철도차량시스템공학과 Collision Analysis of the Next Generation High-speed EMU Using 3D/1D Hybrid FE Model Geoyoung Kim Jeongseo Koo * Department of Rolling Stock System Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul , Korea (Received 25 March 2011 / Revised 14 September 2011 / Accepted 3 November 2011) Abstract : In this paper, collision analysis of the full rake for the Next Generation High-speed EMU is conducted using a 3D/1D hybrid model, which combines 3-dimensional (3D) front-end structure of finite element model and 1-dimensional (1D) multi-body dynamics model in order to analyze train collision with a standard 3D deformable obstacle. The crush forces, passengers accelerations and energy absorptions of a full rake train can be easily obtained through a simulation of a 1D dynamics model composed of nonlinear springs, dampers and masses. Also the obtained simulation results are very similar to those of a 3D model if an overriding behavior does not occur during collision. The standard obstacle in TSI regulation has been changed from a rigid body to a deformable body, and therefore 3D collision simulations should be conducted because their simulation results depends on the front-end structure of a train. According to the obstacle collision analysis of this study, the obstacle collides with the driver s upper structure after overriding over the front-end module. The 3D/1D hybrid model is effective to evaluate a main energy-absorbing module that is frequently changed during design process and reduce the need time of the modeling and analysis when compared to a 3D full car body. Key words : Collision analysis( 충돌해석 ), Multi-body dynamics model( 다물체동역학모델 ), Hybrid model( 하이브리드모델 ), Overriding behavior( 타고오름거동 ), Deformable obstacle( 변형체장애물 ) 1. 서론 1) 열차는견인력을발생시키는동력축을배치하는방식에따라동력집중식과분산식으로나누어진다. 동력집중식으로는현재국내에서운행중인 KTX 그리고 G7 연구과제에서개발된 KHST 등이있다. 이열차들은모두관절형대차를사용함으로써축중은증가하나대차수가거의반으로줄어경 * Corresponding author, koojs@seoultech.ac.kr 량화되고승객들의좌석이진동이큰대차위에설치될필요가없어승차감이개선되는등의이점이있다. 현재진행중인차세대고속철도기술개발사업은기존대차형식의동력분산식고속열차를개발하는것으로집중식에비해축중이적어차륜과레일의유지보수비용절감되고높은순간가속능력등의이점이있다. 충돌안전측면에서관절형대차가적용된열차는 67

2 김거영 구정서 충돌시열차간의타고오름을막아대형인명사고를방지할수있는장점이있으나대부분의충돌에너지가열차전두부와비관절대차가적용된구간에집중되어차체손상을일으키므로 push-back 구조와같이에너지흡수장치를구조내부에장착하여집중되는충돌에너지를흡수해야하는설계상난점이있다. 하지만기존형대차가적용된열차는각단부구간에에너지흡수식연결기를장착하여충돌에너지를분산시켜흡수하므로차체손상을줄일수있다. 1,2) 2007년부터착수된차세대고속철도기술개발사업의충돌안전도설계기준은 2007년에시행된국내철도차량안전기준시행지침 16조를따르다가 2008년에개정된유럽의 TSI(Technical Specifications for Interoperability) 를따르도록변경되었다. 3,4) Table 1은국내및 TSI의충돌안전도평가기준을요약하여비교한것으로국내기준에정의된열차의충돌가속도평가기준은승객구간이최대 7.5 g이하, 평균 5 g이하이고 TSI에서는운전자구간을포함한모든승객구간에서평균 5 g이하이다. 이외에도충돌사고시나리오및생존공간확보영역등일부평가기준및방법들이차이가있다. 기존 G7 연구과제에서개발된 KHST는당시유럽의 SNCF 사고각본을적용하여대형장애물충돌사고각본에사용된장애물의재료특성이강체였으나국내및 TSI 규정에서는비선형압괴특성을갖는변형체로변경되었다. 기존에수행되었던강체장애물과의해석 5) 은변형체장애물을사용한해석결과와큰차이가있고 6,7) 변형체장애물의형상및무게중심이정의되어기존의 1D 해석 1,2,8) 을통하여충돌해석을수행하는것이불가능하다. 본논문은규정에서정의하는최종평가시뮬레이 션으로열차의충돌안전도를평가하는최종단계가아닌주요에너지흡수구조및부품들이계속하여변경및수정되는설계단계에서효과적로충돌안전도를평가하기위해충돌이직접적으로일어나는전두부와운전자구간일부만 3D 유한요소모델로고려하고나머지구간을 1D 동역학모델을고려한하이브리드모델 ( 이하 3D/1D 하이브리드모델 라함 ) 을개발하여 TSI 및국내충돌사고시나리오인열차대열차 36 km/h 충돌과표준변형체장애물과의 110 km/h 충돌시뮬레이션을수행하였다. 2. 충돌해석모델링 2.1 1D 충돌동역학해석모델 Fig. 1은차세대고속열차로 TC 차 2량과 M 차 6 량으로구성된총 8량편성열차로축중은 13톤이다. 차세대고속열차의 1D 충돌동역학모델을 Fig. 2~4 와같이크게 TC와 M 차량으로구분하여모델링하였고 TC 전두부 (AC) 와각차량사이에장착된연결기 (SPC) 에서주요충돌에너지를흡수하게된다. 3D 전두부구조는좌우대칭모델이므로효율적인해석시간을위해반쪽모델만구성하고경계면에대칭조건을주었다. 이와동일하게 1D 동역학모델에도강성및질량을전체모델의절반값만고려하여구성하였다. 모든차량은전후방의볼스터위치를기준으로전두부 (front), 중간 (mid), 끝 (end) 의세구간으로모델링하였다. 주요에너지흡수구간인전두부와차간연결기에최종적으로제안된하중-변위의비선형특성을적용하였다. Fig. 1 Configuration of the full rake High-speed EMU Table 1 Collision scenario and Acceptance criteria of the current TSI & Korean rolling stock safety regulations 항목국내철도차량안전기준지침 16 조개정된 TSI (2008) 정면충돌사고각본 36 km/h 36 km/h 충돌사고각본 평가기준 대형장애물충돌사고각본 110 km/h ( 변형체장애물 ) 110 km/h ( 변형체장애물 ) 화차충돌사고각본 - 36 km/h 생존공간충격감속도제한 최대 7.5g, 평균 5g ( 운전실제외 ) 평균 5g ( 운전실포함 ) 생존공간확보 길이와폭 0.75 m 또는 80% 이상, 높이는 80% 이상 길이 0.75 m 이상 68 한국자동차공학회논문집제 20 권제 3 호, 2012

3 3D/1D 하이브리드유한요소모델을이용한동력분산형차세대고속열차전체차량의충돌해석 Fig. 2 Dynamics model of the TC car Fig. 3 Dynamics model of the M car 델 ) 에는절반값인 500 kn/mm인탄성스프링으로모델링하였으며운전자및승객구간은강체로가정하였다. 해석모델에적용된대차는 Fig. 2와같이차체의볼스터에위치하는스프링으로모델링하였으며기존 KTX 대차의길이방향강성과댐핑값을준용하였다. 1,2) Fig. 4 Schematic of a collision dynamic model TC 차전두부구간을제외한차체단부구간의강성은차체의압축하중선형해석을통해구한값을볼스터중심부터커플러취부구간까지의거리로환산하면약 1000 kn/mm가되고본해석모델 ( 반쪽모 2.2 3D 전두부 FE 모델을고려한 3D/1D 하이브리드모델 Fig. 5 와 6 은열차대열차 36 km/h 충돌시나리오 ( 강체벽 18 km/h 충돌과동등 ) 와장애물 110 km/h 충돌시나리오를위한시뮬레이션의초기상태이다. Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 20, No. 3,

4 Geoyoung Kim Jeongseo Koo Fig. 5 Rigid wall collision of the hybrid model at 18 km/h Fig. 6 Collision of the hybrid model with the 15tons standard obstacle at 110 km/h 열차와장애물충돌시장애물의무게중심이전두부에너지흡수모듈과의접촉위치보다높아전두부모듈에의한에너지흡수가거의일어나지않고열차전두부구간을타고오르게된다. 이때운전자구간에어떠한영향을미치는지 3D 해석을통하여평가하여야한다. 그러므로장애물과접촉하는전두부에너지흡수모듈과운전자구간까지를 3D 유한요소로모델링하고나머지는 1D 동역학모델을사용하였다. 운전자생존공간의충돌전치수는길이 1.5 m, 높이는운전자발판에서부터머리위천장까지 2 m이다. 국내충돌안전기준에제시하는생존공간은길이와폭이 0.75 m 이상이거나운전실원래길이의 80% 이상이어야하고높이는원래길이의 80% 이상이어야한다. TSI에서는길이가 0.75 m 이상이고비상시운전자구조를위해문이나통로로접근할수있는구조여야한다고규정되어있다. 생존공간기준만을비교한다면길이방향공간확보만을요구하는 TSI는국내충돌안전기준보다수용기준이간단하다. 차세대열차는운전자석후방에객실과통하는 문이바로연결되었기때문에 TSI를만족한다. 전체차량에대하여 1D 충돌해석으로구한충격가속도는승객구간의평균값이므로실제로승객이받는가속도와차이가있으며 TC 차량의운전자구간과승객구간이강체로묶여있다. 그러나하이브리드모델에서는실제운전자가받는가속도를구하기위해운전석에있는언더프레임의상판의일부노드를강체로지정하였다. 본연구에서사용된 1D 및 3D/1D 하이브리드모델은비선형유한요소해석프로그램인 LS-DYNA 를사용하여해석을수행하였다. 9,10) 3. 충돌해석결과분석 3.1 열차대열차충돌해석전체차량에대한 1D 동역학모델및하이브리드모델에대하여강체벽 18 km/h 충돌해석을수행하였다. 본수치해석에서구해진충격력과에너지는반쪽모델에대한값으로아래정리한해석결과는이를두배로한전체모델에대한값이다. 70 한국자동차공학회논문집제 20 권제 3 호, 2012

5 Collision Analysis of the Next Generation High-speed EMU Using 3D/1D Hybrid FE Model Fig. 7은해석중에계산된에너지선도로초기운동에너지가전부열차에의해흡수되었고큰수치적인오차없이총에너지가거의일정함을확인할수있다. Fig. 8은주요에너지흡수구조및장치에작용하 는충격력- 변위결과이다. 하이브리드모델은 3D 유한요소모델의충돌로인한오실레이션이심하게발생하나평균적으로 1D 전두부해석결과와같다. 차간연결기도두모델모두거의같은압괴량을보이고있다. 본해석결과는열차대열차충돌에충분 Fig. 7 Energy history curves (a) 1D dynamics model (b) 3D/1D hybrid model (a) Front end of TC1 (b) Coupler between TC1 and M1 (c) Coupler between M1 and M2 Fig. 8 Force-displacement curves of main energy-absorbing parts (d) Coupler between M2 and M3 Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 20, No. 3,

6 김거영 구정서 한에너지흡수력을갖는전두부와차간연결기를적용한결과로차체에손상을입히는큰하중이발생하지않아타고오름의수직거동이발생하지않으므로열차의충돌방향의특성만을고려한 1D 모델도본하이브리드모델과거의유사한해석결과를나타낸다. 수치해석으로구한가속도값은복잡한고주파응답이포함되어있으므로이를적절히제거하여탑승자에게직접영향을미치는응답을추출하기위해 FFT 40 Hz low pass filter를사용하였다. 이것은차체의주요구조의강체운동주파수가대체로 40 Hz 이하인것을고려한것이다. 이는국내열차와차체강도가유사한유럽에서수행한다른해석에서도일반적으로사용하고있다. 11,12) Fig. 9는승객구간의충돌가속도로서하이브리 드모델의변형체구간때문에 1D 모델에비해응답이약간늦는것을제외하고거의동일한결과가얻어졌으며모두최대 5 g이하로 TSI 및국내충돌안전기준을만족하고있다. 3.2 열차대표준변형체장애물충돌해석본충돌해석시나리오는순수 1D 충돌동역학모델로는다룰수없고, 충돌안전도규정에서요구하는 15톤표준변형체장애물의형상, 무게중심, 변형특성등을고려하여 3D/1D 하이브리드모델로충돌해석을수행하여야한다. 규정에서제시한표준변형체장애물과 110 km/h로주행하는열차와충돌하는경우 Fig. 10과같이장애물은열차의전두부와운전자구간을타고오르면서외부구조를변형시킨다. 이때장애물은운전자공간의상부를침투하게 (a) Driver s seat of TC1 (b) Passenger section of TC1 (c) Passenger section of M1 Fig. 9 Longitudinal accelerations of the service sections (d) Passenger section of M2 72 한국자동차공학회논문집제 20 권제 3 호, 2012

7 3D/1D 하이브리드유한요소모델을이용한동력분산형차세대고속열차전체차량의충돌해석 (a) 100 ms Fig. 10 Side view of the 3D/1D hybrid model simulation (b) 300 ms Fig. 11 Energy history curves 되는데충돌전운전자공간높이의약 75% 정도만남게되어국내충돌안전기준을만족하지못하였다. 그러나 TSI 에서는운전자공간의높이방향변형을규제하고있지않으므로기준을만족한다. Fig. 11은에너지선도로서열차대열차충돌과는다르게대부분운동에너지가흡수되지않고일부만열차구조와장애물이흡수하게된다. Fig. 12 는주요에너지흡수장치의변위결과로대부분이크게변형하지않음을알수있다. Fig. 13은운전자와승객구간의가속도이다. 110 km/h 충돌로인하여다른승객구간에비해전방의운전자구간의가속도가 10배정도높다. 국내규정에는운전자구간에대한가속도기준이없으나 TSI 규정에는운전자구간을포함한모든승객구간에대하여평균 5 g 이하로제한하고있다. 여기서평균가속도는충격력이 0이될때까지의가속도에대한평균값을의미한다. Fig. 14는열차와장애물충돌 Fig. 12 Displacement curves 시발생하는충격력과 Fig. 13(a) 의운전석가속도를누적적분한결과들이다. Fig. 14에서충격력이 0이되는시점에서의평균가속도를확인한결과평균 5 g이하로충돌가속도기준을만족한다. Table 2는국내및 TSI의충돌안전평가기준에대한충돌시나리오별시뮬레이션평가결과를정리한것이다. 4. 결론차세대고속열차의전체차량에대하여 36 km/h 속도로동일차량과충돌하는사고시나리오와 110 km/h 속도로표준장애물과충돌하는사고시나리오를사용하여 3D 전두부와 1D 모델로구성된하이브리드모델의충돌해석을수행하여다음과같은결론을얻었다. 1) 타고오름거동이발생하지않는 36km/h의열차대열차충돌은 1D 모델과 3D/1D 전두부하이브 Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 20, No. 3,

8 Geoyoung Kim Jeongseo Koo (a) Driver s seat of TC1 (b) Passenger section of TC1 (c) Passenger section of M1 Fig. 13 Longitudinal accelerations of the service sections (d) Passenger section of M2 (a) Contact force Fig. 14 Cumulative average acceleration results of the driver s seat (b) Driver s seat of TC1 리드모델의해석결과가거의일치한다. 1D 동역학모델해석에서구한충돌가속도는탑승구간의평균값인단점이있으나설계단계에서에너 지흡수및충격가속도를평가하는데유용한시뮬레이션방법이될수있다. 2) 15톤표준변형체장애물의충돌해석시장애물 74 한국자동차공학회논문집제 20 권제 3 호, 2012

9 Collision Analysis of the Next Generation High-speed EMU Using 3D/1D Hybrid FE Model Table 2 Simulation results of the 3D/1D hybrid model 평가기준 생존공간충격감속도 생존공간확보 열차대열차 36 km/h 충돌 최대 7.5g 이하 ( 운전실포함 ) 평균 5g 이하 ( 운전실포함 ) 변형거의없음 사고시나리오 15ton 장애물 110 km/h 충돌 최대 7.5g 이하 ( 운전실제외 ) 평균 5g 이하 ( 운전실포함 ) 운전실높이공간 80% 미만 의타고오름현상이발생하므로기존의 1D 해석으로는불가능하다. 그러나 3D 유한요소전두부를고려한 3D/1D 하이브리드모델을사용하면전체유한요소차체모델을사용하는것보다해석시간을최소화하면서타당성있는해석결과를얻을수있으므로주요에너지흡수구조인전두부와차간연결기등의성능을설계 / 평가 / 보완하는단계에서유용하게사용될수있다. 3) 장애물충돌해석결과, 충돌가속도와운전실변형이 TSI의요구기준을만족하였다. 하지만, 최대충돌가속도와운전실수직변형을고려하는국내충돌안전기준은 TC1 차량에서이기준들을초과하여차세대분산형고속열차가국내충돌안전기준을만족하게하려면전두부의보완설계가필요하다. 4) 장애물충돌해석시장애물이열차전두부를타고오르면서운전실상부구간을국내기준치를초과하여압괴시켰다. 이는운전실전방구조와전두부에너지흡수구조의상부에장애물의충격을흡수하는구조를추가배치하여운전실상부구조의압괴를줄일수있다. 본연구의 3D/1D 하이브리드모델은추후주행장치의현가모델과 2D 모델을추가하면열차-열차충돌시차량간타고오름을해석하고예측하는데사용될수있을것이다. References 1) G. Y. Kim, H. J. Cho and J. S. Koo, A Study on Conceptual Design for Crashworthiness of the Next Generation High-speed EM, The Korean Society for Railway, Vol.11, No.3, pp , ) G. Y. Kim, H. J. Cho, J. S. Koo and T. S. Kwon, A Derivation of the Standard Design Guideline for Crashworthiness of High Speed Train with Power Cars, Transactions of KSAE, Vol.16, No.6, pp , ) Ministry of Construction and Transportation, Korean Rolling Stock Safety Regulation, MOCT Notification, No , ) AEIF/TSI Technical Specification for Interoperability Relating to the Rolling Stock Subsystem of the Trans-european High-speed Rail System, Regulation No.2008/232/EC, Official Journal of the European Union, ) H. S. Han and J. S. Koo, Simulation of Train Crashes in Three Dimension, The Korean Society for Railway, Vol.5, No.3, pp , ) P. G. Llana, Structural Crashworthiness Standard Comparison: Grade-crossing Collision Scenarios, Proceeding of RTDF2009, ASME Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference, Ft. Worth, Texas, USA, RTDF , pp.20-21, ) X. Xue, J. Wood and A. Packham, Modelling Collisions of Rail Vehicles with Deformable Objects, Rail Satety and Standards Board (RSSB), Report No.AEATR-LD Issue 1, ) J. S. Koo, H. J. Cho, D. S. Kim and Y. H. Youn, An Evaluation of Crashworthiness for the Full Rake KHST Using 1-D Dynamic Model, The Korean Society for Railway, Vol.4, No.3, pp , ) J. O. Hallquist, LS-Dyna Keyword Theory s Manual Ver.971, Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, ) J. O. Hallquist, LS-Dyna Keyword User s Manual Version 971, Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, ) J. W. Kim and J. S. Koo, A Study on the Techniques to Evaluate Carbody Accelerations after a Train Collision, The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol.20, No.5, pp , Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 20, No. 3,

10 김거영 구정서 12) E. L. Fasanella and K. E. Jackson, Best Practices for Crash Modeling and Simulation, Technical Report NASA/TM , Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, U.S.A, 한국자동차공학회논문집제 20 권제 3 호, 2012

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