18 홍철훈ㆍ마스다아키라 Typhoon Rosie, 1997 (a) (b) Airpressure SST P (hpa) T ( ) 96 1 m July 25 4 August 14 Fig. 1. Time variations of the o

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1 한수지 51(1), , 18 Note Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 51(1),17-112,18 1 차원모델상에서태풍통과시의혼합층수온변화 홍철훈 * 마스다아키라 1 * 부경대학교해양생산시스템관리학부, 1 큐슈대학명예교수 Temperature Variations in the Mixed Layer with the Passage of Typhoons Using One-Dimensional Numerical Model Chul-Hoon Hong* and Akira Masuda 1 * Division of Marine Production System Management, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea 1 Professor Emeritus, Kyushu University, Kasuga, , Japan One-dimensional numerical model is implemented to investigate temperature variations in the mixed layer depth (MLD) with the passage of typhoons. In the model, we assume a non-divergent, infinite ocean and consider wind effects only, excluding isostatic effects (inverse barometric effects) and upwelling with vertical movement of the water column. Numerical experiments investigate the effects of typhoon tracks on temperature variations, including their dependence on vertical resolutions in the MLD and these results are compared with those in a three-dimensional primitive equation model (POM). The model reproduces features of the observed temperature variations in the MLD fairly well, and implies that wind effects, rather than isostatic effects, play a predominant role in temporal and spatial temperature variations in the MLD. After the passage of typhoons, however, the model does not reproduce well the temperature variations observed in the MLD, because a limitation of the model is its inability to reproduce events such as cyclonic eddy formation (Hong et al., 11; Masuda and Hong, 11). The model also shows well the so called rightward bias (Price, 1981) of sea surface cooling which is the most predominant in the right hand side of typhoon s track. Key words: Typhoon, MLD (Mixed Layer Depth), Wind effect, POM (Princeton Ocean Model), Rightward bias 서론, (sea surface cooling, SSC) (Jordan, 1964; Pudov et al., 1979; Taira et al., 1993). (-1~-4 ; Hong, 8), (mixed layer depth, MLD) (Sanford et al., 7). Price (1981) 3, (rightward bias), 3D (primitive equation model, POM) Hong and Yoon (3) Holly (1984). Hong (8) Rosie (Fig. 1), 1 m,, Hong et al. (11) 3D (POM), Abby (Fig. 2)., Masuda and Hong (11).. 1 (Fig. 1). Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 51(1) , February 18 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 15 January 18; Revised 6 February 18; Accepted 31 January 18 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: hongch@pknu.ac.kr Copyright 18 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 17 pissn: , eissn:

2 18 홍철훈ㆍ마스다아키라 Typhoon Rosie, 1997 (a) (b) Airpressure SST P (hpa) T ( ) 96 1 m July 25 4 August 14 Fig. 1. Time variations of the observed temperatures at depths of m, and 1 m (a) of JMA buoy station (214; 29 N, 135 E) (b) with the passage of Typhoon Rosie (1997), 8 km left to the station. A vertical bar represents a passing time of the typhoon. Reproduced from Hong (8).JMA, Japan meteorological agency.. 1. 자료및방법, 3 (Blumberg and Mellor, 1987) (princeton ocean model; POM) 1 Hong and Yoon (3) ( HY3 ) [POM Mellor (4) ].. u -fv= KM u u +fu= KM v g=- z T = KH T S = KH S = (T, S)., HY3. f-plane,, 116.,., (Miyazaki et al., 1961) (inclination angle). (isostatic effect) ( ). 36 m, (29 ), e-folding scale 1, 35. psu. 4 spectral,,. 7 (168 h), hpa, 3 m/sec.

3 태풍통과시 1 차원혼합층수온변화 19 w ( 1-2 cm/sec) houkrs ( 6) hpa ap (hpa) 5 m m 29N-135E (bs)(15, 27) (Aug. 6-19, 1983) TP Abby w (1) 3 cm houkrs ( 6) m m TP T & LHS 1 km CP= hpa efs=1 Angle= (mb) Fig. 2. In the 3D model (POM) temperature variations at 5 m, 5 m and 1 m around the JMA buoy station (Fig. 1) with the passage of Typhoon Abby (1983), 1 km left to the station, including vertical velocity (blue line) and sea surface elevation (dashed line). Reproduced from Hong et al. (11). POM, primitive equation model; JMA, Japan meteorological agency. 결과및고찰 Fig. 3,,, 1 km (Fig. 3a),. (typhoon, TP) (66 h),. ( m) 1, 1. ( m). 1 m ( h),.5,. (, ).. 1. Fig. 3. Time variation of temperature at m, 1 m,, and in the model. A vertical bar represents a passing time of typhoon, 1 km to the left of the research area and the central pressure (ap) of the typhoon is given by a black thick line., 6.. Rosie (1997) (Fig. 1), 1 m. 3D (POM) Hong et al. (11). 1D. 2.5 C, () (Fig. 1).,.,. (Fig. 4). (LHS) (Fig. 4a), 1.5 (36 h) 15 m, (66 h; Fig. 2 ) 47 m, (84 h) 55 m. (CTR) ( ) (RHS) (

4 11 홍철훈ㆍ마스다아키라 (m) IC IC IC LHS CTR RHS 36 h 36 h 66 h 36 h 5 1 LHS 1 km M. Sp 3 m/s CP= hpa efs=1 Angle= 66 h 84 h 84 h (a) (b) (c) 66 h 84 h Fig. 4. Time variation of mixed layer depth with tracks of the typhoon, (a) 1 km to the left (LHS, left hand side), (b) the center (CTR) and (c) 1 km to right of the research area (RHS, right hand side). Numerals, such as 36 h, present the time after typhoon occurrence and 66 h is the passing time of proximity to the research area. )., (Fig. 4b) (Fig. 4c). rightward bias (Price, 1981; Hong et al., 15; ). Fig. 5, (LHS, Fig. 5a), (RHS, Fig. 5b) (Fig. 5a )., (66 h) (Fig. 5a, ) ( ), Price (1981), (Fig. 5a, ) ( ) ( ) (Fig. 5a, ) ( )., (Fig. 5b, ) ( ). Fig. 6. m ( ) ( h, 42 h)., (Fig. 6a; LHS) (5 h) (Fig. 6b; CTR) 12 ( 1 C)., (Fig. 6c; RHS). ( ). Fig. 7 sigma 116 (a) (b) Fig. 5. Time variations of velocity (upper panel) and wind (low panel) in both (a) LHS and (b) RHS of the research domain. LHS, left hand side; RHS, right hand side.

5 태풍통과시 1 차원혼합층수온변화 m TP mb 1 m m TP mb m TP mb 1 m 1 m & LHS 1 km CP= hpa efs=1 Angle= (a) & CTL 1 km CP= hpa efs=1 Angle= (b) & RHS 1 km CP= hpa efs=1 angle= (c) Fig. 6. Same as Fig. 2 except for including results with the typhoon tracks of (b) CTR and (c) RHS of the research domain. Also the figure (LHS, Fig. 2) was re-loaded and compressed in Fig. 6a for comparison convenience. CTR, the center; RHS, right hand side; LHS, left hand side. 1 m m TP Lv=116 TP m hpa MLD (m) 3D&1D (116 lev) f=plane, flat B. sym. tau mv. sp. = Intgl-1 m 1D 1D-rough 3D Fig. 8. Comparison of time variations of MLD in 1D and 3D models. Thick and dashed red lines represent results in a fine (116 levels) and rough ( levels) sigma levels, respectively. Calculation conditions in the 3D model (POM) are the same as this 1D model, e.g., flat bottom (36 m) and wind. A post-vertical bar (red line) indicates time (18h) when the wind has stopped. TP represents a typhoon passing. MLD, mixed layer depth ; POM, princeton ocean model. Fig. 7. Same as Fig. 2 except for increasing a number of vertical sigma levels from to 116. TP represents a typhoon passing.. (Fig. 3),.. Fig. 8 LHS (mixed layer depth, MLD) 1D ( 116 ) 3D (POM). MLD 1 m..5 1D 3D MLD( ), (1D, 3D). 3D (POM) 1D, 1

6 112 홍철훈ㆍ마스다아키라 ( 94h) MLD 1 m. Hong et al. (15),. 1D. isostatic effect (inverse barometric effect), Ekman pumping (, ) (entrainment). (Price, 1981)., (Fig. 1), 1D... 사사 meeting, 9. Mellor G. 4. Users guide for a three-dimensional, primitive equation, numercial ocean model. Atmos Oceanic Sci Prog Princeton University, Newyoke, U.S. A., Miyazaki M, Ueno T and Unoki S Theoretical investigation of typhoons surges along the Japanese coast. Oceanogr Mag 13, Price JF Upper ocean response to hurricane. J Phys Oceanogr 11, Pudov VD, Varfolomeev AA and Fedorov KN Vertical structure of the wake of a typhoon in the upper ocean. Okeanologiya 21, Sanford TB, Price JF, Girton JB and Webb DC. 7. Highly resolved ocean response to a hurricane. Geophys Res Lett 34, L Taira KS, Kitagawa S, Otobe H, and Asai T Observation of temperature and velocity from a surface buoy moored in the Shikoku basin (OMLET-88)-An oceanic response to a typhoon. J Oceanography 49, (16). References Blumberg AF and Mellor GL A description of a threedimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In: Three Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, Coastal Estuarine Science, vol. 4, edited by N. S. Heaps, AGU, Washington D.C., U.S.A., 1-8. Hong CH and Yoon JH. 3. A three-dimensional numerical study of Typhoon Holly in the northern Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res 18, 32, 38-1~ org/1.129/2jc1563. Hong CH. 8. A numerical study of sea surface cooling with the passage of typhoon Abby in the Northwestern Pacific. J Kor Fish Soc 41, Hong CH, Masuda A and Yoon JH. 11. Upper ocean response to typhoon Abby in the northwestern Pacific using a threedimensional primitive equation model. Abstr J Oceanography, fall meeting, 89. Hong CH, Masuda A and Hirose N. 15. Upper ocean response to typhoon, focusing on Rightward bias using an ideal 3D primitive equation numerical model. Abstr KOFFST 15, 146. Jordan CL On the influence of tropical cyclones on the sea surface temperature field. In: Proceedings of symposium on trop meteor New Zealand Meteorological Service, Wellington, New Zealand, Masuda A and Hong CH. 11. Response of the upper ocean to a typhoon-idealized model. Abstr J Oceanography, fall

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433대지05박창용 Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This