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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1-9, Research Paper DOI: 노즐목내부형핀틀추력기의추력및공력하중특성 최준섭 a 김동연 a 허환일 b, * Thrust and Aerodynamic Load Characteristics of an Internal Pintle Thruster Junsub Choi a Dongyeon Kim a Hwanil Huh b, * a Department of Aerospace Engineering, Graduate School at Chungnam National University, Korea b Department of Aerospace Engineering, Chungnam National University, Korea * Corresponding author. hwanil@cnu.ac.kr ABSTRACT Numerical computations are performed to investigate the effect of pintle stroke on the performance of an internal pintle thruster. Results show that the thrust control ratio was less than 2% and the aerodynamic load ratio was 22% as the pintle stroke increased. The flow past the nozzle throat rapidly expanding because of the shape of the pintle, and a shock wave was generated. Particularly, at the pintle stroke distance of 4 and 5 mm, the shock wave hit the wall of the nozzle, results in peeling bubbles. Depending on the altitude, the thrust increased and the aerodynamic load decreased, but the difference was as small as 1.5%. In the presence of the bore, the reduction of the pintle tip area resulted in a decrease in aerodynamic load. 초 록 노즐목내부형핀틀추력기에서핀틀행정거리가추력기성능에미치는영향에대해전산수치해석연구를수행하였다. 해석결과핀틀행정거리가증가함에따라추력조절비는 2% 이내였고, 공력하중비는최대 22% 로확인되었다. 노즐목을지난유동이핀틀의형상으로인해급격히팽창하며충격파가발생하였다. 특히, 핀틀행정거리 4, 5 mm에서는충격파가노즐벽면에부딪치며박리거품이발생하였다. 고도에따라서는추력은증가하였고공력하중은감소하였지만, 그차이가 1.5% 이내로작았다. 보어가있는경우핀틀팁의면적감소로공력하중이감소하는결과를보였다. Key Words: Computational Fluid Dynamics( 전산유체역학 ), Internal Pintle Thruster( 내부형핀틀추력기 ), Pintle Stroke( 핀틀행정거리 ), Thrust( 추력 ), Aerodynamic Load( 공력하중 ) Received 4 April 2017 / Revised 8 May 2017 / Accepted 12 May 2017 Copyright C The Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers pissn / eissn 서론 추진기관중시스템이비교적간단하고, 추력 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( /licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 2 최준섭 김동연 허환일한국추진공학회지 대질량비가큰고체로켓추진방식은전략적무기나인공위성킥모터등에활용하고있지만, 추력조절이어려운단점을가지고있다. 핀틀추력기는 Fig. 1과같이추력기내부에구조물을설치하고, 구동기를이용하여구조물을움직여추력에영향을주는인자의값을변형시켜추력을조절한다. 고체추진기관은설계값이정해져추력이고정되어있지만, 핀틀이라는구조물을통해추력에영향을미치는인자들을조절할수있다. 따라서고체추진제를이용하는운용체의추력을요구사항에따라조절하는것이가능하다. 우리나라우주개발의핵심기술중하나인궤도수정과자세제어부분은위성체및발사체의미션성공여부와직접적으로관련있는기술이다. 위성체및발사체에는궤도수정과자세제어를위한별도의추력기가구성되어있는데, 외부환경변화및임무에따라추력제어가가능한기술이요구되고있다. 또한달, 화성등행성을탐사하기위한탐사선의착륙장치에도탑재물을보호하고안전하게착륙하기위한추력조절장치가필요하다. 따라서우주개발핵심기술중하나로써추진기관의정밀한추력제어를위해핀틀추력기의기술을적용할수있다. 핀틀을적용한추력기의추력조절기술연구는미국, 프랑스, 일본등항공우주기술선진국가에서활발히수행중에있다. Aerojet사에서는단일축핀틀추력기를제작하여우주발사체및비행체에적용하기위한기초실험 [2] 을수행하였고, 다축핀틀추력기를개발하여다양한요구조건의종합적인시스템개발중에있다. 특히궤도천이및자세제어시스템 (Divert and Attitude Control System, DACS) 에적용하여활용중에 Fig. 1 Pintle technology[1]. 있다. CFD Research Corporation (CFDRC) 에서는고체추진제가스발생기의핀틀을이용한밸브와제어시스템에관련된기술을개발중에있다 [2]. SNECMA사에서는구동기와압력피드백을통하여자세제어용추력기의개발을완료하였고, 고고도에서운용하는비행체의자세제어용도로핫가스밸브기술을적용하였다 [2]. 국내에서는전산수치해석기법을이용하여핀틀추력기의특성을분석 [3-8] 하고, 공압실험을통한핀틀형상별추력성능분석및추력제어기법에대한기초실험연구를수행하였다 [9-12]. 또한핀틀을장착한고체추진기관의비정상연소성능을분석하기위한연소시험이수행되었다 [13]. 본논문에서는핀틀의직경이설계상노즐목보다큰비관통형의내부형핀틀을이용하여핀틀의행정거리에따른추력및챔버압력변화와핀틀에작용하는공력하중특성에대해연구하였다. 2. 해석모델및조건 2.1 유동해석모델선정본논문에서는내부형핀틀형상이추력기에미치는영향을분석하기위하여 Fig. 2(a) 의 SNECMA사특허모델 [14] 을기준으로 Fig. 2(b) 와같이핀틀추력기를모델링하였다. SNECMA 사특허의핀틀모델은보어 (Bore) 라는구멍이뚫려있는특징이있다. 핀틀추력기의보어의존재는추력성능에미치는영향은없지만, 공력하중을감소시키는역할을하였다 [3]. 2.2 유동해석조건실제유도미사일요격비행체에서운용하는궤도천이추력기는고압 고온의연소가스가유입되어노즐을통해빠져나간다. 선행연구의 cold gas 모델 [6] 로는정확한성능을예측할수없기때문에실제운용되는연소가스와같은조건인 hot gas 해석이필요하다. 실제운용환경의 hot gas와유사한조건으로해석을통해성능을확인함으로써요구되는설계조건에가장부합하는

3 제 21 권제 3 호 노즐목내부형핀틀추력기의추력및공력하중특성 3 Fig. 3 Meshing of internal pintle thruster. (a) SNECMA model[14] Table 2. Definition of pintle stroke and pintle tip position. Pintle stroke Pintle tip position [mm] Nozzle expansion ratio (b) Pintle thruster modeling Fig. 2 Internal pintle thruster. Table 1. CFD analysis conditions. Solver Fluent Working Fluid Hot gas Inlet condition Mass flow rate = 5.5 kg/s Wall condition Y+<5 Turbulent model Spalart-Allmaras Far-Field distance x/de=150, y/de=30 Number of grids Approx. 150,000 S-A 모델은경계층유동등의초음속 천음속유동과가벼울박리를포함한공기역학분야에사용되며다소복잡한외부 / 내부유동과압력구배를갖는경계층유동에적합한모델이다 [4,9]. 2.3 유동장의격자생성유동장은추력기내부의유동해석을위한내부유동장과노즐출구이후의유동해석을위한외부유동장을생성하여해석을진행하였다. 유동장은 Fig. 3과같이격자생성프로그램인 Gambit V2.4.6을이용하여 2D 모델로구성하였다. 핀틀추력기의격자는사각정렬격자로생성하였다. 추력기외부조건은압축성유동에적합한 Pressure far field로설정하였으며, 그크기는노즐출구직경 (de) 의가로로 150배, 세로로 30배크기로구성하였다. 핀틀형상을찾을수있다. Hot gas를이용한해석은질량입구조건으로수행하였고, 해석조건은 Table 1과같다. 상용유동해석프로그램인 FLUENT를이용하여 2차원축대칭으로해석을수행하였다. 난류모델은 Raynold Averaged Navier Stokes 방정식의 S-A (Spalart-Allmaras) 모델을사용하였는데 2.4 핀틀행정거리정의핀틀의위치는 Fig. 2(b) 와같이핀틀이없을때의노즐목에서부터핀틀끝단까지의거리를나타낸것이다. 핀틀행정거리는핀틀끝단과노즐목사이의거리가 5.5 mm인곳을 1로하여 1 mm씩전진하는것으로정의하였다. 핀틀이행정거리와핀틀의위치및그에따른노즐팽

4 4 최준섭 김동연 허환일한국추진공학회지 (a) Pintle stroke 1 (b) Pintle stroke 2 (c) Pintle stroke 3 (d) Pintle stroke 4 (e) Pintle stroke 5 Fig. 4 Density gradient contours(top) and stream lines(bottom) according to pintle stroke. 창비의관계는 Table 2와같다. 이때핀틀행정거리 2 mm에서의노즐팽창비 3.7은설계상이상팽창조건이다. 3. 내부형핀틀추력기성능분석 3.1 핀틀추력기유동장분석핀틀추력기는핀틀의위치에따라노즐팽창비를조절함으로써추력을제어한다. 내부형핀틀추력기의핀틀행정거리에따른밀도구배와유선 (stream line) 을 Fig. 4로나타내었다. 내부형핀틀추력기밀도구배를보면노즐목을지나핀틀벽면을따라흐르던유동이핀틀형상에의해급격하게팽창하고, 이로인해충격파가발생 하는현상을보이고있다. 이충격파는노즐벽면까지형성되어반사충격파를생성한다. 특히핀틀행정거리 4,5 mm에서는충격파로인해노즐벽면에박리거품 (separation bubble) 이발생하였다. 핀틀끝단에서는후향계단유동 (backwardfacing step flow) 과같은형상으로인해재순환영역이형성되었다. 핀틀을빠져나간유동이서로만나축방향으로흐르기위해급격히방향이변하면서항적충격파가발생하고, 유동은재압축되어압력이상승한다. 이현상은국내선행연구 [15] 와동일하게나타났다. 3.2 핀틀추력기유동장분석 Fig. 5의핀틀윗면압력을분포를보면핀틀행정거리가증가할수록핀틀윗면핀틀윗면앞

5 제 21 권제 3 호 노즐목내부형핀틀추력기의추력및공력하중특성 5 단, 즉연소실내부의압력이증가하는것을알수있다. 이것을질식유동에관한 Eq. 1을통해살펴보면좌항의질량유량 ( max ) 은 5.5 kg/s로고정되어있는반해노즐목면적감소로우항의연소실압력증가하기때문이다. Eq. 1을정리하여 Eqs. 2, 3과같이나타낼수있다 [16]. max (1) (2) Fig. 5 CFD results for the internal pressure distribution of the combustion chamber[16]. (3) 즉, 모든핀틀행정거리에서질량유량이일정할때, 노즐목면적변화와연소실압력은선형적으로반비례한다. CFD 결과값과이론적계산값을 Fig. 6에그래프로비교하였다. 핀틀행정거리 1,2 mm에서 CFD 결과값이이론적계산값보다크다는것을알수있다. Fig. 7의마하수분포에서마하수가 1이되는 CFD상의노즐목을보면핀틀행정거리가 1,2,3 mm에서는핀틀윗면을따라후류로밀려있는것을확인할수있다. 그결과이론적인노즐목면적보다 CFD상의노즐목면적이증가하게되었고, 이론적계산결과와도차이를발생하게되었다. 본논문의핀틀형상은윗면이오목한 (concave) 형상으로볼록한 (convex) 형상에비해마찰력이증가하는것으로알려져있다. 고체표면위를흐르는유체가볼록한표면을지나게되면경계층이안정화 (stabilizing) 되는반면, 오목한표면을지나면경계층이불안정화 (destabilizing) 되어경계층이더두꺼워지게된다. 실제액체로켓엔진은크기가커서경계층의영향을무시할수있지만본핀틀추력기는크기가작아경계층의영향이더크게작용하는것으로판단된다. 작은핀틀행정거리에서연소실의압력이이론식계산값 Fig. 6 Comparison of theoretical calculations and CFD results[16]. Fig. 7The throat of the internal pintle thruster shown by CFD[16]. 보다크게나온이유가바로핀틀윗면에서의

6 6 최준섭 김동연 허환일한국추진공학회지 경계층의영향으로인한노즐목면적감소때문이다. 또한경계층외부에서는유체의와동확산계수 (eddy diffusivity) 의증가로핀틀윗면의유체운동에너지가손실되어 sonic line이후류로밀려나게된다 [17]. 3.3 추력및공력하중핀틀행정거리에따른추력성능을나타내기위해추력 (Fx) 을핀틀행정거리 1 mm에서의추력 (F1) 으로나누어표현하였다. Fig. 8에서처럼핀틀행정거리가증가할수록추력이증가하는것을알수있다. 하지만최대로핀틀이전진한상태에서도추력증가폭은 2% 이내로조절비가크지않았다. 외부형핀틀추력기의추력조절비 [8] 는약 8% 정도로추력조절성능면에서는외부형핀틀추력기가더나은결과를나타내었다. 공력하중은핀틀추력기에서핀틀을구동하기위해추력성능과더불어고려되어야할주요한인자이다. 핀틀행정거리에서의공력하중 (FL,x) 을핀틀행정거리 1 mm에서의공력하중 (FL,1) 으로나누어 Fig. 9에나타내었다. 공력하중이작용하는방향은추력과반대인추력기내부를향하며, 핀틀행정거리증가에따라최대 22% 감소하였다. Fig. 7에서핀틀행정거리가증가할수록노즐목은추력기내부를향하게되는것을확인하였다. 이것을통해노즐목이후유동팽창으로인해핀틀윗면에서높은압력으로작용하는면적이줄어들어핀틀행정거리가증가할수록공력하중이감소하는것을알수있다. 하지만 Fig. 10의핀틀윗면의정압력분포를보면연소실내부에서핀틀표면에작용하는압력은축방향에수직으로작용하기때문에공력하중에는기여하지못하게된다. Fig. 8 Thrust ratio according to the pintle stroke. Fig. 9 Aerodynamic load ratio according to the pintle stroke. 3.4 고도에따른성능내부형핀틀추력기의고도에따른특성을파악하기위해고도 0 km, 20 km의두가지조건에서수치해석을수행하였다. 핀틀의행정거리는해수면조건에서이상팽창조건인 2 mm에서고도별로동일하게설정하였고, 그결과는 Fig. 11 에밀도구배와유선으로나타내었다. Fig. 10 Static pressure distribution of pintle upper surface according to pintle stroke. 내부형핀틀추력기는해수면고도에서과소팽창하기때문에고도조건이 20 km로상승하여

7 제 21 권제 3 호 노즐목내부형핀틀추력기의추력및공력하중특성 7 (a) Altitude 0 km (a) with bore (b) Altitude 20 km Fig. 11 Stream lines (top) and density gradient contours (bottom) for altitude (a) 0 km and (b) 20 km. (b) without bore Fig. 12 Stream lines (top) and density gradient contours (bottom) for bore effects. 도과소팽창하는결과를보이고있다. 핀틀팁에서발생하는재순환영역도고도에관계없이유사한경향을보인다. 밀도구배를보게되면노즐목을지난유동이팽창하다가핀틀의형상으로인해유동방향이바뀌게되면서충격파가발생하게되는데, 고도에관계없이동일한현상을보이고있으며, 이충격파가노즐벽면까지형성되면서반사충격파가발생하였다. 고도 0 km에서의추력은 12,420 N, 공력하중은 4,408 N 이며, 고도 20 km에서의추력은 12,605 N, 공력하중은 4,346 N의결과를보였다. 고도가증가함에따라추력은약 1.5% 가상승한반면, 공력하중은약 1.4% 감소하였다. 이는고도가증가함에따라외부압력의감소로인한결과로판단되지만, 추력과공력하중모두 1.5% 이내의근소한차이를보이고있다. 3.5 보어유무에따른성능내부형핀틀추력기의보어유무에따른특성을파악하기위해보어가없는모델을별도로

8 8 최준섭 김동연 허환일한국추진공학회지 모델링하였고, 해수면고도및핀틀행정거리 4 mm 조건에서수치해석을수행하여그결과를 Fig. 12에비교하였다. Fig. 12를보면보어의유무가주유동에는영향을미치지않아노즐에서의과소팽창및충격파발생등유사한경향성을보이고있다. 또한핀틀팁이후에발생하는재순환영역역시보어유무에관계없이유사한형태를보이고있다. 보어가있을때의추력은 13,166 N, 공력하중은 7,636 N의결과를보였고, 보어가없을때의추력은 13,169 N, 공력하중은 7,687 N의결과를보였다. 추력의경우보어의존재유무가주유동에영향을미치지않기때문에유사한결과를보이고있다. 공력하중의경우보어가없을때약 1% 정도증가하는결과를보이고있는데, 이는핀틀팁에서발생한재순환영역이핀틀에작용하는면적의증가로인한차이로판단된다. 하지만내부형핀틀추력기의경우보어유무에따른핀틀팁의면적변화가크지않기때문에공력하중의변화또한차이가작은것으로판단된다. 이결과는외부형핀틀추력기의보어유무에따른결과 [18] 와는반대의현상이다. 내부형핀틀추력기의경우보어가있는모델이공력하중을감소시키지만, 그차이가작아핀틀의구동력에미치는영향도작을것으로판단된다. 하지만보어로인한무게감소에는영향을미칠수있어실제적용시임무조건및환경에따라선택적으로사용할수있을것으로판단된다. 정거리 1,2,3 mm에서는경계층의영향으로후류로밀려나는현상을보였으며, 행정거리가증가함에따라핀틀윗면에높은압력으로작용하는면적이감소하여공력하중이감소하는경향을나타내게되었다. 또한해석결과상노즐목이후류로밀려남에따라이론식에의한계산값과의오차가발생하는요인이되었다. 고도에따라서는고도가증가하였을때추력은약 1.5% 상승하였고, 공력하중은약 1.4% 감소하였다. 보어의유무는주유동에는영향을미치지않아추력성능은유사한결과를보였다. 보어의존재는공력하중을감소시키지만, 그차지은 1% 정도로작아보어제작및시스템무게측면에서보어유무를선택적으로사용할수있을것으로판단된다. 핀틀추력기의주목적인추력조절성능만을고려했을때본논문에서적용한연소가스조건에서는추력조절비가낮은결과를얻었다. 따라서원하는성능의핀틀추력기를설계하기위해서는정확한운용목적과조건이요구된다. 후기본연구는정부 ( 교육부, 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의일반연구자지원사업 (NRF-2013R1A1A ) 과우주핵심기술개발사업 (NRF-2014M1A3A3A ) 지원을받아수행된것임. 4. 결론노즐목내부형핀틀추력기의행정거리에따른성능을전산수치해석을이용하여분석하였다. 추력은핀틀행정거리가증가함에따라증가하는경향을보였으나, 추력조절비가 2% 이내로작게나타났다. 공력하중은추력과반대방향인추력기내부방향으로작용하였으며, 핀틀행정거리가증가함에따라감소하는경향을보고, 공력하중비는최대 22% 감소하였다. 전산수치해석을통해마하수가 1이되는노즐목이핀틀행 References 1. Lee, J.H., Kim, J.K. and Jang, H.B., A study on internal flow field of supersonic nozzle by needle type pintle position, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Fall Conference, Daejeon, Korea, pp , Nov Kim, S.S. and Huh, H., Recent Progress in R&D and Prospect of Divert and

9 제 21 권제 3 호 노즐목내부형핀틀추력기의추력및공력하중특성 9 Attitude Control System(DACS), Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp , Wang, S.W. and Huh, H., Effect of Bore an Aerodynamic Loads in Modulatable Thrust Devices, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Spring Conference, Uiwang, Korea, pp , May Wang, S.W. and Huh, H., Effect of Pintle Inflection Points on Performance of the SNECMA Modulatable Thrust Devices, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Fall Conference, Busan, Korea, pp , Nov Wang, S.W. and Huh, H., Effect of Nozzle Contraction Angle on Performance of the SNECMA Modulatable Thrust Devices, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Fall Conference, Busan, Korea, pp , Nov Kim, D.Y., Kim, S.S. and Huh, H., Numerical Analysis on the Inside/Outside Type of Nozzle Throat Pintle Thruster, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Fall Conference, Yeosu, Korea, pp , Nov Lee, S.K. and Huh, H., Effect of pintle shape on nozzle flow-pattern, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Fall Conference, Yeosu, Korea, pp , Nov Choi, J. and Huh, H., Effect of Pintle Stroke on Internal/External Pintle Thrusters, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Fall Conference, Gyeonju, Korea, pp , Dec Choi, J.S. and Huh, H., Preliminary Experimental Results of Control for Modulatable Thruster Applications, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Fall Conference, Busan, Korea, pp , Nov Lee, S.K. and Huh, H., Preliminary Results of Experimental and Computational Study of Steady-state Pintle Driven Nozzle Throat Flow, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Spring Conference, Gumi, Korea, pp , May Kim, S.S., Hwang, H.S. and Huh, H., Experimental Study of Pressure Control Methods for Modulatable Thruster Applications, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Spring Conference, Busan, Korea, pp , May Hwang, H.S. and Huh, H., Unsteady-State Experimental on Pintle Thruster Using Stroke Control Method, The Korea Society of Propulsion Engineers Fall Conference, Gyeonju, Korea, pp , Dec Jin, J.K., Ha, D.S. and Oh, S.J., Unsteady-State Experimental on Pintle Thruster Using Stroke Control Method, Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp , US B1, Compact Optimal and Modulatable Thrust Device for Controlling Aerospace Vehicle, US Patent, Apr Kim, J.K., Study on the effects of pintle shapes and position in nozzle flowfield, and thrust in a solid rocket motor with pintle nozzle, Ph.D. Dissertation, Chungnam National University, Kim, D.Y., CFD Simulation of a Nozzle Throat for Inside-and Outside-Type Pintle Thrusters, Master Dissertation, Chungnam National University, Kays, W.M., Crawford, M. and Weigand, B., Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, U.S.A., Choi, J., Kim D.Y. and Huh, H., Numerical Study on Thrust Characteristics of an External Pintle Thruster, Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 12, pp , 2015.

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),

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