Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2016;74(5): Comparison betw

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1 Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2016;74(5): Comparison between Doppler Ultrasonography and Renal Scintigraphy in Assessment of Post-Transplant Renal Function Yeo-Chang Yoon, MD 1, Byung Seok Shin, MD 1 *, Joon Young Ohm, MD 1, Seong Min Kim, MD 2, Moon-Sang Ahn, MD 3, Shin-Seok Yang, MD 3, Mi-Hyun Park, MD 4 Departments of 1 Radiology, 2 Nuclear Medicine, 3 Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea 4 Department of Radiology, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea Purpose: To compare the usefulness of Doppler ultrasonography and renal scintigraphy in the assessment of short- and long-term function of transplanted kidneys. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 79 patients who underwent Doppler ultrasonography and technetium-99m diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid renal scintigraphy on the same day, within 4 days of renal transplantation. Image parameters were evaluated for statistical differences. Results: There was a strong positive correlation between the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as measured by renal scintigraphy and the estimated GFR (egfr) based on serum creatinine levels (correlation coefficient = 0.71). Scan grade according to the time-activity curve, resistive index, and end diastolic velocity showed moderate correlations with the egfr (correlation coefficients = , , and 0.370, respectively) in the early post-transplantation period. The mean survival time was longer in patients with lower resistive indices ( 0.68, 54.9 months vs. > 0.68, 29.5 months) and lower pulsatility indices ( 1.32, 53.8 months vs. > 1.32, 28.7 months); however, there were no statistically significant differences in the long-term follow-up period (p = for resistive index and p = for pulsatility index). Conclusion: Renal scintigraphy is a more sensitive method than Doppler ultrasonography for assessing transplanted kidney function in the early post-transplantation period. Doppler ultrasonography might reflect the long-term survival time. However, it is difficult to predict long-term renal function using either method. Index terms Ultrasonography, Doppler Radionuclide Imaging Kidney Transplantation Glomerular Filtration Rate Received January 26, 2015 Revised May 8, 2015 Accepted October 18, 2015 *Corresponding author: Byung Seok Shin, MD Department of Radiology, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea. Tel Fax starzan@chol.com This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 말기신질환이있는환자들에서신장이식이혈액또는복막투석에비하여사망이나심혈관계질환으로이환될확률이낮고, 삶의질이나비용적인면에서더나은것으로알려져있다 (1, 2). 그러나신장이식후허혈성또는면역학적인손상에의해급성신부전이발생하여이식신의기능악화가나타날수있고, 단기또는장기간에걸쳐서서히이식신의기능이악화될수도있어신장이식후이식신의기능평가와합병증의유무파악을위하여다양한추적검사들이이루어지고있다 (3). 일반적으로혈액검사를통하여혈청크레아티닌 (serum creatinine) 과사구체여과율 (glomerular filtration rate; 이하 GFR) 을측정하게되는데, 이를통하여신장이식후이식신의상태나예후를추정할수있다 (4-6). 이식신기능의평가를위한영상검사로서는도플러초음파 (Doppler ultrasonography) 와신장신티그라피 (renal scintigraphy) 가일반적으로시행되고있다. 두검사의비교연구에서신장신티그라피가급성신기능부전을진단하거나이식신의병리조직학적소견을감별하는데는더유용하다고알려져있으나 (7-9), 도플러초음파가이식신의기능이상진단에높은민감도와정확성을보인다는보고가있고 (10), 수술후일어날수있는합병증을조기에파악할수있다는장점이있다 (11). Copyrights 2016 The Korean Society of Radiology 313

2 본연구는신장이식후시행한도플러초음파와신장신티그라피검사에서이식신의기능평가에도움이되는지표가무엇인지살펴보고, 이식신의장기간예후를예측하는데도움이되는지알아보고자한다. 대상과방법 환자선택 2006 년 1월부터 2013 년 12월까지신장이식을시행하였던 112 명의환자를대상으로후향적으로평가하였다. 이중두번째신장이식을시행받은환자 3명, 수술후도플러초음파와신장신티그라피를시행하기전에혈액또는복막투석을시행받았던환자 14 명, 수술직후도플러초음파와신장신티그라피를시행한날짜가일치하지않았던환자 15 명, 수술 5일이후에도플러초음파및신장신티그라피를시행하였던환자 1명은제외하였다. 신장이식후 4일이내, 도플러초음파및신장신티그라피를동일한날짜에시행한 79 명의환자가연구에포함되었다 (Fig. 1). 본연구는후향적연구로서피험자동의면제대상연구이며본기관의임상시험심사위원회의심의를통과하였다. 대상환자들의평균나이는 43.7(10~70) 세였고여자 31 명, 남자 48 명이었다. 만성신질환의원인으로는당뇨병성신병증 17 명, 고혈압성신병증 34명, 사구체신염 14명, IgA 신병증 (nephropathy) 6명, 다낭성신질환 3명, 아밀로이드증 1명, Henoch-Schonlein purpura 1명, 폐쇄성신질환 1명, 원인미상이 2명이었다. 36 명의환자는생체장기제공자 (living donor) 로 부터, 43명의환자는사체장기제공자 (cadaveric donor) 로부터이식을시행받았다. 추정사구체여과율 (estimated GFR; 이하 egfr) 은혈청크레아티닌을이용하여 modification of diet in renal disease ( 이하 MDRD) equation 을통해서구하였다. MDRD equation = 186 serum creatinine age (1.21 if black) (0.742 if female)(for creatinine in mg/dl). 18 세미만의환자는 egfr 을 revised Schwartz estimate [egfr (ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ) = height (cm) / serum creatinine (mg/dl)] 를통하여구하였다. 영상검사신장이식을시행후도플러초음파와신장신티그라피검사를시행한시기는 1일째 4명, 2일째 51 명, 3일째 16 명, 4일째 8명으로수술후평균 2.4일후에시행되었다. 도플러초음파도플러초음파는 2~5 MHz 탐촉자와 iu22x MATRIX (Philips, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) 초음파기기를사용하여한명의영상의학과전문의가시행하였다. 도플러초음파를시행전특별한전처치는없었으며환자는정와위에서검사를시행하였다. 외부적요인에의한저항지수의증가를방지하기위해탐촉자를통한압박은가능한한적게시행하였다. 모든환자에서색도플러를통하여동맥을확인하고도플러초음파를시행하였다. 적절한수축기최고혈류속도 (peak systolic velocity; 이하 PSV), 이완기말최저혈류속도 (end diastolic 112 renal allograft transplantation patients Exclusion criteria 1) 3 patients underwent renal allograft transplantation at the second time 2) 14 patients underwent hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis between operation and imaging evaluation 3) 15 patients discordance date between USG and DTPA renal scan 4) 1 patient underwent imaging evaluation too late 79 patients included in this study Short-term prognosis 1) Pearson s correlation between USG and 99m TC-DTPA parameters & serim creatinine and egfr which measured same day 2) ROC analysis (egfr: devide into two groups by egfr which were more or less than 30 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ) Long-term prognosis 1) Pearson s correlation between USG and 99m TC-DTPA parameters & postoperative 1, 3, 6, and 12th months egfr and serum creatinine 2) Graft survival was correlated with image parameters and laboratory findings using a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log rank test Fig. 1. Flow chart summarizing the study method. DTPA = diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, egfr = estimated glomerular filtration rate, ROC = receiver operating characteristic, USG = ultrasonography 314 대한영상의학회지 2016;74(5): jksronline.org

3 윤여창외 velocity; 이하 EDV), 평균혈류속도 (mean velocity; 이하 MV) 를측정하기위하여입사되는초음파각은 30 에서 60 사이로유지하였으며, 표본용적을 1.5~2.0 mm로이식신의상부, 중부및하부의최소 3부위이상의엽간동맥에서얻어서평균치를구하였다. 도플러초음파의중요한지표인저항지수 (resistive index), 박동지수 (pulsatility index) 를다음과같은공식을통하여얻어졌다. Resistive index = (PSV - EDV) / PSV, pulsatility index = (PSV - EDV) / MV. 신장신티그라피신장신티그라피는 370 MBq (10 mci) 의 technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ( 이하 99m Tc-DTPA) 를정맥주사후감마카메라를이용하여앞쪽복부와골반에서전체 60 초동안매 1초마다관류상 (perfusion phase), 그리고전체 30분동안매 30초마다기능상 (functional phase) 의순차적인영상을얻었으며, 집합계 (pelvocalyceal system) 로표지자 (tracer) 가배출되는영상을얻었다. 관류상과기능상에서신우 (renal pelvis) 를포함하여이식신과엉덩동맥 (iliac artery) 을포함한관심영역 (regions of interest) 에배경활성도 (background activity) 를제거한이후시간활성곡선 (time-activity curve) 을얻었다. 한명의핵의학전문의에의하여시간활성곡선의패턴을분석하여 4 단계 [1) normal, 2) mild impaired perfusion, 3) moderate impaired perfusion, 4) severe impaired perfusion] 로분류하였다 ( 이하 scan grade). 신장신티그라피에서컴퓨터소프트웨어를통하여관류상과기능상에서얻은 GFR ( 이하 scan GFR) 외에 Hilson s perfusion index, time to peak of the renogram ( 이하 T max ), time from peak to 1/2 peak ( 이하 T 1/2 ), time in seconds between the peaks of the iliac and graft curve ( 이하 δp), 관류지수 (perfusion index), 배출지수 (excretion index) 등이계산되었다. 그러나 Hilson s perfusion index 는 9명, T 1/2 은 11명, δp는 26 명의환자에서는데이터계산과측정이불가능하였다. 추적검사신장이식후신기능의평가나장기간이식신의생존표지자로서추적검사시측정한혈청크레아티닌과 MDRD equation 및 revised Schwartz estimate 를이용한 egfr 을이용하였다. 또한신장기능이상여부는혈액검사소견, 진료기록부와전화인터뷰를통하여평가하였다. 이식신의기능이상의시점은추적기간중에 1) 임상적으로신기능이악화되어투석을시행받았거나, 2) methylprednisolone (500 mg) 을이용한펄스요 법 (pulse therapy) 을시행받은경우, 3) 위의치료를받지않았더라도 Saracino 등 (12) 이제시한신장이식후 1개월에측정된혈청크레아티닌보다 1.5배이상상승한시기를기준으로하였다. 위의사건들이중복되는경우에는가장먼저일어난시기를기능이상의시점으로정하였다. 그리고마지막추적기간까지이식신의기능에이상이없었던경우, 추적기간중다른병원으로전원되었거나중도에사망한경우는중도절단된것으로처리하였다. 환자들의추적기간은평균 993(13~2965) 일이었다. 추적기간중사망한환자는 2명으로수술후 43 일째에위장관출혈로 1명, 755일째에폐렴으로 1명이사망하였고, 4명의환자는타병원으로전원등의이유로추적이불가능하였다. 신장이식후 1, 3, 6, 12 개월째에각각 78 명, 76 명, 76 명, 75 명의환자를추적관찰할수있었으며, 12 개월이후까지추적관찰중인환자는 73 명이었다. 그러나정기적인추적영상검사는시행하지않았으며, 신장기능이상이의심되는환자에한하여도플러초음파나신장신티그라피를시행하였다. 도플러초음파는 1개월이내 14 명, 3개월이후에 3명에서시행하였으며신장신티그라피는 1개월이내 23 명, 1개월이후에 2명, 12 개월이후 5명이었다. 신장이식후 1개월이내에투석을시행받았던환자는 2명이었으며, 1개월이후에는투석을시행받은환자는없었다. Methylprednisolone 을이용한펄스요법을시행받았거나, 신장이식후 1개월에측정한혈청크레아티닌보다 1.5배상승한환자는총 34 명으로수술후 1개월이내가 4명, 1~3개월, 3~6개월, 6~12 개월사이에는각각 5명, 3명, 9명이며 12 개월이후에는 13 명이었다. 이중 20 명에서조직검사를시행하여 7명은급성이식거부 (acute rejection), 9명은 IgA 신병증, 3명은사구체신염 (glomerulonephritis), 1명은 BK polyomavirus 신병증으로판명되었다. 통계분석통계학적인분석은 SPSS software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 21, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 와 Medcalc Software (Ostend, Belgium) 를통하여이루어졌다. 사체장기제공자와생체장기제공자에서이식을받은환자군간의차이를살펴보기위하여 Student t-test 를시행하였다. 영상검사가이식신의기능을잘반영하는지를알아보기위하여신장이식후도플러초음파와신장신티그라피를시행한날짜에측정된 egfr 과영상검사의지표간의 Pearson s correlation analysis 를시행하였다. egfr 을기준으로 30 ml/min 미만인경우이식신의기능장애가있는것으로보고이를기준으로환자군을나누어도플러초음파와신장신티그라피의지표가두환자군간에차이가있는지보았다. 또한신기능이상을잘 jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2016;74(5):

4 반영하는것을알아보기위하여 receiver operating characteristic ( 이하 ROC) curve 를이용하여 area under the curve ( 이하 AUC) 를측정하였다. 통계학적으로유의한차이를보이면서 AUC 값이 0.7~0.8 이상큰경우이식신의기능이상을반영하는지표로판단하였다. 도플러초음파와신장신티그라피의지표가장기간의이식신의기능을예측할수있는지알아보기위하여수술후 1, 3, 6, 12 개월째에측정한혈청크레아티닌과 egfr 간의연관성을 Pearson s correlation coefficient 를통계학적으로구하였다. 영상검사의지표를 ROC curve 를이용하여산출된민감도, 특이도가가장높은절단값 (cut off value) 을구하여이를기준으로환자군을나누어이식신의기능이상시점에대하여 Kaplan-Meier survival analysis 와 log rank test 를이용하여영상검사의지표들이신장기능이상발생유무와의관련성이있는지살펴보았다. p-value 가 0.05 미만인경우통계학적으로의미있는것으로간주하였다. 결과 혈청크레아티닌은수술후점차감소하여 3개월째에가장낮은수치를보였고 (1.21 ± 0.37 mg/dl), 이후점차증가하여 12 개월째에 1.27 ± 0.55 mg/dl로측정되었다. egfr 도 3개월째가장높은수치를보였으며 (68.3 ± 21.9 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ), 12 개월째 63.2 ± 22.7 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 로점차감 소하였다. 혈청크레아티닌과 egfr 은성별과나이에따라차이는없었으나공여자에따라차이를보였다. 생체장기제공자이식신에비해사체장기제공자인경우증가된혈청크레아티닌, 감소된 egfr 을보였고도플러초음파에서는높은저항지수, 신장신티그라피에서높은 scan grade, 낮은 scan GFR, 증가된 Hilson s perfusion index, 연장된 δp 시간, 낮은배출지수를나타냈으며이는통계학적으로유의한차이를보였다 (Table 1). 영상검사의지표중에서 egfr 과신장신티그라피의 scan GFR 이가장강한양적상관관계를보였으며 (correlation coefficient = 0.71), 도플러초음파의저항지수와신장신티그라피의 scan grade, Hilson s perfusion index 가중등도의음의상관관계를 (correlation coefficient = -0.56, -0.33, -0.33), 도플러초음파의 EDV 와신장신티그라피의관류지수는중등도의양의상관관계를 (correlation coefficient = 0.31, 0.37) 보였다. 혈청크레아티닌과는 scan GFR, scan grade 와중등도의상관관계를보였다 (correlation coefficient = -0.53, 0.47). egfr 이 30 ml/min 미만으로감소되어있는환자군 (n = 38) 에서 30 ml/min 이상을보이는환자군 (n = 41) 보다도플러초음파에서높은저항지수와높은박동지수, 낮은 PSV 와낮은 EDV 를보이며모든지표에서통계학적으로유의한차이를보였다. 신장신티그라피에서는높은 scan grade, 낮은 scan GFR, 높은 Hilson s perfusion index, 낮은관류지수, 낮은배출지수가통계학적으로유의한차이를보였다 (Table 2). ROC Table 1. Data of Laboratory Tests, Doppler Ultrasonography, and Renal Scintigraphy Total (n = 79) Cadaver (n = 43) Living (n = 36) p-value Serum Cr 2.76 ± ± ± 1.46 < egfr 41.7 ± ± ± 32.1 < Doppler USG Resistive index 0.69 ± ± ± Pulsatility index 1.31 ± ± ± PSV (cm/sec) 40.2 ± ± ± EDV (cm/sec) 12.8 ± ± ± Renal scintigraphy Scan grade 1.2 ± ± ± 0.7 < Scan GFR 45.1 ± ± ± 30.8 < Hilson s PI 206 ± 152 (n = 70) 251 ± 163 (n = 40) 146 ± 112 (n = 30) T max (min) 3.3 ± ± ± T 1/2 (min) 36.4 ± 32.8 (n = 68) 38.6 ± 26.4 (n = 39) 33.3 ± 40.0 (n = 29) δp (sec) 4.4 ± 2.1 (n = 53) 5.1 ± 2.4 (n = 25) 3.9 ± 1.6 (n = 28) Perfusion index 16.6 ± ± ± Excretion index 1.00 ± ± ± Plus-minus values are mean ± standard deviation. Cr = creatinine, EDV = end diastolic velocity, egfr = estimated GFR, GFR = glomerular filtration rate, PI = perfusion index, PSV = peak systolic velocity, T 1/2 = time from peak to 1/2 peak, T max = time to peak of the renogram, USG = ultrasonography, δp = time in seconds between the peaks of the iliac and graft curve 316 대한영상의학회지 2016;74(5): jksronline.org

5 윤여창외 curve 에서도도플러초음파의저항지수, 박동지수, EDV, PSV 와신장신티그라피의 scan grade, Hilson s perfusion index, T 1/2, scan GFR, δp, 관류지수가통계학적으로유의성이있었고 (p < 0.05), 신장신티그라피의 scan GFR 이 good accuracy 를보였으며 (AUC = 0.812), scan grade 와 T 1/2 과도플러초음파의 EDV 와 fair accuracy 를보였다 (AUC = 0.73, 0.72, 0.76). 신장이식후 6개월까지측정된 egfr 과신장신티그라피의 scan GFR, scan grade 와중등도의상관관계를보였으나 (correlation coefficient = 0.387, ), 12 개월째에는 0.2 이하의낮은상관관계를보였으며도플러초음파에서의의미있는상관관계를보이는지표는없었다. 장기간의생존분석에서는남성이여성보다평균이식신의생존기간이높았으나 45 세기준의환자군간, 사체장기제공자와생체장기제공자환자군간의차이점은보이지않았다. 각각의지표를절단값을기준으로구분한환자군에서도플러초음파에서저항지수가 0.68 이하인환자군에서평균생존기간이더길었고 (54.9개월 vs 개월, p = 0.121)(Fig. 2), 박동지수가 1.32 이하인환자군에서평균생존기간이길었다 (53.8개월 vs. 28.7개월, p = 0.074). 그러나두영상검사모두에서장기간의생존기간의예측에통계학적으로유의하게유용한지표는없었다 (Table 3). 고찰 도플러초음파와신장신티그라피검사는이식신의기능을평가하는데중요한영상검사이다. 신장이식후이식신의기능평가에수술초기에시행하는두영상검사를비교한본연 구에서는신장신티그라피가도플러초음파에비하여더민감 한것으로나타났다. 이는신장신티그라피의 scan GFR 이 egfr 과강한양적상관관계를보였으며, ROC curve 에서도 scan GFR 이 good accuracy 를보이지만도플러초음파의저항 지수나박동지수가 poor accuracy 를보였기때문이다. Cumulative survival 병리학적소견을바탕으로두영상검사에대한비교연구중 Kaplan-Meier survival plots Resistive index 0.68 > Days since transplant Fig. 2. Kaplan Meier survival curves of renal dysfunction comparing cases with low vs. high resistive indices ( 0.68 vs. > 0.68). Mean survival time was longer (54.9 months vs months) in patients with lower resistive indices. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.121). Table 2. Comparison of Imaging Parameters between Two Groups According to egfr Level (30 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ) by Using Student s t-test < 30 ml/min (n = 38) 30 ml/min (n = 41) p-value Doppler USG Resistive index 0.71 ± ± Pulsatility index 1.39 ± ± PSV (cm/sec) 36.7 ± ± EDV (cm/sec) 10.7 ± ± Renal scintigraphy Scan grade 1.6 ± ± 0.7 < Scan GFR 32.5 ± ± 28.3 < Hilson s PI 256 ± 171 (n = 35) 156 ± 112 (n = 35) T max (min) 3.0 ± ± T 1/2 (min) 43.0 ± 26.3 (n = 32) 30.4 ± 36.9 (n = 36) δp (sec) 5.0 ± 2.4 (n = 26) 3.9 ± 1.5 (n = 27) Perfusion index 14.3 ± ± Excretion index 0.75 ± ± Plus-minus values are mean ± standard deviation. EDV = end diastolic velocity, egfr = estimated GFR, GFR = glomerular filtration rate, PI = perfusion index, PSV = peak systolic velocity, T 1/2 = time from peak to 1/2 peak, T max = time to peak of the renogram, USG = ultrasonography, δp = time in seconds between the peaks of the iliac and graft curve jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2016;74(5):

6 Table 3. Comparison of Clinical and Imaging Parameters According to the Occurrence of Renal Dysfunction Using the Kaplan Meier Survival Analysis Time (Months) 95% CI p-value Age > Sex Male Female Donor status Living Cadaver Doppler ultrasonography Resistive index > Pulsatility index > PSV > EDV > Renal scintigraphy Scan grade vs. 2: vs. 3 4: vs. 1: Scan GFR > Hilson s PI > T max (min) > T 1/2 (min) > δp (sec) > Perfusion index > Excretion index > Doppler ultrasonography and renal scintigraphy parameters were divided according to cut-off value using ROC curve analysis. CI = confidence interval, EDV = end diastolic velocity, GFR = glomerular filtration rate, PI = perfusion index, PSV = peak systolic velocity, ROC = receiver operating characteristic, T 1/2 = time from peak to 1/2 peak, T max = time to peak of the renogram, δp = time in seconds between the peaks of the iliac and graft curve Isiklar 등 (10) 은침생검법 (core needle biopsy) 의결과를바탕으로이식신의기능이상을진단하는데있어도플러초음파가신장신티그라피에비하여높은민감도 (81% vs. 59%) 와정확도 (75% vs. 58%) 를보인다고하였다. 그러나 Delaney 등 (7) 은급성이식신기능부전을진단하는데있어서 99m Tc DTPA 와 131 I-ortoiodohippurate 를이용한신장신티그라피가미세침흡인생검술 (fine-needle aspiration biopsy) 이나도플러초음파보다높은진단율 (70% vs. 52% vs. 43%) 을보인다고발표하였으며, Kocabaş 등 (8) 도수술후이식신의병리학적소견을감별하는데는도플러초음파보다는신장신티그라피가더유용한정보를제공한다고발표하였다. al Nahhas 등 (9) 은영상검사의지표와조직학적소견과의연관성이신장신티그라피의관류지수가도플러초음파의박동지수보다높고 (p < vs. p < 0.005), 이식신의관류상태를감별하는데있어관류지수가박동지수보다민감도 (87% vs. 83%) 와특이도 (94% vs. 69%) 가더높은검사법이라발표하였다. 본연구에서도신장신티그라피검사에서측정된 scan GFR 과 scan grade 가신장이식후기능평가에는유의한지표로나타났다. Scan GFR 과 egfr 과강한양적상관관계를보이는본연구의결과는 scan GFR 과추적기간중 egfr 과매우높은연관성 (correlation coefficient = 0.91) 을보였다는 Reinig 등 (13) 의보고와유사하다. 또한 scan grade 를 4단계로나누어비교한본연구와 99m Tc-MAC3 신티그라피시행후 scan grade 를 6단계로구분한 Heaf 와 Iversen (14) 의비교연구와유사한결과를보였으며, scan grade 가혈청크레아티닌과크레아티닌청소율과연관성이높고 scan grade 가높을수록지연된이식기능 (delayed graft function) 을보인다고발표하였다 (p < 0.001). 그러나신장신티그라피는장기간의생존분석에서 scan grade 에서경증또는중등도의신장기능이상 (mild or moderate dysfunction) 으로분류된환자군의생존기간이정상기능으로분류된환자군보다길게나타났고다른지표또한이식신의장기간의예후를반영하지는못하는것으로나타났다. 도플러초음파는측정된혈류속도 (EDV, PSV, MV) 를바탕으로저항지수와박동지수를측정하나이외에도동맥과정맥의혈류의양상 (arterial or venous wave pattern), 가속시간 (acceleration time) 등을측정하여신실질손상외에동맥혈관손상이나정맥혈전증등을진단할수있고 (11), 회색조초음파 (gray scale ultrasonography) 를통하여이식신의크기증가, 신피질두께의증가나에코음영의변화, 피질수질접합부의불분명한경계, 그리고중심동에코의소실등의소견을종합하여이식신의기능부전등을예측할수있으나단순한회색조초음파영상만으로는음성예측도가다양하기때문에도플 318 대한영상의학회지 2016;74(5): jksronline.org

7 윤여창외 러초음파의지표가여전히중요하게여겨지고있다. 하지만조기이식신기능이상의중요한원인인급성세뇨관괴사, 급성이식거부, 약제독성등을구분하여진단하는것은매우어려우며조직학적검사를필요로하는경우가많다 (15, 16). 일반적으로도플러초음파의지표중에서저항지수를가장많이이용하고있으며, Nezami 등 (17) 은도플러초음파의저항지수와박동지수가이식신의기능을결정하는데가치있는지표이며혈청크레아티닌수치와선형상관관계가있다고하였다. Rifkin 등 (18) 은급성거부반응을진단하는데있어저항지수가 0.9 이상인환자군에서는 100%, 0.8 이상인환자에서는 74% 의양성예측도를보였고, 0.7 이상인환자군에서는 94%, 0.6 이상인환자에서는 100% 의음성예측도를보여도플러초음파의저항지수가급성거부반응을발견하는데있어서정확한검사법이라고제시하였다. 본연구에서는저항지수와함께 EDV 값이중요한지표로나타났다. 이러한결과는 Gao 등 (19) 이조직학적인검사를바탕으로 interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy and vascular/glomerular sclerosis 가있는환자군에서 edematous changes in glomeruli without fibrosis 가있는환자군의비교연구에서낮은 PSV (23.1 cm/sec vs cm/sec, p < 0.001) 와낮은 EDV (6.7 cm/sec vs cm/sec, p < 0.001) 를보였으나저항지수는차이가없어혈역학지표로서 PSV 와 EDV 수치도유용하다고제시한결과와유사하다. 장기간의이식신의기능과예후예측에는도플러초음파가신장신티그라피보다유용하다는보고들이있다. McArthur 등 (20) 은도플러초음파의저항지수와박동지수에따라 12 개월째의 egfr 이의미있게차이를보였다고보고하고, 박동지수와저항지수가증가된환자군이이식신의생존율이불량하여저항지수와박동지수를 death-censored transplant survival 의독립적인예측인자로제시하였다. Radermacher 등 (21) 은신장이식후 3개월이후의도플러초음파에서저항지수가 0.8 이상으로증가되어있는환자군에서사구체여과율이 50% 이상감소 (69% vs. 12%), 투석 (47% vs. 9%), 사망률 (30% vs. 7%) 에서의미있게차이가있어이식신의소실의다변량적비교위험도 (multivariate relative risk) 는 9.1이며이는단백뇨나 cytomegalovirus 감염등다른위험인자들보다높은위험도를보여주었다고보고하였다. Naesens 등 (22) 도 3, 12, 24 개월에측정한저항지수가 0.8 이상인환자군이더높은사망률을보이며, 위험도는각각 5.20, 3.46, 4.12 로제시하였다. Enhesari 등 (23) 은 6개월째의 egfr 이 60 ml/min 이상인환자군에서의미있게낮은저항지수 (0.68 vs. 0.79, p < 0.001) 와낮은박동지수 (1.17 vs. 1.7, p < 0.001), 높은 EDV (9.5 cm/sec vs. 6.6 cm/sec, p = 0.002) 를보인다고보고하였다. 본연구에서 ROC curve 를이용한가장민감도와특이도가높은절단값으로, 저항지수는 0.68, 박동지수는 1.32 로계산되었으며낮은저항지수, 낮은박동지수를보이는환자군의생존기간이길게나타났다. 그러나통계학적으로의미있는차이를보이지않았다. 이는도플러초음파가신장이식수술후 4 일이내에시행되어이러한결과가나타났을가능성이있으며, 신장이식후정기적인도플러초음파검사를시행하고이를바탕으로한비교연구가필요한것으로생각된다. 신장이식후측정한혈청크레아티닌과 egfr 수치는이식신의상태외에도성별, 공여자의상태, 연령에따라서도차이를보일수있다. 본연구에서는사체장기제공자와생체장기제공자환자군간의통계학적으로유의한차이를보였으나, 1 개월이후에는차이가없어졌으며생존기간의유의한차이는보이지않았다. 오히려이식신의생존기간이성별에차이를보였다. 12 개월째측정된혈청크레아티닌이 tacrolimus 대신 cyclosporin 을면역억제제로사용한환자에서의미있게증가되었는데, 이는 Gonzalez 등 (24) 의비교연구에서도유사한결과를보이고있다. 또한환자의나이가많을수록높은저항지수가나타날수있다는보고도있어 (8), 도플러초음파에서정상범위의저항지수인경우는도플러초음파이외의소견이나위에언급한지표등을충분히고려하여야하겠다. 본연구의제한점으로는후향적으로연구가진행되었으며, 영상검사의최적기준 (gold standard) 으로서조직학적진단대신혈청크레아티닌과 egfr 을기준으로이식신의기능을평가하였다는점이며, 신장이식후 4일이내의영상검사를시행한환자만을포함하였으며정기적인추적영상검사를시행하지못하였다는점이다. 결론적으로, 도플러초음파의저항지수와함께신장신티그라피의 scan GFR 과 scan grade 가이식신의기능을반영하는지표로유용하며, 신장신티그라피가이식신의기능평가에있어도플러초음파에비하여더민감한검사방법이다. 도플러초음파의낮은저항지수와낮은박동지수를보이는환자군에서장기간의생존기간이증가되어있었으나통계적으로의미있는차이는보이지않았으며, 두영상검사의지표로는장기간의예후를예측하기는어려웠다. REFERENCES 1. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Knoll G, Bello A, Browne S, Jadhav D, et al. Systematic review: kidney transplantation compared with dialysis in clinically relevant outcomes. Am J Transplant 2011;11: jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2016;74(5):

8 2. Al-Jedai A, Alsultan M, Almeshari K, Alshaibani K, Elgamal H, Alkortas D, et al. Cost analysis of kidney transplantation in highly sensitized recipients compared to intermittent maintenance hemodialysis. Ann Transplant 2012;17: Halawa A. The early diagnosis of acute renal graft dysfunction: a challenge we face. The role of novel biomarkers. Ann Transplant 2011;16: Hariharan S, McBride MA, Cherikh WS, Tolleris CB, Bresnahan BA, Johnson CP. Post-transplant renal function in the first year predicts long-term kidney transplant survival. Kidney Int 2002;62: Gourishankar S, Hunsicker LG, Jhangri GS, Cockfield SM, Halloran PF. The stability of the glomerular filtration rate after renal transplantation is improving. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14: White C, Akbari A, Hussain N, Dinh L, Filler G, Lepage N, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate in kidney transplantation: a comparison between serum creatinine and cystatin C-based methods. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16: Delaney V, Ling BN, Campbell WG, Bourke JE, Fekete PS, O Brien DP 3rd, et al. Comparison of fine-needle aspiration biopsy, Doppler ultrasound, and radionuclide scintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute allograft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients: sensitivity, specificity, and cost analysis. Nephron 1993;63: Kocabaş B, Aktaş A, Aras M, Işiklar I, Gençoğlu A. Renal scintigraphy findings in allograft recipients with increased resistance index on Doppler sonography. Transplant Proc 2008;40: al-nahhas AM, Kedar R, Morgan SH, Landells WN, al-murrani B, Heary T, et al. Cellular versus vascular rejection in transplant kidneys. Correlation of radionuclide and Doppler studies with histology. Nucl Med Commun 1993;14: Isiklar I, Aktas A, Uzuner O, Demirag A, Haberal M. Power Doppler ultrasonography compared with scintigraphy in the diagnosis of renal allograft dysfunction. Transplant Proc 1999;31: Brown ED, Chen MY, Wolfman NT, Ott DJ, Watson NE Jr. Complications of renal transplantation: evaluation with US and radionuclide imaging. Radiographics 2000;20: Saracino A, Santarsia G, Latorraca A, Gaudiano V. Early assessment of renal resistance index after kidney transplant can help predict long-term renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21: Reinig JW, Gordon L, Frey D, Garrick E, Daniel WT 3rd. Glomerular filtration rate in transplantation patients: estimation of renal function using Tc-99m DTPA. Radiology 1985; 156: Heaf JG, Iversen J. Uses and limitations of renal scintigraphy in renal transplantation monitoring. Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27: Baxter GM. Ultrasound of renal transplantation. Clin Radiol 2001;56: Cosgrove DO, Chan KE. Renal transplants: what ultrasound can and cannot do. Ultrasound Q 2008;24:77-87; quiz Nezami N, Tarzamni MK, Argani H, Nourifar M. Doppler ultrasonographic indexes in kidney transplant recipients: its relationship with kidney function. Iran J Kidney Dis 2007;1: Rifkin MD, Needleman L, Pasto ME, Kurtz AB, Foy PM, Mc- Glynn E, et al. Evaluation of renal transplant rejection by duplex Doppler examination: value of the resistive index. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;148: Gao J, Rubin JM, Xiang DY, He W, Auh YH, Wang J, et al. Doppler parameters in renal transplant dysfunction: correlations with histopathologic changes. J Ultrasound Med 2011;30: McArthur C, Geddes CC, Baxter GM. Early measurement of pulsatility and resistive indexes: correlation with long-term renal transplant function. Radiology 2011;259: Radermacher J, Mengel M, Ellis S, Stuht S, Hiss M, Schwarz A, et al. The renal arterial resistance index and renal allograft survival. N Engl J Med 2003;349: Naesens M, Heylen L, Lerut E, Claes K, De Wever L, Claus F, et al. Intrarenal resistive index after renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 2013;369: Enhesari A, Mardpour S, Makki Z, Mardpour S. Early ultrasound assessment of renal transplantation as the valuable biomarker of long lasting graft survival: a cross-sectional study. Iran J Radiol 2014;11:e Gonzalez Molina M, Morales JM, Marcen R, Campistol JM, Oppenheimer F, Serón D, et al. Renal function in patients with cadaveric kidney transplants treated with tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Transplant Proc 2007;39: 대한영상의학회지 2016;74(5): jksronline.org

9 윤여창외 윤여창 1 신병석 1 * 엄준영 1 김성민 2 안문상 3 양신석 3 박미현 4 목적 : 신장이식후단기및장기간의신기능평가에서도플러초음파와신장신티그라피검사를비교하고자한다. 대상과방법 : 도플러초음파와 technetium-99m diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid 신장신티그라피를신장이식후 4일이내, 동일한날짜에시행한 79 명의환자를후향적으로분석하였다. 영상검사의지표들을통계학적으로분석하였다. 결과 : 신장이식후초기에신장신티그라피에서측정된사구체여과율이혈청크레아티닌에서계산된사구체여과율과강한양적상관관계를보였다 ( 상관계수 = 0.71). 신장신티그라피의시간활성곡선에따른등급과도플러초음파의저항지수와이완기말최저혈류속도는중등도의상관관계를보였다 ( 상관계수 = , , 0.370). 장기간의추적기간중낮은저항지수와낮은박동지수를보이는환자에서이식신의평균생존기간이길었으나통계학적차이는보이지않았다 ( 저항지수 0.68; 54.9개월 vs. > 0.68; 29.5개월, p = 0.121)( 박동지수 1.32; 53.8개월 vs. > 1.32; 28.7개월, p = 0.074). 결론 : 신장이식후단기간의이식신의기능평가에신장신티그라피가더민감한검사이다. 도플러초음파는장기간의이식신의생존기간을반영할수있다. 그러나이들지표들로장기간의이식신의기능이상을예측하기는어렵다. 충남대학교병원 1 영상의학과, 2 핵의학과, 3 일반외과, 4 단국대학교병원영상의학과 jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2016;74(5):

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