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1 Review and Analysis of Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks A wireless sensor network consists of sensor nodes which are expected to be battery-powered and hard to replace or recharge. Thus, reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes is an important design consideration in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we introduce existing energy-efficient MAC protocols, routing protocols, Cross Layer issues and standard technologies for wireless sensor networks. We here analyze two MAC protocols: Sensor MAC (S-MAC) and Timeout MAC (T-MAC) protocols which were proposed as energy-efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks. We compare the performance of the S-MAC protocol with that of the T-MAC protocol in terms of average power consumption and average delay for varying various input parameters. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol, Cross Layer, Sleep Mode Control

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7 III T active T sleep T slot T slot T active T sleep T 1 T 2 T 1 T active T 2 T sleep T 1 T active T active P 1 (1) T 1 T 2 T active T sleep T slot T 2 T sleep T sleep T active P 2 1 (2) T 1 T 2 T active T sleep T slot T slot D s D s D s Σ Pr(N pkt k)(dn pkt k)t sleep 2, (3) k0

8 N pkt (DN pkt k) k D s D s D D P sleep D s P sleep T sleep 2P 2 T 22 (4) E s E s T sleep T slot 1T active T slot (5) P c i Pc i 2 P cσ Pc i P i Pc active P 1 Pc sleep P 2 (6) i1 T active Duty cycle T active T sleep (7)

9 T A T 1 T 2 T slot 0 T slot (T slot t)t 1 exp(tt 1 )dt 0 T slot 1T 1 exp(tt 1 )dt T slot exp(t slot T 1 T ) slot T 1 (10) 1exp(T slot T 1 ) T 1 T 2 P 1, P 2 (8) T 1 T 2 T 1 T 2 T 1 T 1 E[T 1 ] S T A T 1 T p T p T 1 N 1 N 1 N 2 E[ Σ S i Σ {(T pj T pj T A )S j }T A ] i0 j0 N 1 N 2 E[ Σ S i ]E[ Σ (T pj T pj T A )S j ]T A i1 j1 E[N 1 ]E[S]E[N 2 ](E[T p T p T A ]E[S])T A, (9) N 1 S i i N 2 N 1 T pj (j1) j T p1 N 1 λ p T 2 E[N 1 ]λ p T 2 T slot exp(t slot T 1 ) λ p { T slot T 1 } (11) 1exp(T slot T 1 ) N 1 N 2 E[N 2 ]Σ npr(n 2 n) n0 n Σ nπ Pr(T pi T A )Pr(T pn1 T A ) n1 i1 Σ n ( T n A λ p exp(λ p t)dt 0 ) ( λ p exp(λ p t)dt n1 T A ) Σ n(1exp(λ p T A )) n exp(λ p T A ) n1 1exp(λ p T A ) (12) exp(λ p T A ) T 2 E[T 2 ]E[T slot T 1 T 1 T slot ]

10 S S αk s α t α1 (Pareto) f s (t) µ p exp(µ p t) (exponential) δ(t1µ p ) (constant) k s α (Pareto) E[S] α1 (13) 1µ p (exponential or constant) E s E s P 2 (T slot T A )T slot (17) P c i Pc i 2 P cσ Pc i P i Pc active P 1 Pc sleep P 2 (18) i1 k s α S T p T A T p E[T p T p T A ] T A tλ p exp(λ p t)dt 0 1 T A exp(λ p T A ) (14) T A λ p exp(λ p t)dt λ p 1exp(λ p T A ) 0 T 1 T A T 2 T slot T A D s D s T 2 2(T slot T A )2 (15) D (T slot T A ) (T slot T A ) D P 2 T 22 (16) T slot 2 Duty cyclep 1 T A T slot (19) IV E s D s D s D s E s D s P c

11 µ D s P c P c T A T slot T A

12 λ µ λ µ λ µ λ µ λ λ P c T A T active P c λ p 1µ p λ p 1µ p P c T A T A D T A D T A D T A T active D λ p 1µ p D T A D T A D T A P c λ p λ p P c λ p T active P c 1µ p P c T A P c

13 λ λ µ λ µ λ µ λ µ λ µ µ µ µ λ λ D λ p λ p D λ p T active D 1µ p D

14 µ µ µ µ λ λ D D V

15 [1] K. Sohrabi, J. Gao, V. Ailawadhi and G. Pottie, ''Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network,'' IEEE Personal Communications, Vol. 7, No. 5, Oct. 2000, pp [2] C. Guo, L. Zhong and J. Rabaey, ''Low power distributed MAC for ad hoc sensor networks,'' in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM 2001, Vol. 5, Nov. 2001, pp [3] M. Miller and N. Vaidya, ''Minimizing energy consumption in sensor networks using a wakeup radio,'' in Proc. IEEE WCNC 2004, Vol. 4, Mar. 2004, pp [4] IEEE Standard , ''Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, [5] J. Hill and D. Culler. Mica, ''A wireless platform for deeply embedded networks,'' IEEE Micro, Vol. 22, Nov. 2002, pp [6] A. El-Hoiydi, ''Aloha with preamble sampling for sporadic traffic in ad hoc wireless sensor networks,'' in Proc. IEEE ICC 2002, Vol. 5, Apr. 2002, pp [7] J. Polastre and D. Culler, ''B-MAC: An adaptive CSMA layer for low-power operation,'' Technical Report, Dec [8] A. El-Hoiydi, J.-D. Decotignie, C. Enz and E. Le Roux, ''Poster abstract: WiseMAC, an Ultra Low Power MAC Protocol for the WiseNET Wireless Sensor Network '' in Proc. ACM Sensys 003, Nov [9] W.Ye, J.Heidemann, and D. Estrin, ''An energyefficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks,'' in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2002, Vol. 3, Jun. 2002, pp [10] T.van Dam And K. Langendoen, ''An adaptive energyefficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks,'' in Proc. ACM Sensys 2003, Nov. 2003, pp [11] P. Havinga and G. Smit, ''Energy-efficient TDMA medium access control protocol scheduling,'' in Proc. AMOC 2000, Nov. 2000, pp [12] J. C. Haartsen, ''The Bluetooth radio system,'' IEEE Personal Communications, Vol. 7, No. 1, Feb. 2000, pp [13] Specification of the Bluetooth System: Core (2001). [14] L. van Hoesel and P. Havinga, ''A lightweight medium access protocol for wireless sensor networks,'' in Proc. INSS 2004, May [15] K. Arisha, M. Youssef and M. Younis, ''Energy-aware TDMA-based MAC for sensor networks,'' in Proc. IMPACCT 2002, May [16] G. Pei and C. Chien, ''Low Power TDMA in large wireless sensor networks,'' in Proc. IEEE MILCOM 2001, Vol. 1, Oct. 2001, pp [17] S. Singh and C. Raghavendra, ''PAMAS: Power aware multi-access protocol with signaling for ad hoc networks,'' ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, Jul. 1998, pp [18] W. R Heinzelman, J. Kulik and H. Balakrishnan, ''Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks,'' in Proc. ACM/IEEE MobiCom 1999, Aug. 1999, pp [19] W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, ''Energy efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks,'' in Proc. IEEE Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2000, Jan [20] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan and D. Estrin, ''Directed diffusion: A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks,'' in Proc. ACM/IEEE MobiCom 2000, Aug [21] C. Schurgers and M. Srivastava, ''Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks,'' in Proc. IEEE MILCOM 2001, Vol. 1, Oct. 2001, pp [22] R. C. Shah and J. M. Rabaey, ''Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks,'' in Proc. IEEE WCNC 2002, Vol. 1, Mar. 2002, pp [23] Di Tian, Nicolas D. Georganas, ''Energy Efficient Routing with Gauranteed Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks,'' in Proc. IEEE WCNC 2003, Vol. 3, Mar. 2003, pp [24] F. Ye, S. Lu and L. Zhang, ''Gradient Broadcast: A Robust, Longlived Sensor Network,'' ps, 2001 [25] D. Ganesan, R. Govindan, S. Shenker and D. Estrin, ''Highly-Resilient Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks,'' ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct [26] D. Braginsky, D. Estrin, ''Rumor Routing Algorithm for sensor Networks,'' in Proc. ACM WSNA 2002, Sep. 2002, pp [27] K. Langendoen, G. Halkes, ''Energy-efficient Medium Access Control,'' Delft University of Technology in

16 Netherlands, papers/mac-chapter.pdf [28] A. J. Goldsmith and S. B. Wicker, ''Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks,'' IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 9, No. 4, Aug. 2002, pp [29] R. Madan, S. Cui, S. Lall and A. J. Goldsmith, ''Cross Layer design for lifetime maximization in interference-limited wireless sensor networks,'' submitted to IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2004 (available at stanford.edu/ Publications.html). [30] T. ElBatt and A. Ephremides, ''Joint scheduling and power control for wireless ad hoc networks,'' IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 1, Jan. 2004, pp [31] R. Cruz and A. Santhanam, ''Optimal routing, link scheduling and power control in multi-hop wireless networks,'' in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2003, Vol. 1, Mar. 2003, pp [32] U. Kozat, I. Koutsopoulos and L. Tassiulas, ''A framework for Cross Layer design of energyefficient Communication with QoS provisioning in multi-hop wireless networks,'' in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2004, Vol. 2, Mar. 2004, pp [33] R. Bhatia and M. Kodialam, ''On power efficient communication over multi-hop wireless Networks: Joint routing, scheduling and power control,'' in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2004, Vol. 2, Mar. 2004, pp [34] Safwati A., Hassanein H., Mouftah H., ''Optimal crosslayer designs for energy-efficient wireless ad hoc and sensor networks,'' in Proc. IEEE IPCCC 2003, Apr. 2003, pp [35] S. Cui, A. J. Goldsmith and A. Bahai, ''Joint modulation and multiple access optimization under energy constraints,'' in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM 2004, Vol. 4, May 2004, pp [36] S. Cui, R. Madan, S. Lall and A. J. Goldsmith, ''Joint routing, MAC and link layer optimization in sensor networks with energy constraints,'' submitted to IEEE ICC 2005, South Korea, May 2005 (available at [37] S. Cui, A. Goldsmith and A. Bahai, ''Energyconstrained Modulation Optimization for Coded Systems,'' in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM 2003, Vol. 1, Dec. 2003, pp [38] S. Cui, A. Goldsmith and A. Bahai, ''Energy-efficiency of MIMO and Cooperative MIMO Techniques in ensor Networks,'' IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, Vol. 22, No. 6, Aug. 2004, pp [39] Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), IEEE Standard TM, Apr [40] [41] Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), IEEE Standard TM, Oct [42] [43] [44] [45], UWB,, 113, ~10. [46], USN, ITFIND-, 1165, [47],, RFID, TTA, 95, pp

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