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1 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol. 10, No. 10, pp , 2009 구성완 1, 김진영 1* 1 광운대학교전파공학과 Iterative Decoding Algorithm for VLC Systems Sung-Wan Koo 1 and Jin-Young Kim 1* 1 Department of Wireless Communication Engineering, Kwangwoon University 요약최근에그린 IT기술이온실효과, 자원의재활용등의문제들로주목받고있다. 본논문에서는보다개선된성능을얻기위해서터보부호화된가시광통신시스템을제안한다. 본논문에서는정보손실을줄이기위해사용되는터보부호기술을사용하였고복호알고리즘으로 Log MAP 알고리즘과 SOVA를사용하여비교분석하였다. 그결과, 터보부호기술로약 5[dB] 이상의성능이개선됨을알수있었다. Abstract Recently, the Green IT is noticed because of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, a drain on natural resources and pollution. In this paper, Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems with Turbo Coded scheme using LED is proposed and simulated in an optical wireless channel. As a forward error correction scheme to reduce information losses, turbo coding was employed. To decode the codewords, The Map (Maximum a Posteriori) algorism and SOVA (Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm) is used. The above mentioned schemes are described and simulation results are analyzed. As using turbo codes scheme, BER performance of proposed VLC systems is improved about 5 [db]. Key Words : Visible Light Communication, Turbo codes, Log MAP Algorithm, SOVA (Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm). 1. 서론 최근에전세계적으로자원고갈과온난화문제해결에집중하고있다. 이문제들을해결하기위해더효율적이고재생이가능한에너지개발을하고있는데그기술중에하나가기존의백열등과형광등을대체할수있는 LED 기술이다. LED는조명산업에서부각되기시작하여현재는전자, 통신분야까지확대되고있다. 가시광통신은 LED 조명인프라를이용하여빛을통해서데이터전송이가능한차세대통신기술이다. 가시광파장 (wavelength : [nm], frequency : [THz]) 을이용하기때문에신호를송신하기위하여가시광선 LED를사용하고, 신호를수신하기위해서는광다이오드 (Photo Diode : PD) 를사용한다 [1,2]. 가시광통신의장점은넓은가시광대역에서정보전송가능, 물리적보안성강화, 고속의정보전송가능, 주파수허가에자유로움, 기존 RF 대역과의혼신가능성과사용료없음, 인체에무해등을들수있다. 반면에, 단점으로는감쇠특성으로인한짧은도달거리, 태양광과인공조명에의한간섭현상, 상대적으로고가인부품등을들수있다. 가시광통신은기존의전파만으로는제공하기어려운기능을제공함으로써보안 Point-to- Point 통신, 실내 LBS(Location Base Service), ITS(Intelligent Transportation System), Information Broadcast 등보안성이강화되는 4G 및 WLAN 기술로활용될수있다. 많은장점을가진가시광통신을실제로사용하기위해서는단점들을해결해야한다. 따라서본논문은통신환경을최적화시킬수있는채널부호화의기술인터보 본논문은지식경제부및정보통신산업진흥원의대학 IT 연구센터지원사업의연구결과로수행되었음. (NIPA-2009-(C )) * 교신저자 : 김진영 (jinyoung@kw.ac.kr) 접수일 09 년 09 월 16 일수정일 09 년 10 월 13 일게재확정일 09 년 10 월 14 일 2766

2 [ 그림 1] 제안된가시광통신시스템모델 부호를제안한다. 무선통신환경에서채널부호화기술은통신환경을개선시키기위해필수적이다. 채널부호화방법인터보부호는무선통신환경에서발생하는오류를최소화하고자하는요구를충족시키기위해서 Berru 등에의해제안된채널부호화기술이다. 이기술은 AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise) 환경에서비교적간단한복호알고리즘을가지면서 18번의반복복호시에 Shannon 성능과 0.7dB 차이를갖는낮은신호대잡음비 (SNR : signal to noise ratio) 에서비트오류율 (BER : Bit Error Rate) 이 10-5 이라는획기적인성능을보임으로써많은관심을불러일으켰다 [3]. 그후터보부호화기법은페이딩채널상에서도신뢰성을보장할수있는강력한부호화기법임이입증되었다. 본논문에서는실내환경에서실험된가시광채널을가지고채널부호화인터보부호를적용하여그성능차이를비교하였다. 본논문의구성은다음과같다. 2장에서는제안한터보코드가적용된가시광통신시스템에대해서설명을한다. 3장에서는제안한시스템에서의실험결과를, 4장에서는본논문에대한결론을내려한다. 제안된채널모델을적용한다 [7]. 그림 2와같이 Line of Sight (LOS) 인경우에반사가없으며수신단의크기 AR 은송 수신단의거리 R 제곱에비해상당히작다고가정한다. 채널임펄스응답은 Dirac delta function으로간략히표현할수있다. (1) 여기서, 은수신단의미소면적의입체각이다., (2) 는 과 사이의각도로 (3) 2. 시스템모델 제안한터보부호화된가시광통신시스템모델은그림 1과같다. 이시스템에서송신단에서데이터비트들은터보부호기 (CRSC Encoder : Circular Recursive Systematic Convolutional Encoder) 단에들어가고펑쳐링된데이터비트들을 BPSK로변조한다 [4-5]. 변조된데이터는아날로그신호로변환되어송신한다. 무선광채널을통과한신호는수신단에들어와전기신호로변환되고, 복조된데이터는 Log MAP (Maximum a Posteriori) 알고리즘 [6, 8-10] 과 SOVA (Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm) [11] 을사용하여복호화를수행한다. 본논문에서는가시광을이용하여통신을하기때문에무선광채널을고려한다. 채널모델은 Barry등에의해서 는 와 사이의각도로 [ 그림 2] 확산형 LOS 링크모델 (4) 2767

3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 10 권제 10 호, 2009 n은모드넘버로송신단의 Half-angle 로계산할수있다. 일반적으로무선광채널에서는전송품질은산탄잡음에의존한다. 하지만, 수신단에서협대역광필터를사용하기때문에높은차수를가지는산탄잡음을무시할수있다. 따라서무선광통신채널모델은다음과같이표현한다. (5), (6) 여기서, 는수신된신호, 는입력신호, 는 AWGN, 은 Optical/Electric (O/E) 변환효율, 은컨볼루션연산이다. 4. 결론 본논문에서는가시광통신기술의단점인주변환경에대한문제를해결하기위해채널부호화인터보부호를제안하고모의실험을하였다. 실험결과에서알수있듯이터보부호를사용함으로써약 5 [db] 이상의 BER 성능이개선됨을알수있었고, 복호알고리즘을어떠한알고리즘을사용하는가도 BER 성능을결정하는데중요한역할을할것으로보인다. 향후실제로가시광통신기술이사용되기위해서는보다많은문제점들을해결해야되고연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 1 Channel impulse response [1/s] 실험결과 0.2 그림 3은 bounce를 9개까지고려한채널임펄스응답이다. 본논문은이채널임펄스응답을가진채널에서실험을하였다. 각채널별 SNR에따른 BER 성능을그림 3에서보여주고있다. 여기서는가시광통신채널의 BER 성능이 Rayleigh 채널에서 4 [db] 까지는거의비슷한채널상태를보여줌을알수있다. 이후, SNR이증가함으로써가시광통신채널이 LOS를고려하였기때문에상대적으로성능이 BER이떨어짐을알수있다. 그림 5은채널부호인터보부호를적용함으로써 BER 성능이개선됨을알수있다. 그림 6은터보부호에 Log MAP 복호알고리즘을사용할때, 복호반복횟수에따른 BER 성능을보여주고있다. 복호횟수가증가할수록 BER 성능이개선됨을알수있다. 그리고어느정도의개선이이루어지면성능개선의포화를보여줌을알수있다. 그림 7은터보부호의복호알고리즘으로 Log MAP 알고리즘과 SOVA를비교한 BER 성능그래프이다. Log MAP 알고리즘이 SOVA를이용한복호방법보다약 1 [db] 정도성능이개선됨을알수있었다 Time [ns] [ 그림 3] 9 개의 bounce 를고려한가시광채널임펄스응답 10 0 VLC Channel Rayreigh Channel (Theory) AWGN Channel (Theory) [ 그림 4] AWGN, Rayleigh, 가시광채널의 BER 성능비교 2768

4 10 0 Uncoded Turbo code 1/2 Log MAP Algorithm SOVA 10-5 [ 그림 5] 터보부호를적용후 BER 성능비교 10-5 [ 그림 7] 복호알고리즘에따른 BER 성능비교 Iteration = 1 Iteration = 2 Iteration = 3 Iteration = 4 Iteration = 5 [ 그림 6] 터보부호의 Log MAP 복호알고리즘에서반복횟수에따른 BER 성능비교 참고문헌 [1] Jin Young Kim, Visible Light Communication Systems, Hongreung Science Publishers, Seoul, Korea, [2] T. Komine and M. Nakagawa, Fundamental analysis for visible-light communication system using LED lights, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol.50, no.1, pp , Feb [3] Y. Tanaka, T. Komine, S. Haruyama and M. Nakagawa. Indoor visible communication utilizing plural white LEDs as lighting, in Proc.of the 12th IEEE International Symp. on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, vol2, pp Sept [4] C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding: Turbo codes, in Proc. of IEEE ICC`93, Geneva, Switzerland, pp , June [5] C. Berrou and A. Glavieux, Near optimum error correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-Codes, IEEE Trans. Commun.,vol.44, pp , [6] J. B. Anderson and S. M. Hladik, Tail-biting MAP decoders, IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm.,vol.16, no.2, pp , Feb [7] J. R. Barry, Wireless Infrared Communications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994 [8] J. Woodard, L. Hanzo, Comparative study of turbo decoding techniques: an overview, IEEE Trans. Vehic. Tech., vol.49, no.6, pp , Nov

5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 10 권제 10 호, 2009 [9] P. Robertson, P. Hoeher, and E. Villebrun, Optimal and sub-optimal maximum a posteriori algorithm suitable for turbo decoding, Eur. Trans. Telecommun., vol.8, no.2, pp , April [10] M. R. Soleymani, YINGZI GAO, and U. Vilipornsawai, Turbo Coding for Satellite and Wireless Communications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, [11] J. Hagenauer and P. Hoeher, "A Viterbi algorithm with soft-decision outputs and its applications, " in Proc. GLOBECOM '89, Dallas, TX, Nov. 1989, pp 구성완 (Sung-Wan Koo) [ 준회원 ] 2008 년 2 월 : 광운대학교전파공학과 ( 공학사 ) 년 3 월 현재 : 광운대학교전파공학과석사과정재학중. < 관심분야 > 디지털통신, 가시광통신, MIMO, 채널부호화, 협력무선통신 김진영 (Jin-Young Kim) [ 정회원 ] 1998년 2월 : 서울대학교전자공학과공학박사 1999년 7월 : 미국 Princeton University, Research Associate 2000년 2월 ~ 2001년 2월 : SK 텔레콤네트웍연구원책임연구원 2001년 3월 ~ 현재 : 광운대학교전파공학과부교수 2009년 ~ 현재 : 미국 M.I.T 공대 Visiting Scientist < 관심분야 > 디지털통신, 무선통신, 채널부호화 2770

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