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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 527~532, ISSN Print ISSN Online 해수채널환경에서가시광통신성능해석 손경락 ( 원고접수일 :2013 년 6 월 12 일, 원고수정일 :2013 년 7 월 12 일, 심사완료일 :2013 년 7 월 15 일 ) Performance analysis of the visible light communication in seawater channel Kyung-Rak Sohn 요약 : 무선가시광통신기술은실내또는수중에서고속통신서비스가가능하여많은주목을받고있다. 그러나가시광에대한해수채널의통신성능은현재의가시광파장영역광원과광검출기기술의한계와수중통신채널의변화로인한여러가지제약사항들때문에실용화를위해서는극복해야할문제점들이존재한다. 본논문에서는직선상의가시영역에있는해수환경에서신호대잡음비와비트오류율을분석하였다. 데이터속도, 통신거리, 감쇠계수등과같은파라미터들의영향에대하여연구하였으며, OOK와 L-PPM 변조기법을적용한시스템의모델링과전산모의를통하여수중환경통신에대한강점과제한점등을기술하였다. 주제어 : 수중통신, 가시광통신, 해수광채널, 감쇠계수 Abstract: The wireless visible light communication technology has received great attention for high-data rate services in the room and underwater. However, performance of a visible light seawater link is limited by multiple constraints from the current light source and detector technology, and underwater channel conditions. In this paper, performance of the line of sight underwater link was analyzed in terms of signal to noise ratio and bit error rate of the detector. Roles of different parameters such as data rate, transmission distance, and attenuation coefficient, are studied. Through the modeling and simulation of the OOK and L-PPM modulation technologies for undersea environment application, the advantages and limitations are described in detail. Keywords: Underwater communication, Visible light communication, Seawater optical channel, Attenuation coefficient 1. 서론 수중통신에관한최근의연구동향을살펴보면해안감시시스템, 해양환경연구, 수중자율운동체등의다양한응용을위한수중센서네트워크구축에상당한관심과기초연구가보고되고있다 [1]. 이러한시스템들간의연동은궁극적으로수중의통신인프라를요구하게된다. 현재수중통신을위한방법은음파, 고주파및광파로크게분류되며각각의기술에는장점과제한적요소가동시에 존재한다. 음파를이용한통신기술은수중에서신호감쇠가작고열적안정성이우수하여가장다양하게그리고광범위하게사용되고있으며특히심해에서장거리통신방식으로주목받고있다. 그러나얕은바다에서는온도변화와분포에영향을받게되고수면에서발생하는잡음에민감하며음파의반사와굴절에의한다중경로진행파의간섭을고려하여야한다. 수중에서의음파속도는진공에서보다 5배정도빠르지만전자파에비하여매우 Corresponding Author: Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan , Korea, krsohn@hhu.ac.kr, Tel:
2 손경락 느리므로정보전송용량이수 kbps 이하로제한된다. 이를해결하기위한방안으로훨씬높은주파수대역의전자파를고려할수있지만물이라는매질의특성상고주파수에서는전도성을보이기때문에감쇄가심하여통신이어렵다. 통신이가능하다고하더라도매우높은안테나출력을요구하게되고통신거리는수십 m 이하로제한적이다. 주파수가낮아지게되면안테나의크기가문제가되므로연구가미진한상태이다 [2][3]. 수중에서단거리무선통신을목표로한다면가시광대역의빛을이용하는방법이유력한후보가될수있으며, 심해의맑은해수조건이라면고속데이터통신이가능한센서네트워크구축도가능하다. 광주파수영역에서광전력은수중에서지수함수적으로감소하는경향을보이며속도또한진공에비하여 9배정도느려지지만 ( 수중에서광속은 정도이다 ), 수중음파에비하여넓은대역폭을제공할수있는 THz 영역의캐리어주파수를가지므로비디오영상전송및실시간수중시스템제어가가능한이점을가지고있다. 본연구에서는가시광영역에서해수의흡수계수와산란계수를이용하여수중가시광통신에미치는영향을분석하여전산모의하였다. 수중의탁도가통신거리및정보전송요량에미치는영향을공기중가시광통신특징과비교하여제시하였으며, 비트오류율 (Bit error rate: BER) 을계산하여통신성능을확인하였다. 2. 해수채널특성 광파를이용한통신의가장큰장점중하나는 1 Gbps 이상의데이터전송률이가능한넓은대역폭을제공한다는것이다. 그러나무선광통신을수중에적용할경우광신호가수중에서급격히흡수되는점과수중의부유물과플랑크톤등에의한산란으로신호가감쇠된다는단점이있다. 수중가시광통신의가능성과성능을평가하기위한통신시스템및채널모델을 Figure 1로표현하였다. 광원과수광소자간의거리는 이며광원파장에대한해수손실과일반적인채널의잡음으로가산적백색가우시안노이즈 (Additive white Gaussian Figure 1: Schematic of the underwater channel model noise: AWGN) 를고려하였다. 특정파장에서방출되는빛의세기를 라하고수중에서미소거리 만큼진행했을때감쇠된빛세기를 Beer의법칙을이용하여 로표현하면식 (1) 과같다. (1) 양변을송수신거리 에대하여적분하면목표지점에도달하는광세기를구할수있으며식 (2) 로주어진다. (2) 여기서 는수신기가놓인거리 에도달한광세기, 는송신기 ( ) 의초기광세기이 며, 는물의흡수계수와산란계수의합으로주어지는감쇠계수이다. 흡수와산란정도는빛의파장과물의탁도에의존하는파라미터이다. 다양한수질에대하여 514 nm 의가시광파장에서측정한흡수와산란계수는 Table 1과같다. Table 1: Absorption and scattering coefficient of various types of water at 514 nm wavelength [1] Water type Absorption Scattering Pure seawater Clean ocean Coastal ocean Turbid harbor 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 37 권제 5 호 ( ) 528
3 해수채널환경에서가시광통신성능해석 해수의탁도가높아수질이혼탁할수록산란에의한빛의감쇠가크게일어남을보여준다. 일반적으로공기중광무선통신에서수신광전력은거리의제곱에반비례하며수신단의이득에비례한다. 이를수중광링크에서적용한다면해수의감쇠계수가포함된식 (3) 으로수신광전력 을나타낼수있다 [3]. (3) 수신영역을확장하거나광다이오드이득이큰 APD를사용하는것이요구된다. 일정한통신거리에서해수감쇠계수에따라수광전력의변화를 Figure 3에서보여준다. 1 m 이하의근거리에서는탁도변화에대한수신전력의변화가크지않지만그이상의통신거리에서는감쇠계수의영향을크게받게되므로해수의탁도변화및유기물에의한빛의산란계수가높아짐으로서통신성능이급격히저하될수있다. 여기서 는송신단의출력광전력, 은광검출기의물리적인광수신면적이며 는송수신단간직선거리이다. 해수의감쇠계수가클수록수신광전력은지수함수적으로감소함을알수있다. Table 2는해수채널에대한가시광통신성능전산모의를위하여본논문에서사용한파라미터값이다. 송신광원은 514 nm 중심파장을가지는 LED 이며, 출력광전력은 5 W ( 37 dbm) 이다. 수광소자의파라미터는 OSRAM의실리콘기반 PIN 형광검출기 (PIN PD) 로모델명은 SFH-213 이다. 애버런치광다이오드 (Avalanche photodiode) 는 Hamamatsu 사의 S5343의파라미터를이용하였다. Figure 2: Received optical power vs. distance in terms of water types Table 2: Numerical calculation parameters Initial power 5W ( 37 dbm) Wavelength, 514 nm Data rate, R 1 Mbps Modulation scheme OOK, L-PPM PIN Quantum efficiency, 0.93 Electrons/photon PD Detection area, 1 mm 2 gain, G 50 APD Quantum efficiency, 0.8 Electrons/photon Effective active area mm Figure 2 는 Table 1 에서제시한몇가지수질에 대하여계산한수신광전력의변화를보여준다. 수광소자가광원으로부터멀리떨어질수록수신전력은지수함수적으로감소하여통신가능거리는매우제한적인영역으로한정된다. 그러므로 Figure 3: Received optical power vs. attenuation coefficient for different transmission distance 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 37 권제 5 호 ( ) 529
4 손경락 3. 수중가시광통신성능분석 Shannon-Hartley 정리에따르면채널용량 은채널모델및전송제약조건이주어진상태에서식 (4) 으로표현된다. log (4) 여기서 W는시스템대역폭이다. SNR (Signal-tonoise ratio) 은신호전력대잡음전력비이며식 (5) 로주어진다. 수신기의이득과수신광전력에비례하며수신데이터속도에반비례하는함수로표현된다 [4]. 통신가능거리는 20 m 이하로 SNR은 25 db 부근이다. 수중에서충분한통신거리를확보하는측면에서는 APD가유리하지만 100V 이상의역방향전압이요구되므로가시광통신모뎀인터페이스를위한수중이동체및로봇의전력공급여건에따라적용여부가고려되어야할부분이다. PIN PD의경우는이득이 1이하이지만가격이싸고수 V 정도의저전압으로도구동이가능하므로모선과근접하여통신하는경우에는소비전력측면에서유리할수있다. (5) 는양자효율, 는수신기의이득, R은데이터속도, 는플랑크상수, 는광속이다. 식 (3) 로부터계산된수신광전력 을식 (5) 에대입하여정리하면 LED에서방사된광출력을이용하여 SNR을구할수있는식 (6) 이된다. (6) Figure 4: SNR vs. distance for the different types of water 식 (6) 을이용하여다양한해수에대해서계산된 SNR 은 Figure 4와같다. PIN PD 와 APD를수신광다이오드로이용하여계산한결과로부터심해저와같은깨끗한해수에서는광전변환이득이높은 APD가 SNR을크게개선시키지만탁도가높은해안지역및항구주변은산란계수의영향이크게작용하여가시광통신구현에어려움이있음을시사한다. 시스템대역폭이 100 khz 일때수질별채널용량을계산한결과는 Figure 5로주어진다. 수중에서비디오영상등을전송하기위하여 1 Mbps 이상의전송속도를요구할경우깨끗한해수로알려진심해에서는 APD로수신단을구성하면 40 m 정도의통신거리를확보할수있으며이때의요구되는 SNR 은 30 db 이상이다. 한편 PIN PD를사용하면 Figure 5: Channel capacity vs. distance for the different types of water 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 37 권제 5 호 ( ) 530
5 해수채널환경에서가시광통신성능해석 교변조기법으로잘알려져있다 [6]. M 개의메시지비트를이용하여 L 개의가능한시간천이중하나에단일펄스를보내는방식으로부호화한다. 본연구에서는수중통신환경에서 OOK 와 L-PPM의통신성능을평가하였다. L-PPM의비트오류확률은식 (7) 으로주어진다 [7]. (6) Figure 6: Channel capacity vs. attenuation coefficient at the different distances 감쇠계수의변화에따른정보전송용량은 Figure 6에나타내었다. 1 m 내외에서는해수의탁도변화에대하여급격한데이터전송속도의제한은없으며 1 Mbps 이상을보장할수있다. 그러나 5 m 정도의송수신단간거리에도감쇠계수가 1/m 이상이면 APD를사용한경우라도 1Mbps를보장할수없다. 자유공간상에서사용되어지는가장일반적인광통신변조기법은 on-off keying (OOK) 이며, 이방법은간단한시스템구현으로적용이가능하여수중통신에서도널리활용될수있다. 수중가시광통신을위한채널환경을가산적백색가우시안잡음이있는 AWGN (Additive white Gaussian noise) 채널로가정한후 OOK 변조에서비트오율을구하면식 (6) 으로주어진다 [5]. 여기서 는수신된신호의문턱전압을결정하는인자로서통상 의값을가질때최소에러율을보이므로본연구에서는 0.5로설정하였다. Figure 7은통신거리에대한 OOK와 L-PPM의 BER 성능을비교한것이다. 통신가능범위내에서 이하의 BER 을보장하는조건이라면 APD 를 사용한 8-PPM의경우 40 m 이상의통신거리를보장하여가장성능이우수함을알수있다. 그러나 PIN PD 로구성된수신기에서 OOK 변조는 10 여 m 정도의통신거리에서품질을보장할수있는수준이다. (6) 여기서 는여오차함수 (Complementary error function) 이다. 실내 LED 조명통신에서주로사용하는변조방식은디밍 (dimming) 제어가가능하면서깜박임발생을최소화할수있는단일펄스위치변조방식 (single- pulse position modulation: L-PPM ) 이며직 Figure 7: BER performance against distance according to the modulation techniques Figure 8은신호대잡음비에대한 BER을비교한결과이다. OOK의경우 이상의 BER을위해서는 20 db 정도의 SNR이요구되지만, 8-PPM의 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 37 권제 5 호 ( ) 531
6 손경락 경우는 10 db의 SNR로도동일조건을만족시킨다. 즉수중통신에서도 OOK 변조방식보다 L-PPM의변조방법이더나은 SNR을보여줌을알수있다. Figure 8: BER performance of different modulations at the different SNR conditions 4. 결론 본연구에서는해저에서근거리고속통신으로주목받고있는가시광통신의성능을수신광전력, 통신거리, 신호대잡음비, 비트오율등을이용하여전산모의하였다. 통신성능에가장영향을미치는요인은해수의탁도에의해결정되는산란계수이다. 심해의경우상대적으로맑은해수환경이므로 1 Mbps 급데이터속도로수십 m 정도의가시광무선통신이가능함을전산모의결과로부터제시하였다. 심해자원개발및환경모니터링을위한자율주행이동체및로봇들이저전력으로임무를수행하면서무선통신을하기위해서는소형화가가능하고전력소비가낮은수중통신모뎀기술을적용하는것이유리하다. 이러한관점에서 LED 기반가시광통신은기존의음향파수중통신과상호보완적인기술로서응용될수있기를바란다. Hu, Optical wireless underwater communication for AUV: preliminary simulation and experimental results, Proceedings on IEEE Oceans, pp. 1-5, [2] K-R. Sohn, A study on the short-range underwater communication using visible LEDs, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, vol. 37, no. 4, pp , 2013 (in Korean). [Online]. Available: [3] M.Sui, X. Yu, and F. Zhang, The evaluation of modulation techniques for underwater wireless optical communications, IEEE International Conference on Communication Software and Networks, pp , [4] Z. Xu, Approximate performance analysis of wireless ultraviolet links, Proceeding of IEEE Cnference on Aoustics, Seech and Signal Processing, pp , [5] D-K. Park, Study on short-range non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, vol. 36, no. 1, pp , 2012 (in Korean). [6] X. Fu, G. Chen, T. Tang, Y. Zhao, P. Wang, and Y. Zhang, Research and simulation of PPM modulation and demodulation system on spatial wireless optical communication, Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronic, pp. 1-5, [7] M.Sui, X. Yu, and Z. Zhou, The modified PPM modulation for underwater wireless optical communication, IEEE International Conference on Communication Software and Networks, pp , 참고문헌 [1] D. Anguita, D. Brizzolara, G. Parodi, amd Q. 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 37 권제 5 호 ( ) 532
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