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1 Vol. 28, No. 6, (2015) DOI: ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) Paper 엘리베이터용와이어로프와 CFRP UD 의벤딩해석비교 박성민 * 신동우 * 권일준 * 유성훈 ** 문완기 *** Comparison between Wire Rope and CFRP UD on Bending Analysis Sung-Min Park*, Dong-Woo Shin*, Il-Jun Kwon*, Sung-Hun Yoo**, Wan-Kee Moon*** ABSTRACT: With increasing population density and high-rise expansion of buildings in recent years, elevators have become to play a pivotal role in our everyday lives as most people take an elevator several times even in a day. The elevator penetration and distribution rates in Korea have increased dramatically every year, and the emergence of skyscrapers leads to accelerating the development of elevator industry. Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) exhibit better mechanical and thermal properties than steel suitable for uses as elevator wire ropes. In this paper, in order to analyze the properties of CFRPs, the tensile strength of unidirectional (UD) CFRP wire ropes was characterized and finite element analysis was conducted for bending simulation. Simulation results were compared. 초록 : 인구밀도가증가하고매년고층건물의수가늘어나고, 대부분의사람들이하루에엘리베이터를이용하는시간이많아짐에따라일상생활속에서엘리베이터는중요한역할을하고있다. 매년고층건물이늘어남에따라고속 고층승강기의기술요구수준도높아져가고있다. Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) 는높은강성과경량화및낮은마찰력등을장점으로하고있으며, 엘리베이터용 wire rope에매우적합한재료이다. 본논문에서는 CFRP의특성을분석하기위하여, wire rope와 CFRP UD의인장강도및수치해석을통한벤딩해석비교를진행하였다. Key Words: 엘리베이터 (Elevator), 복합레진 (Composite resin), 탄소섬유복합재로프 (CFRP rope), 연신율 (Tensile strength), 섬유강화플라스틱 (FRP), 섬유방향 (Fiber orientation) 1. 서론 엘리베이터는 20,000여개의부품들이유기적으로결합하여사람및화물을수직운송시켜주는기기이며수많은사람이항시이용하는사회적복지시설로일상생활및산업활동에필수적인운송기기이다. 최근고층빌딩에대한수요가급증하는한편세계최고수준의엘리베이터를개발하는일이필수적인과제가되었다. 현재까지엘리베이터는현수장치의기술적제약으로인해단일승강로상에서높이 ( 양정거리 ) 600 m 이상의수직운송이어려운현실이 며세계에서가장빠른엘리베이터는분속 1,080 m( 초속 180 m) 의한계에도달해있다. 본연구는이러한한계점을극복하기위해기존에사용하던금속소재의로프를탄소섬유강화복합재료 (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics, CFRP) 로대체하는것을목표로하고있다. CFRP는우수한충격내구성 (Impact damage tolerance) 과충격에너지흡수능 (Impact energy absorption capacity)[7,8] 및좋은피로특성과높은감쇠특성, 경량화특성으로인해우주항공분야, 고급레저스포츠, 풍력발전, 고성능자동차등일부분야에만적용되었으나최근양 Received 4 November 2015, received in revised form 24 December 2015, accepted 27 December 2015 * Korea Dyeing&Finishing Technology Institute, Daegu, Korea, Corresponding author ( aububa@dyetec.or.kr) ** Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea *** Hyundai Elevator, Seoul, Korea

2 Comparison between Wire Rope and CFRP UD on Bending Analysis 379 산자동차에적용되는등수요의증가에의한원가절감으로인해일반산업분야에도폭넓게적용되어가고있다. 승강기의가장많은무게를차지하는금속로프의경우양정거리가높아질수록질량이늘어나기때문에기존의금속로프를 CFRP로대체할경우승강기의경량화뿐아니라구동하중이낮아지기때문에승강높이와속도를높일수있을것으로예상된다. 하지만 CFRP를적용한승강기로프는그사례가많지않기때문에탄소섬유의인장강도, 수지의강도, 피로성능그리고이에대한전산해석을통해 CFRP 승강기로프에대한안전성에대한검증을연구하였다. 2. 재료분석 Fig. 1. Tensile strength of carbon fiber 2.1 원사본논문에서는로프에적용하기위한탄소섬유원사는수요자의요구에맞추어각제조사별로사양에맞는후보군을선정하여 Table 1과같이정리하였고, 이중현수장지의케이블의특성을고려하여, 높은인장강도와높은신율, 제품의품질의편차를고려하여 T700SC를선정하였다. 원사를기존의와이어로프 (Wire Rope) 로제작했을때와압출을통한제품성형을했을때를비교하기위해 Fig. 1과같이인장실험을진행하였고인장시험을바탕으로신율과탄성계수등의변화를확인하기위해 Fig. 2와같이 stressstrain 그래프로도식화하였다. 연구에사용된원사는 12K와 24K가있으나본실험에서는원사의직경변화를보다정확히관찰하기위해 24K 원사를통해실험을진행하였다. 실험은원사와원사를 1M 당 20회꼬임을준것, ( 직경 7,000 mm 4합 ) 6개 12 strand로제작한로프를비교판단하였다. 위시험을통해원사의꼬임에의해신율과탄성계수가줄어듦을확인할수있었으며, 물성예측이비선형적으로이루어짐을확인 Fig. 2. Young's modulus of carbon fiber 할수있었다. 이러한원인은원사의꼬임에따라원사끼리의마찰, 접촉등, 꼬임장력의변화에의한것으로선형거동이아닌관계로예측이어렵다. 따라서기존의꼬임에의한로프제작보다는 UD 복합소재의압출이더효과적인것으로판단되었다 [9,10]. Table 1. Mechanical properties of carbon fiber 2.2 수지압출복합소재구성을위해수지후보군은 CFRP에가장많이적용되고있는에폭시계와불포화폴리에스터계를검토하였다. 가격과기계적강도는불포화폴리에스터수지가대체적으로우수하나경화과정에서열수축이심하게발생하는단점으로인해에폭시계열의수지를중심으로 4종의후보군을선정하였다. 4종의수지를선정하였고수지의강도를높이기위해식 (1) 에따라배합비를달리하였다. Phr = AHEW/EEW 100 (1) Phr: Recruitment stock AHEW: Active hydrogen equivalent weight EEW: Epoxy equivalent weight

3 380 Sung-Min Park, Dong-Woo Shin, Il-Jun Kwon, Sung-Hun Yoo, Wan-Kee Moon Table 2. Mixing ratio of composite resin 성계수가많이떨어지는것을확인할수있었으며, 복합소재는 UD 형태로제작되었기때문에수지에의한탄성계수감소만일어난것을확인할수있었다. 또한복합소재로제작됨에따라방향별물성이다르게나타남을확인하였다. 본실험값은전산해석을위한물성치로사용되었다. 에폭시수지의물성을높이기위해경화제의사용량분석을진행하였고, Single resin의 Type에따라화학당량 (Equivalent weight) 분석도진행하였다. Epoxy는왼쪽의 Single resin종류를사용하였고, 실험에사용된경화제는잠재성경화제인 DICY(Dicyandiamine) 로상온에서분말형으로 MCs(Methyl Cellosolve) 에용해시켜사용하였고반응촉진제로 2MI(2-Methylimidazole) 를이용하였다. 수지는몰드와 Hot-Press를통해 160 o C에서경화시키고 80 o C에서 30분간안정하였으며 KS M ISO 527-2의규격시편으로인장속도는 10 mm/min로시험을진행하여 Fig. 3 과같은인장실험결과를나타내었다. 3. 전산해석 3.1 재료물성치전산해석을위한재료물성은 Table 3과같이실험결과를나타내었다. Fig. 3에서스틸이로프형태로제작될경우탄 Table 3. Material property[9,10] 3.2 전산해석모델구성복합소재와와이어로프와의전산해석비교를위한모델구성은진행하였다. 통상적으로복합소재의모델구성은큰어려움이없으나와이어로프의경우 Table 4의 Real Model 과같이소선의꼬임이여러번발생하기때문에실제모델을구성하는데많은어려움이있었다. 이러한소선의꼬임은소선간의마찰, 접촉조건등의고려해야하기때문에실제로해석시간이무한이늘어나는문제점이있다. 따라서 Table 4와같이두번의간략화를진행하였다. 첫번째간략화는소선의형상을관재로단순화하였다. 봉재로단순화하였을때단면적, 극관성모멘트등에서매우유사한값을획득할수있었다. 두번째로한번단순화한모델을기반으로다시한번관재로단순화하는작업을진행하였다. 단면넓이는어느정도정확한값을얻을수있었으나극관선모멘트값 IYY, IZZ에대해서는상하, 좌우의값이등방성이아닌것을확인할수있었다. 이러한원인은원주방향으로배치되어있는와이어의간격사의틈이넓기때문인것으로실제와이어로프의단면은등방성모델로가정하고중간값을취하였다. 하지만모델의인장등소재의값은소선의꼬임시장력과, 횟수, 표면상태등에매우많은요건에의해변화됨으로물성값은와이어로프의실제인장실험값인 Table 3의실험값을사용하였다. 전산해석을위한모델은 Fig. 4와같이구성되었다. Table 4. Wire rope simple model [9,10] Fig. 3. Tensile strength

4 Comparison between Wire Rope and CFRP UD on Bending Analysis 381 Fig. 4. Boundary condition 굽힘해석의경우좌우, 전후방이대칭이기때문에 1/4만을모델링하였고경계면에는대칭조건을부여하였다. 전산해석의위한와이어모델과 CFRP UD는모두 Shell 요소를적용하여두가지요소에대한비교가가능하도록구성하였다. 하중은스펜 ( 지지대의간격 ) 이 200 mm로설정했으며중간의빔에의해강제변위로 10 mm 변위하는조건으로적용하였다. 3.3 전산해석결과및분석전산해석결과를 von-mises Stress를통해비교한결과 Fig. 5와같이기존의와이어로프는 10 mm 변형시소성거동이발생되는영역으로넘어간것을확인할수있었으며, CFRP 는안전율이 13일정도로강도가매우높다. 강제변위를통해굽힘반경을계산한결과와최대응력을 Fig. 6과같이나타낸결과와이어로프는약 500 R의반 Fig. 7. Normal stress 경에적합한하중을나타냈음을확인할수있었으며, CFRP UD는벤딩반경값이늘어날수록하중이비선형적으로늘어남을확인할수있기는하였으나와이어로프대비더욱안전한벤딩능력을확인할수있었다. 하지만 CFRP의특성상인장, 압축, X, Y, Z 방향의물성이모두다르기때문에이를확인하기위해 Fig. 7과같이 X, Y, Z 방향의 Normal Stress를확인하였다. Fig. 7(a) 의 X 방향의 Stress는 UD 방향의응력으로인장응력으로는매우높은안전율 (13) 을나타냈지만롤러와의접촉부분에서의발생된압축응력이매우높은것으로확인되었다. 비록안전율이 1의값이나오기는했지만피로성능을고려한다면향후개선이필요할것으로판단되며본해석에서는마찰에대한영향을적용하기않았기때문에그효과는실제로더욱클것으로예상된다. Fig. 7(b) 는소재의두께방향으로의응력을나타낸것으로소재의두께, 폭방향으로는소재의인장, 압축이똑같은효과를냄으로압축과인장중가장높은값을취하여비교하였다. 소재두께방향으로의응력은비교적안정적인안전율 3.5의값을나타내었다. Fig. 7(c) 는복합소재의폭방향응력을나타낸것으로안전율 1.24를나타내기는하였으나피로성능을고려한다면좀더보완이필요할것으로판단된다. Fig. 5. von-mises stress 4. 결론 Fig. 6. von-mises stress & radius 본해석을통해서다음과같은결론을얻을수있었다. -CFRP UD는기존의와이어로프에비해경량화고강성을획득할수있을것으로예상된다. - 와이어로프는소선을감는하중, 횟수, 마찰특성등다양한특성에의해물성값이바뀔수있으며이러한값이모두비선형적인거동을나타내기때문에실제물성을예측하는데매우어려우나 CFRP UD는물성예측이가능하고좀더높은강성을나타낼수있을것으로판단된다. - 전산해석을통해와이어로프와 CFRP UD의벤딩물성을비교해본결과 CFRP가더욱높은안정성과벤딩능력을나타냄을확인하였다. - 복합소재의방향별물성을확인한결과롤러와의접촉

5 382 Sung-Min Park, Dong-Woo Shin, Il-Jun Kwon, Sung-Hun Yoo, Wan-Kee Moon 부의압축응력, 폭방향의인장등에의해 CFRP UD의피로파괴가예상된다. - 이러한특성은마찰조건을적용하였을때더욱크게나타날것으로판단되며, 이에따라 CFRP UD의인장압축피로실험, In-plane 전단피로실험이필요할것으로판단된다. REFERENCES 1. Rhiner, M. and Heling, K., Understanding Elevator Rope: Performance, Endurance and Longevity are Addressed in this Examination of Rope, Elevator world, Vol. 57, No. 4, 2009, pp Franz, Andreas, Stahr, Konrad, Elasticity Behavior of Elevator Ropes, Elevator World, Vol. 63, No. 7, 2015, pp Molkow, M. and Scheunemann, W., Wire Rope for Elevator Suspension, Elevator World, Vol. 51, No. 5, 2003, pp Kwon, D.J., Wang, Z.J., Gu, G.Y., and Park, J.M., Reinforcement, Thermal and Fire Retardant Improvement of Phenolic Composites by Surface Treatment of CFRP Chip, Journal of Adhesion and Interface, Vol. 13, No. 2, Giannis, S. and Hansen, K., Investigation on the Joining of CFRP-to-CFRP and CFRP-to-Aluminium for a Small Aircraft Structural Application, Proceeding of the American Society for Composites Technical Conference, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2010, pp Herroelen, B., Brosens, K., and Van Cemert, D., CFRP Roof Repair: A Large Scale Repair Using CFRP Laminates, Concree Engineering International, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1998, pp Kwon, J.B., Choi, J.Y., and Huh, H., Evaluation and Prediction of Tensile Properties of CFRP Considering Strain Rate Effect, The Korea Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 2, No. 5, Kang, M.S., Park, H.S., Koo, J.M., and Seok, C.S., Prediction of the Fracture Strength of CFRP Laminates according to Fiber Orientation, The Korea Society of Mechanical Engineers, No. 10, 2011, pp Kim, S.H., A Study on the Evaluation of Structure Integrity Considering Fatigue for Wire Rope, Ph.D Thesis, Yeungnam University, Korea, Tension capacity,

14.531~539(08-037).fm

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