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1 Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 559~564, 속 보 SiO 2 Behavior of MoSi 2 Powders Containing SiO 2 Synthesized by SHS Method Sa-Kyun Rha, Min Seok Jeon*, Jun Kwang Song*, Dong-Bin Han**, Cheol-Weon Jeong**, Sung Soo Kim***, and Youn Seoung Lee****, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon , Korea *Material Analysis Team, Reliability Technical Center, Korea Testing Laboratory, Seoul , Korea **Winner Technology Co., LTD., Pyongtaek , Korea ***Department of Techo-Marketing, Mokwon University, Daejeon , Korea ****Department of Information Communication Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon , Korea (Received November 21, 2011; Revised November 25, 2011; Accepted November 28, 2011) 자전연소합성법으로제조된 SiO 2 첨가된 MoSi 2 분말내에서의 SiO 2 의거동연구 나사균 전민석 * 송준광 * 한동빈 ** 정철원 ** 김성수 *** 이연승 ****, 한밭대학교재료공학과 * 한국산업기술시험원재료평가센터 **( 주 ) 위너테크놀로지 *** 목원대학교기술마케팅학과 **** 한밭대학교정보통신공학전공 (2011 년 11 월 21 일접수 ; 2011 년 11 월 25 일수정 ; 2011 년 11 월 28 일채택 ) ABSTRACT In order to investigate the behavior of SiO 2 in the molybdenum silicide powders, crystal structure of these powders was measured by XRD, in addition, surface composition and surface phase (or chemical states) and microstructure were analysed by XPS and TEM, respectively. Mo-silicide powders containing SiO 2 were synthesized by SHS (Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis) technique. In XRD result, according to increase of SiO 2 contents, the crystal structure for synthesized MoSi 2 powders was still typical MoSi 2 bct without any other phases. By XPS analysis, the surface of Mo and Si source powders was covered with MoO 3 and SiO 2, respectively, and the surface of synthesized MoSi 2 powder was also covered with MoO 3 and SiO 2, which were stable oxides at room temperature. However, according to increase of SiO 2 addition, MoSi 2 phase in XPS spectra decreased and SiO 2 phase increased relatively in synthesized MoSi 2 powders. From the results by XPS and XRD, we found that the existent SiO 2 has amorphous structure. In the microstructure, the small particulates of the synthesized products added SiO 2 agglomerated together to form larger clusters (from ~10 nm to ~1 µm). From TEM, XPS, and XRD results, we found that the out layer of agglomeration of synthesized MoSi 2 powder is surrounded by amorphous SiO 2. Key words : MoSi 2, SiO 2, Self-propagating high temperature synthesis(shs), XRD, XPS 1. 서론 규화몰리브덴 (Mo-silicide) 을기반으로하는금속간화합물은 Mo 3 Si, Mo 5 Si 3, MoSi 2 등이상온에서안정한것으로알려져있으며일반적으로고온강도및내산화성이우수하여전자재료등여러분야에서유용하게사용되고있다. 하지만여러가지 Mo-silicide 가운데, 이규화몰리브덴 (MoSi 2 ) 은 400 o C 부근의저온에서 bct (body-centred tetragonal) Corresponding author : Youn Seoung Lee yslee@hanbat.ac.kr Tel : Fax : MoSi 2 (I4/mmm) 가 MoO 3 (Pbnm) 와비정질의 SiO 2 의상으로분리가일어나는저온취성현상 (pest phenomena) 을가지고있다. 1,2) MoSi 2 의출발물질인 Mo 와 Si 분말은합성과정및분쇄 (crushing) 과정에서대기중의산소와표면반응을통해이미많은양의산소를포함하고있다. 이렇게포함된산소는, MoSi 2 분말합성과정에서질소나수소와같은중성염이나환원염분위기를사용하더라도 Mo 와 Si 을선택적으로산화하여, MoO 3 와 SiO 2 와같은산화물들을 MoSi 2 합성체내에형성하게된다. 이는 MoO 3 ( 745 kj/mol) 와 SiO 2 ( 911 kj/mol) 의생성열 (heat of formation) 이 MoSi 2 ( 132 kj/mol) 보다음의값으로매우크기때문이다. 3,4) 559

2 560 나사균 전민석 송준광 한동빈 정철원 김성수 이연승 일반적으로 SiO 2 피막이형성된금속은산소의확산을방해하여물질의산화를막아주는역할을하는것으로알려져있다. 2,5,6) MoSi 2 에있어도, 표면에 SiO 2 피막이형성되면안정한 SiO 2 피막에의한산화저항성을가지며, 내산화저항성으로인하여전기전도성의변화가일어나지않고우수한전기적특성을가지게된다고보고되고있다. 따라서, 산화물을첨가하여내산화성및고온특성을향상시키기위한많은연구들이보고되고있다. 그로인하여 MoSi 2 는고온발열체소재로서각광을받고있다. 7) 이러한 SiO 2 피막이 MoSi 2 의내산화성을향상시킨다는보고와함께 SiO 2 가 MoSi 2 및그의복합재료의강도를저하시키는주요원인으로도알려지는등상반된결과들이보고되어왔다. 7,8) 본논문에서는 SHS 공정에의해합성된 SiO 2 첨가된 Mo-silicide 분말에있어 SiO 2 첨가량변화에따른 Mosilicide 분말내에서의 SiO 2 의거동에관하여고찰하였다. 2. 실험방법 Mo-silicide 중화합물중의하나인 MoSi 2 를제조하기위하여, Mo (Chengdu Hongbo Inductrial Co. Ltd, 순도 99.95%) 와 Si (CW Co. Ltd, 순도 99.95%) 원료분말들을비율 (weight % ratio) 이 Mo/Si = 63/37 이되도록혼합하였다. 혼합된분말에 SiO 2 분말을 1, 3 그리고 5 wt% 를첨가하였다. Mo, Si, 그리고 SiO 2 원료로혼합된분말은 15 시간동안 Al 2 O 3 ball mill 에서혼합분쇄하였다. 이렇게분쇄한혼합분말은 150 kg/cm 2 의비교적낮은압력으로 press 하여약한강도를갖는성형체를만든다음, 수소분위기의도가니에위치시키고, 700 o C 의온도로예열한다음, (Self-propagating High-temperature synthesis) 법으로 MoSi 2 로합성하였다. 합성이끝난성형제를다시동일한 Al 2 O 3 ball mill 로 15 시간동안분쇄하였으며, 분쇄 가끝난분말을 200 mesh체로거르고, ZrO 2 ball을사용하는 attrition mill에서에탄올을사용하여 50분동안 137 rmp 으로분쇄하여 10 µm 이하의입도를갖도록하였다. 분쇄가끝난분말은 80 o C에서 24시간동안건조하였으며, 건조가끝난분말은 pin mill을사용하여해쇄하였다. SiO 2 가첨가된 Mo-silicide SHS 합성체에있어 SiO 2 의거동을고찰하기위하여 XRD (X-ray Diffractometer, Rigaku, Japan, Model M/Max-IIIA), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, VG ESCA LAB 210), 그리고 TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy, Philips EM420) 을이용하여조사 분석하였다. XPS는고분자물질의경우 ~10 nm 정도의깊이까지표면의구성원소및화학적결합상태등을알아내는기술로, 표면에매우민감한분석방법이다. 따라서 XPS 분석을통해공기와접하여화학적, 물리적으로먼저반응한분말의표면상태에대한정보를제공받을수있다. 3. 결과및고찰 Mo 와 Si 을혼합한분말에 SiO 2 를첨가하여합성한 Mosilicide 내에서 SiO 2 거동을살펴보기위해, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) 를이용하여 Mo, Si, 그리고 SiO 2 원료분말의성분을조사를하여보았다. Fig. 1 에서보여지는것과같이 XPS 에의해측정된 Mo 와 Si 원료분말들의상대원자조성비 (at.%) 는각각 Mo : O = 27.7 : 72.3 와 Si : O = 36.2 : 63.8 였으며, SiO 2 원료분말에대해서는상대원자조성비가 Si:O=27.8:72.2 였다. XPS 결과에의하면, 원료소재인 Mo 와 Si 분말들은고순도의원료인만큼다른불순물들은검출되지않았지만, Mo 와 Si 모두산화가매우잘되는물질들로공기중에노출되는것만으로도많은양의산소를포함하고있었다. 이러한결과는 Mo 의표면이 MoO 3 에해당하는조성비를갖고있으며, Si 의경 Fig. 1. Relative atomic concentrations (at.%) of Mo, Si, and SiO 2 source powders by XPS. 한국세라믹학회지

3 자전연소합성법으로제조된 SiO 2 첨가된 MoSi 2 분말내에서의 SiO 2 의거동연구 561 우는 SiO 2 에해당하는원소조성비를갖고있음을말해주는것이라고볼수있다. 즉, 이두원료물질의표면에는상온의대기중에서안정한상태인 MoO 3 및 SiO 2 조성에맞는원소비를갖는물질이존재하고있음을알수있다. 이렇게공기노출에의해산소를포함한원료분말들을앞으로출발물질또는출발분말이라칭하겠다. Fig. 2 의 XPS Mo(3d) 와 Si(2p) 스펙트럼을이용하여다량의산소를포함하는출발물질들의화학결합상태를알아보았다. Mo(3d) 스펙트럼의 Mo 출발분말에대해서는 metallic Mo 와 MoO 3 phase 에해당되는피이크가보이고, Si(2p) 스펙트럼에서는 Si 의출발분말에대해서는 metallic Si 피이크와 SiO 2 피이크가보이지만, SiO 2 출발분말에대해서는단지 SiO 2 피이크만이보인다. Mo 및 Si 출발분말들에서산화물뿐만아니라 metallic Mo 와 metallic Si 이검출된 Fig. 2 의결과로부터, 원료분말들이공기와접하여원료분말전체가산화된것이아니고공기와먼저반응한분말표면만이산화된것을알수있었다. SiO 2 산화물출발분말의경우, 본래의산소함량보다약 ~5.5% 초과검출되었다. 이는 SiO 2 상 (phase) 이갖는 Si-O 결합력이강하므로순수 Si 원료나순수 Mo 원료보다는비교적공기중의산소에대해안정적이어서다른순수원료들에비하면공기노출에의해산소와적게반응하였다는것을알수있었다. MoSi 2 의조성비를갖도록혼합된 Mo 와 Si 의출발물질을혼합한혼합분말을 SHS 법에의해합성된분말에대한상대조성비를 XPS 분석에의해구해본결과 Mo : Si : O = : : 이었다 ( 역시공기중에노출된분말상태임 ). 이상적으로는 MoSi 2 phase 형성을목적으로하면 Mo 와 Si 의 at.% 비율이 Mo/Si=1/2 ( 산소성분없이 ) 이어야한다. 출발분말을이상적으로혼합하였지만, SHS 법에의해합성된 Mo-Si 합성체분말에있어 Mo/Si=1/2.7 로 Si rich 한합성체분말인것으로분석되어졌고, 물론공기노출에의해다량의산소를역시포함하고있다. 출발분말의상태 (Fig. 1) 를알고있으므로, 이론적으로 Mo 출발분말 /Si 출발분말 = 1/2 (at.% 의비율 ) 의비율로혼합하는것을가정하여계산하여보면, 9.23 at.% 의 Mo, at.% 의 Si 그리고 at.% 의산소로이루어진 Mo-Si 혼합물이될것이다. 계산결과에서도공기중에노출된출발분말의혼합만으로 Si rich 한 Mo-Si 혼합물이될것으로예측되어졌으며, 이러한예측은실험결과에서도유사하게나타났다. 출발분말을혼합하였을때는약 at.% ( 위의계산값 ) 의산소가포함되어있었으나, SHS 에의해합성된 Mo-Si 합성분말에는약 5 at.% 감소한 at% (XPS 측정값 ) 의산소가검출되었다. 이러한결과로부터, SHS 합성에의해출발분말에포함되어있던산소성분이일부제거되었음을확인할수있었다. SHS 에의한 Mo-silicide 합성체분말내에서의 SiO 2 의거동을살펴보기위하여 XPS Mo(3d) 와 Si(2p) 스펙트럼을비교분석하였다. Fig. 3 의 XPS Mo(3d) 스펙트럼에서보면, SiO 2 가첨가되지않은 Mo-silicide 합성체분말시료에서 Fig. 2. XPS Mo(3d) and Si(2p) core-level spectra of Mo, Si, and SiO 2 source powders. Fig. 3. Mo(3d) XPS spectra for the synthesized Mo-silicide powders according to variation of added SiO 2 contents. 제 48 권제 6 호 (2011)

4 562 나사균 전민석 송준광 한동빈 정철원 김성수 이연승 MoSi 2 와 MoO 3 에해당되는 2 개의 phase 가존재하고있다. MoSi 2 peak 의관점에서, SiO 2 가 1 wt% 첨가되었을때, MoSi 2 peak 의세기가급격히감소하였고, SiO 2 첨가량이증가됨에따라이 MoSi 2 peak 의세기가점차적으로줄어들고있는것을볼수있다. 또한 MoO 3 피이크의세기도미약하지만조금씩감소하고있는것을볼수있다. Si(2p) 스펙트럼 [Fig. 4(a)] 에서는 SHS 에의한모든 Mo-silicide 합성체분말시료에서형성된 MoSi 2 와 SiO 2 두 개의상을볼수있다. Fig. 4(a) 에서보면, SiO 2 가첨가되지않은 Mo-silicide 합성체분말 (0%) 에서도 SiO 2 phase 가보인다. Si 과산소의반응력이 Mo 와 Si 보다강하기때문에 SiO 2 가첨가되지않은 Mo-silicide 합성체분말일지라도공기중에노출되면서 SiO 2 상이이미형성되어있는것을알수있다. Fig. 3 의 Mo(3d) 스펙트럼결과에서와마찬가지로 SiO 2 가 1 wt% 만첨가되어도 MoSi 2 peak 의세기가급격하게감소하고, SiO 2 의첨가량을증가함에따라조금씩더 MoSi 2 peak 의세기가감소하고있다. Mosilicide 합성체분말내의 Si 관점에서 MoSi 2 형성에소모된 Si 와 SiO 2 형성에소모된 Si 으로구분해서보기위하여, XPS Si(2p) peak fitting 에의한 SiO 2 와 MoSi 2 phase 의상대비의변화를 Fig. 4(b) 에나타내었다. 이결과로부터, SiO 2 첨가량이증가함에따라 MoSi 2 상은감소하고, SiO 2 상은증가하고있는것을확인할수있었다. Mo, Si, 그리고 SiO 2 출발분말을이용하여 SHS 방법에의해합성된 Mo-silicide 합성체의결정구조를조사하였다. Fig. 5 는 SiO 2 첨가된 Mo-silicide 합성체분말들에대한 XRD 스펙트럼을보여준다. Fig. 5 에서보면, SiO 2 가첨가되지않은 Mo-silicide 합성체분말이전형적인 body-centred Fig. 4. (a) The fitted Si(2p) XPS spectra and (b) the relative phase ratio of MoSi 2 and SiO 2 phases in fitted Si(2p)[Fig. 3(a)] of synthesized Mo-silicide powders according to variation of added SiO 2 contents. Fig. 5. X-ray diffraction patterns of synthesized Mo-silicide powders according to variation of added SiO 2 contents. 한국세라믹학회지

5 자전연소합성법으로제조된 SiO 2 첨가된 MoSi 2 분말내에서의 SiO 2 의거동연구 563 tetragonal (bct) (space group I4/mmm:no.139) 구조를갖는 MoSi 2 단일상을가지고있다. 9) SiO 2 를첨가된 Mo-silicide 합성체경우에있어도결정구조는변화없이단일 bct 구조를가지고있었다. 그러나 XRD 스펙트럼에서 SiO 2 와 MoO 3 phase 와관련된어떤 peak 도보이지않았다. 앞의 XPS 결과에서는 MoSi 2 phase 와함께 SiO 2 와 MoO 3 에해당되는 phase 가관측되었다. 결과적으로 XRD 스펙트럼에서 SiO 2 와 MoO 3 phase 가 peak 으로관찰되지않은것은이 SiO 2 와 MoO 3 phase 가 Mo-silicide 합성체분말내에서비정질상으로존재하기때문인것으로판단되어진다. 이러한 XRD 와 XPS 결과를종합해보면 SiO 2 의첨가량이증가함에따라표면에서의 MoSi 2 의존재량이급격히감소하고있음을알수있고, 대신에표면산화층이발달하고있음을알수있다. 이런현상은 MoSi 2 사용에가장어려운점중의하나인저온산화현상을완화시키는데큰도움이될수있는현상으로해석할수있다. Fig. 6(a) 와 (b) 는 SiO 2 1 wt% 첨가된 Mo-silicide 합성체분말에대한 TEM 이미지이다. Fig. 6(a) 에서보면일 반적으로응집된합성체의입도크기는 ~10 nm 에서 ~1 µm 까지다양하게분포하고있다. XRD 결과와연계지어볼때, 첨가된 SiO 2 비정질상으로구성된비정질계내에 bct 결정구조를갖는 MoSi 2 phase 가뭉쳐져있는것으로생각되어진다. Fig. 6(b) 의좀더확대되어진 TEM 이미지에의하면, MoSi 2 복합체의가장자리에얇은막이형성되어있는것이보여진다. SiO 2 의표면자유에너지 (surface free energy (482 mj/m 2 ) 10) 가낮기때문에 Mo-silicide 합성체분말의표면에너지 (surface potential) 를줄여주기위해 MoSi 2 표면에비정질상의 SiO 2 가축적됨으로서이비정질계의얇은막이형성된것으로추정되어진다. 이러한 TEM 결과는앞의 XPS 분석에있어다량의산화물이분말표면에서검출된것과도잘일치한다. 결과적으로첨가된 SiO 2 가 MoSi 2 응결체표면을 SiO 2 비정질상으로둘러쌓고있다는것을확인할수있었다. 4. 결론 SHS 합성법에의해제조된 Mo-silicide 합성체분말에있어, 첨가된 SiO 2 첨가량의변화에따른, SiO 2 거동을살펴보기위해, XRD, TEM, 그리고 XPS 를이용하여조사분석하였다. 고순도의원료분말들을사용하였지만, 공기중에서혼합함에따라산소와의반응및다량의산소를피할수없어, 혼합물상태에서많은양의산소가검출되었다. 하지만, 혼합물을 SHS 방법에의해합성한후와비교해볼때, 합성체분말에서혼합분말보다산소가적게검출되었다. XRD, XPS 와 TEM 결과를통해, SHS 에의한이러한 Mo-silicide 합성체분말이비정질상의 SiO 2 와 MoO 3, 그리고 bct MoSi 2 결정질로이루어져있으며, 이 MoSi 2 응결체의표면이비정질상의 SiO 2 로둘러쌓여있는것을확인할수있었다. Acknowledgments 본연구는지식경제부의재원으로한국에너지기술평가원 (KETEP) 의지원을받아수행되었으며, 이에감사드립니다. REFERENCE Fig. 6. (a) Low and (b) high magnification TEM bright field images of synthesized Mo-silicide powders containing 1wt% SiO B. Y. Kim, D. B. Han, and C. W. Jeong, Preparation of Screen Printable Conductive MoSi 2 Thick Films for Ceramic Sheet Heater, J. Kor. Ceram. Soc., 47 [4] (2010). 2. S. Paswan, R. Mitra, and S. K. Roy, Isothermal Oxidation Behaviour of Mo-Si-B and Mo-Si-B-Al Alloys in the Temperature Range of o C, Mater. Sci. Eng., A (2006). 3. G. H. Aylward and T. J. V. Findlay, SI Chemical Data; pp , Joh Wiley & Sons, Australasia PTY. LTD., Sydney, 제 48 권제 6 호 (2011)

6 564 나사균 전민석 송준광 한동빈 정철원 김성수 이연승 S. P. Murarka, Silicides for VLSI Applications; pp Academic Press, New York, O. Kubaschewski, C. B. Alcock, and P. J. Spencer, Materials Thermo-chemistry; Pergamon, Oxford, S. X. Hou, Z. D. Liu, D. Y. Liu, B. R. Li, and N. Q. Zhang, Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of Mo-Si and Mo- Si-Al Alloy Coatings Prepared by Electro-thermal Explosion Ultrahigh Speed Spraying, Mater. Sci. Eng., A (2009). 6. M. Chen and D. W. Goodman, The Structure of Monolayer SiO 2 on Mo(112): A 2-D [Si-O-Si] Network or Isolated [SiO 4 ] Units Surf. Sci., 600 L (2006). 7. I. H. Song, D. W. Kim, J. Y. Yun, and H. D. Kim, The Effects of Variation oi Si Content on the Porous MoSi 2 Fabricated by Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis Process J. Kor. Ceram. Soc., 41 [7] (2004). 8. S. J. Lee, Y. S. Jang, I. S. Kim, H. C. Park, and K. D. Oh, Synthesis and Sintering of MoSi 2 by SHS Process, J. Kor. Ceram. Soc., 32 [9] (1995). 9. J. H. Seo, Y. S. Lee, M. S. Jeon, J. K. Seong, C. W. Jeong, D. B. Han, and S. K. Rha Study of the Post-annealing Effect for the MoSi 2 Compound, J. Ceram. Porcess. Res., 10 [3] (2009). 10. Hans Wawra, The Surface Energy of Solid Materials as Measured by Ultrasonic and Conventional Test Methods, Z. Metallkde., Bd.66, H (1975). 한국세라믹학회지

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