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1 Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric. 18;37(3): Korean Online ISSN: Published online 18 September Print ISSN: Research Article Open Access 중량식라이시미터에서배추재배에따른질소용탈과수지 이예진 *, 옥정훈, 이슬비, 성좌경, 송요성, 이덕배 농촌진흥청국립농업과학원농업환경부토양비료과 Nitrogen Leaching and Balance of Soils Grown with Cabbage in Weighing Lysimeter Ye Jin Lee *, Jung Hun Ok, Seul Bi Lee, Jwa Kyung Sung, Yo Sung Song and Deog Bae Lee (Division of Soil & Fertilizer, Department of Agricultural Environment, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea) Received: 16 August 18/ Revised: 27 August 18/ Accepted: 15 September 18 Copyright c 18 The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ORCID Ye Jin Lee Seul Bi Lee Abstract BACKGROUND: Nitrogen leaching depends on the pattern and nitrate content, and those are influenced by soil hydraulic properties and fertility. The purpose of this study was to confirm how soil texture contributed to leaching and balance of nitrogen, as well as to. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was performed using undisturbed weighing lysimeters which were piled up with clay loam (Songjung series) and sandy loam (Sanju series) soils in National Institute of Agricultural Science experimental field. Chinese cabbage was cultivated from August 3 to October 31, 17. The application rates of N, P 2 O 5, and K 2 O were 21.5, 7.8, and 15. kg a -1, respectively, and irrigation was supplied at 33 kpa in 3 cm soil depth. Drainage in clay loam was not noticeable, although it was increased by rainfall in early September. By contrast, the trend of in sandy loam was strongly dependent upon rainfall pattern. Owing to different patterns between both soil textures, nitrogen leaching was 5-fold higher in sandy loam than in clay loam. Nitrogen use efficiencies in clay loam and sandy loam were *Corresponding author: Ye Jin Lee Phone: ; Fax: ; leeyj418@korea.kr represented as 43% and 52%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The pattern of and nitrogen leaching were greatly depended on clay content in soil. From this study, we carefully suggest that soil texture should be considered as an incidental factor to estimate nitrogen balance. Key words: Leaching, Nitrogen balance, Nitrogen use efficiency, Soil texture, Weighing lysimeter 서론 질소는농업생산과직결되는원소로서주로비료로투입되나이동성이크고, 용탈될경우비점오염을유발할수있다 (Owens and Edwards, 1994; Gruber and Galloway, 8). 농경지에서의질소용탈을관리하기위해서는수지분석을통해잠재적용탈량을예측하는것이유용하지만 (Barry et al., 1993), 토양중질소함량과토양이화학적특성, 강우강도, 재배관리방법에따른작물흡수등다양한원인이복합적으로작용하기때문에예측이쉽지않다 (Goulding, ). 질소용탈량은토양의배수량에따라결정되기때문에용탈량을평가하고자하는토양에대한배수특성을파악하는것이중요하다. 수분의수직이동은강우량과수리전도도에따라달라지며, 수리전도도는토양구조에따른공극크기및분포와토양중수분상태에영향을받는다 (Ritchie, 1981; Durner, 1994). 일반적으로사질토양은식질토양보다수분의투수속도가빠르나, 식질토양은건조시수축으로인한대공극형성이쉽게일어나투수속도가달라질수있다 (Beven and 166

2 Nitrogen Leaching and Balance in Weighing Lysimeter 167 Table 1. Soil characteristics of lysimeter soils before experiment Soils Clay loam (Songjung series) Sandy loam (Sangju series) Depth (cm) Distribution of soil particle (%) Bulk density Sand Silt Clay (Mg m -3 ) CEC (cmol c kg -1 ) ph (1:5) EC (ds m -1 ) OM (g kg -1 ) Av.P 2O 5 (mg/kg) ~ ~ ND 36~ ND 61~ ND 98~ ND ~ ,236 13~ ~ ~ ND 82 66~ ND 5 8~ ND 1 Table 2. Chemical properties of top soils before planting in 17 Soils ph (1:5) EC (ds m -1 ) OM (g kg -1 ) T-N (g kg -1 ) Av.P 2O 5 (mg kg -1 ) Exch. cations (cmol c kg -1 ) K Ca Mg Clay loam Sandy loam Germann, 1982). 또한점토함량과토양유기물함량은수분보유력과질산태질소용탈에영향을미친다 (Gaines and Gaines, 1994; Lim et al., 15) 은점토함량이많을수록수분보유력이크고용탈량이적어식양토에서오이의질소이용효율이높았으며, Sogbedji 등 () 은토성에따라배수량과침투수의질소농도가달라지며, 질소수지에영향을준다고하였다. 그러므로질소수지평가를위해서는토양의물리적특성에따른질소용탈과작물의질소이용률을분석할필요가있다. 비교란중량식라이시미터는실제포장의토양구조와물리성을그대로유지한상태에서강우및관개로인한물유입, 이동및배수에따른물수지와정밀한질소용탈량측정이가능하므로현실적인데이터를수집하는데유리하다. 본연구는토성에따라질소용탈과질소수지가다르게나타날것이라는가설을바탕으로, 중량식라이시미터를활용하여배추재배중토성에따른질소용탈량과작물질소흡수량및수지를분석하여토성이미치는영향을평가하였다. 재료및방법 중량식라이시미터개요전북완주군이서면의국립농업과학원에설치된중량식라이시미터 (UGT, Germany) 를이용하여연구를수행하였다. 라이시미터는표면적 1 m 2, 깊이 1.5 m의원통형으로스테인레스재질이며, 층위별토양수분센서와실시간중량을측정하여수분이동및작물증발산량을정밀하게측정할수있 다 (Seo et al., 16; Lee et al., 17a). 지하배수량은 Tipping counter를이용하여측정하였고, 총강우량과관개량의합에서지하배수량과유거수량을뺀값으로증발산량을산정하였다. 라이시미터는고가의실험장비로서반복시험구를설치하는데한계가있어본연구에서는단일처리구에서의결과를제시하였다. 시험토양시험토양은 13년송정통 ( 식양토 ) 과상주통 ( 사양토 ) 을비교란으로채취하였으며, 라이시미터토양의층위별분류는 USDA의 Soil taxonomy를적용하였다 (Soil survey staff, 1999). 채취당시토양의이화학적특성을보면사양토는오랜기간경작으로인산이표토에매우집적된상태였다 (Table 1). 17년가을배추재배전토양화학성을비교하면식양토는유기물함량은높으나유효인산은낮고, 사양토는채취당시보다유효인산함량은감소하였으나식양토에비해약 5.8배높았다 (Table 2). 처리내용배추 ( 품종명 : 해파랑골드 ) 는 17년 8월 3일에 3 cm 간격으로정식하였고, 월 31에수확하였다. 토양에서무기화된질소의용탈과비료시용후용탈양상을비교하기위하여식양토, 사양토모두무비구를두었다. 시비구는배추정식전 ph 교정을위하여석회소요량분석후석회고토 3 kg a -1 해당량을 8월 일시용하였으며, 비료는작물별비료사용처방기준 (NAS, 17) 의비료표준사용량을

3 168 Lee et al. 1 Ave.Temp. ( ) (mm) 1 3 Shoot (DW, g plant -1 ) 1 1 8/3 9/5 9/11 9/17 9/23 9/29 /5 /11 /17 /23 /29 clay loam sandy loam Fig. 1. Daily rainfall and average temperature during chinese cabbage cultivation in 17. Fig. 2. Shoot dry weight of chinese cabbage in the harvest season. 기준으로밑거름은 N-P 2O 5-K 2O= kg a -1 을시용하였으며, 웃거름은 1회시용량인 N-P 2O 5-K 2O= kg a -1 을생육상황을감안하여 9월 27일에 1회만시용하였다. 물관리는강우상황과작물생육을고려하여토심 3 cm 깊이에서포장용수량수준인 33 kpa을기준으로관개하였다. 재배기간중기상조건배추정식후 6일, 12일에강우가있었으며, 생육중기인 9월 27일에강우가있었다. 생육기간중총강우량은 1 mm로서작년동일시기의약 % 에해당할정도로강우량이적었다. 그러나밑거름시용후작물생육초기에약 3 mm 이상의강우가있어시용한비료의용탈이우려되었다 (Fig. 1). 토양 식물체및용탈량분석 토양및식물체는국립농업과학원의토양및식물체분석법 (NIAST, ) 에준하여분석되었다. 토양유기물은 Tyurin 법, 유효인산은 Lancaster 법, 치환성양이온은 1 M NH 4OAC (ph 7.) 으로추출하여유도결합플라즈마분광광도계 (ICP-OES, GBC, Integra XL Dual, Australia) 로분석하였다. 식물체는건조후분쇄하여시료.5 g에 Conc. H 2SO 4 1 ml와 5% HClO 4 ml를가한뒤열판에가열하여분해하였으며, 질소, 인산, 칼륨함량은 Lee 등 (17b) 의방법에따라분석하였다. 침출수의질산태, 암모늄태질소는이온자동분석기 (QuAAtro, Seal analytical, USA) 로측정하였다. 질소용탈량은질산태와암모늄태질소의합에배수량을곱하여산정하였다. 질소이용효율및수지분석식양토와사양토의질소이용효율은시비구의질소흡수량에서무비구의질소흡수량을뺀값을질소비료시용량으로나누어산정하였다 (Baligar et al., 1). 수지분석은비료와강우로투입된질소함량 (Input) 에서용탈과작물의질 소흡수량 (Output) 을단위면적 ( a) 로환산하여 Input에서 Output을제하였으며, 이값을질소수지로하였다. 라이시미터에서의토성간질소용탈및수지는처리간반복없이비교하였다. 결과및고찰 토양특성에따른지하배수라이시미터에서재배한배추의수량은인근에번외구로재배한배추의약 7% 에해당하였다. 라이시미터는주변토양과구분된대형포트로서일반노지에비해작물의활착범위가제한되기때문에생육에영향을미친것으로판단된다. 수확기배추의포기당평균건중은식양토에서 134 g, 사양토에서 133 g으로차이가거의없었으며 (Fig. 2), 일증발산량또한전생육기간동안유사하게나타났다 (Fig. 3). 지하배수는배추정식전부터생육초기에내린강우에의해일어났으며, 정식초기지표피복도가거의유사한상태에서토성에따른배수양상을비교할수있었다. 식양토 (Fig. 3, a) 는전반적으로일배수량이낮았으나 9월 12일강우에의한일배수량은사양토 (Fig. 3, b) 의 3배정도많았다. 식질토양은완전히토양이포화되지않은상태에서수분이소공극으로침투되지않고, 구조에의한공극이나생물공극등대공극으로수분이이동하는선택류 (Preferential flow) 가일어난다 (Bergstrom, 1995; Aronsson and Bergstrom, 1). 본실험에서사용한라이시미터는비교란상태로서식양토의경우점토에의한수축팽창및식물뿌리에의한대공극이그대로유지되고있어일시적으로배수량이증가한것으로판단된다. 사양토는전반적으로식양토보다배수량은많았으나식양토와같이급격하게배수량이증가하지않고강우에따라일정하게증가했다가감소하는양상을보였다. 질소용탈 강우에의한질소비료용탈을평가하기위하여무비구와시비구를비교하였다. 사양토와식양토의무비구는질소용탈

4 Nitrogen Leaching and Balance in Weighing Lysimeter R I DR ET 5 3 R I DR ET 5 Daily totals (mm) Drainage (mm) Daily totals (mm) Drainage (mm) /3 9/5 9/11 9/17 9/23 9/29 /5 /11 /17 /23 /29 8/3 9/5 9/11 9/17 9/23 9/29 /5 /11 /17 /23 /29 a) Clay loam b) Sandy loam Fig. 3. (R), (I), Drainage (DR) and evapotranspiration (ET) during cultivation in 17. Drainage(mm d -1 ), (g a -1 ) (mm d -1 ) Drainage(mm d -1 ), (g a -1 ) (mm d -1 ) 8/3/17 9/9/17 9/19/17 9/29/17 /9/17 a) Control /19/17 /29/17 8/3/17 9/9/17 9/19/17 9/29/17 /9/17 b) Fertilization /19/17 /29/17 Fig. 4. Daily and nitrogen leaching of non-fertilization (control) and fertilization plots in the clay loam lysimeters. 량이달랐으나지하배수의질소농도가거의비슷하여토성에따른질소비료용탈량을비교할수있었다. 식양토라이시미터에서무비구 (Fig. 4, a) 와시비구 (Fig. 4, b) 를비교했을때배수양상은유사하였고, 질소용탈량을보면무비구와유사하거나무비구에서다소많았으나, 무비구와시비구의지하침출수질산태질소농도의차이는 1 ppm 미만이었으므로비료에의한용탈은거의없었다고볼수있다. 사양토에서는무비구 (Fig. 5, a) 와시비구 (Fig. 5, b) 의배수양상은유사하였으나질소용탈량에서는큰차이를보였다. 사양토시비구의질소용탈량은무비구대비약 1.3~2.5배많았으며, 식양토와사양토시비구에서배추생육기간전체의질소용탈량을비교했을때사양토의질소용탈량이 5배많았다 (Table 3). 식질토양은사질토양보다수분보유력이높아토양입자를통한질산태질소의확산이느리게일어나며 (Gaines and Gaines, 1994), 질산태질소는토양에흡착되기보다이동성이크기때문에점토함량에따른수분특성이용탈량에영향을미친것으로판단된다. 질소이용효율및질소수지배추의질소이용효율은식양토에서 43.%, 사양토에서 52.5% 로사양토에서높았다. 사양토에서질소이용효율이높은이유는식물체의질소, 인산흡수량차이에의한것인데, 식양토의식물체질소, 인산농도는각각 2.%,.2% 이었으며, 사양토는질소 2.6%, 인산.4% 로사양토에서배추의질소, 인산흡수량이많았다. 특히사양토는식양토에비해유효인산함량이약 5.8배많았는데, 토양중인산함량이높으면인산이생육제한인자로작용하지않고질소비료와상승효과를나타내질소흡수량이높게나타날수있다 (Kamprath, 1987). 그러므로사양토의높은유효인산함량이작물의질소흡수에기여하여이용효율을높인것으로판단된다. 비료와강우에의한질소투입량대비토성에의한질소용탈량, 작물흡수량차이에따른질소수지를산정하였다 (Table 3). 본연구에서는사양토에서배추의질소흡수량이다소많아식양토에비해질소수지가낮았고, 질소수지산정에서용탈량이차지하는비율은크지않았으나사양토에서용탈량이많았다. 질소용탈은수계오염에직접적인영향을미치기때문에토성에따른용탈특성을지속적으로평가하는것이중요하며, 점토함량이낮은사질토양일수록작물의양분이용률을높이고, 비료의용탈을최소화하기위한관리가필요하다.

5 17 Lee et al. Drainage(mm d -1 ), (g a -1 ) (mm d -1 ) Drainage(mm d -1 ), (g a -1 ) (mm d -1 ) 8/3/17 9/9/17 9/19/17 9/29/17 /9/17 a) Control /19/17 /29/17 8/3/17 9/9/17 9/19/17 9/29/17 /9/17 b) Fertilization /19/17 /29/17 Fig. 5. Daily and nitrogen leaching of non-fertilization (control) and fertilization plots in the sandy loam lysimeters. Table 3. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and balance in clay loam and sandy loam lysimeters (kg a -1 ) Soils Clay loam Plot NUE (%) Input Output N (Input-Output) Fertilization Precipitation Leaching* Crop uptake N applied Control N applied Sandy loam Control *N : NO 3-N+NH 4-N, P : PO 4-P, K : Inorganic K 요약 중량식라이시미터를활용하여배추재배중식양토와사양토의질소용탈과질소수지를평가하였다. 생육초기인 9 월초강우로인해식양토와사양토모두토심 15 cm 이하로배수가있었다. 식양토는점토의수축및작물뿌리등에의해형성된대공극을통해일시적으로배수량이증가하였으나, 사양토는식양토와달리강우량에따라일정하게배수량이증가하고, 감소하였다. 토성별로질소용탈량을분석한결과, 식양토에서는비료의용탈이거의없는반면, 사양토에서는식양토에비해 5배많은질소용탈이있었다. 질소수지에서작물흡수량에비해질소용탈량이차지하는비율은적었으나식양토에비해사양토에서의용탈량이많아질소수지산정에토성에따른용탈특성을고려할필요가있다. Note The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgement This study was carried out with the support of "Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ867418)", National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. References Aronsson, P. G., & Bergstrom, L. F. (1). Nitrate leaching from lysimeter-grown short-rotation willow coppice in relation to N-application, irrigation and soil type. Biomass and Bioenergy, 21(3), Baligar, V. C., Fageria, N. K., & He, Z. L. (1). Nutrient use efficiency in plants. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 32(7-8), Barry, D. A. J., Goorahoo, D., & Goss, M. J. (1993). Estimation of nitrate concentrations in groundwater using a whole farm nitrogen budget. Journal of Environmental Quality, 4, Bergstrom, L. (1995). Leaching of dichlorprop and nitrate in structured soil. Environmental Pollution, 87(2), Beven, K., & Germann, P. (1982). Macropores and water flow in soils. Water resources research, 18(5),

6 Nitrogen Leaching and Balance in Weighing Lysimeter 171 Durner, W. (1994). Hydraulic conductivity estimation for soils with heterogeneous pore structure. Water Resources Research, 3(2), Gaines, T. P., & Gaines, S. T. (1994). Soil texture effect on nitrate leaching in soil percolates. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 25(13-14), Goulding, K. (). Nitrate leaching from arable and horticultural land. Soil Use and Management, 16, Gruber, N., & Galloway, J. N. (8). An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature, 451(7176), 293. Kamprath, E. J. (1987). Enhanced Phosphorus Status of Maize Resulting from Nitrogen Fertilization of High Phosphorus Soils 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51(6), Lee, Y. J., Han, K. H., Lee, S. B., Sung, J. K., Song, Y. S., & Lee, D. B. (17a). Nutrient leaching and crop uptake in weighing lysimeter planted with soybean as affected by water management. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture, 36(3), Lee, Y. J., Sung, J. K., Lee, S. B., Lim, J. E., Song, Y. S., Lee, D. B., & Hong, S. Y. (17b). Plant analysis methods for evaluating mineral nutrient. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 5(2), Lim, T. J., Park, J. M., Park, Y. E., Lee, S. E., & Kim, K. I. (15). Effect of soil textures on fruit yield, nitrogen and water use efficiencies of cucumber plant as affected by subsurface drip fertigation in the greenhouse. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 48(5), Owens, L. B., & Edwards. W. M. (1994). Groundwater nitrate levels under fertilized grass and grass legume pastures. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, Ritchie, J. T. (1981). Soil water availability. Plant and Soil, 58(1-3), Seo, M. J., Han, K. H., Jung, K. H., Cho, H. R., Zhang, Y. S., & Choi, S. Y. (16). Effect of temperature and plow pan on water movement in monolithic weighable lysimeter with paddy sandy loam soil during winter season. Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 49(4), Sogbedji, J. M., van Es, H. M., Yang, C. L., Geohring, L. D., & Magdoff. F. R. (). Nitrate leaching and N budget as affected by maize N fertilizer rate and soil type. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29,

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이예진-fig.3-완.hwp Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric. 217;36(3):147-153. Korean Online ISSN: 2233-4173 Published online 217 September 3. https://doi.org/1.5338/kjea.217.36.3.3 Print ISSN: