갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1015 (Shim et al., 2009). 1960,, (eutrophication), (red-tide), (hypoxia) (Hwang et al., 2006).,,.,,,, (Shim et al., 2009), (Yang
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1 한수지 47(6), , 2014 Original Article Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6), ,2014 태안반도갯벌참굴 (Crassostrea gigas) 양식장주변퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 황동운 * 이인석 최민규 최희구 국립수산과학원어장환경과 Distributions of Organic Matter and Trace Metals in Sediment around a Tidal-flat Oyster Crassostrea gigas Farming Area on the Taean Peninsula, Korea Dong-Woon Hwang*, In-Seok Lee, Minkyu Choi and Hee-Gu Choi Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan , Korea We measured the concentrations of various geochemical parameters [grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, As, Zn, and Hg)] in the surface sediments of two intertidal oyster Crassostrea gigas farming areas (Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats) on the Taean Peninsula, Korea, to evaluate the pollution level of organic matter and trace metals in sediment. The intertidal sediments in the study region comprise mostly sand with a mean grain size of Ø. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS, and trace metals in the sediment of two study regions were either similar or lower in oyster farming areas relative to non-farming areas, apparently due to biological uptake or physical and biological sediment reworking. Based on the results for the pollution evaluation of organic matter and trace metals derived from sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factor, and geoaccumulation index, our results suggest that the sediment in these two intertidal oyster farming regions is not polluted by organic matter and trace metals. Key words: Intertidal sediment, Organic matter, Trace metal, Pollution, Taean Peninsula 서론 (Oyster, Crassostrea gigas),,, ( 390,000 ) 72% ( 280,000 ) ( (Crassostrea gigas) (Lim et al., 2012).,, (Shim et al., 2009).,, -, 10 m,,,, (Hur et al., 2008; Lim et al., 2012). (filter feeder),, (Lee and Kim, 2000; Kimbrough et al., 2008)., Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6) , December 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens ( permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 14 August 2014; Revised 22 October 2014; Accepted 13 November 2014 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: dwhwang@korea.kr Copyright 2014 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 1014 pissn: , eissn:
2 갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1015 (Shim et al., 2009). 1960,, (eutrophication), (red-tide), (hypoxia) (Hwang et al., 2006).,,.,,,, (Shim et al., 2009), (Yang et al., 1995; Lee and Kim, 2000; Noh et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2012; Woo et al., 2013).,,. (microphytobenthos). (Hwang et al., 2001; Ahn et al., 2006).,, (grain size), (ignition loss, IL), (chemical oxygen demand, COD), (acid volatile sulfide, AVS), (Fe), (Mn), (Zn), (Cu), (Cd), (Pb), (Cr), (As), (Hg). 연구해역개요 재료및방법 ( 3.0 km) (Fig. 1A)., (beach) (Shin et al., 2004). 4.6 m ( 6.4 m, 2.8 m)., (Lee et al., 2004), m/s (Shin et al., 2004).,. (Fig. 1B).,, (Choi et al., 2013)., m, m/s, (Lee and Park, 1991). 시료채취및분석 (Iwon dyke) 14 ( 12, 2 ), 9 ( 7, 2 ) (Fig. 1) cm (high density polyethylene bottle)
3 1016 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 35 42'N 35 46' 35 50' 35 54' 35 58' 'E ' ' ' ' Fig. 1. The map showing the sampling sites of intertidal sediment in the study region (A: Iwon tidal flat, B: Mongsan tidal flat). (grain size) IL, COD, AVS (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, Hg, As) Hwang et al. (2011). (H 2 O 2 ) (HCl) (CaCO 3 ) 4 Ø ( mm),,,,,., (mean grain size, Mz) Folk and Ward (1957), Folk (1968). IL, COD (KMnO 4 ), AVS. (Hg) (automatic mercury analyzer, Milestone, DMA-80), (HNO 3 :HF:HClO 4 = 2:2:1) 2% (HNO 3 ) (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer, ELAN DRC-e)., (National Research Council Canada, NRCC) (certified reference material). Hg MESS-3 (marine sediment, NRCC), Hg PACS- 2 (marine sediment, NRCC), Fe 116%, Cu 97%, Cd 90%, Pb 96%, Cr 98%, Mn 118%, As 110%, Zn 93%, Hg 99%., COD, AVS, (dry weight),. 퇴적물의미량금속오염평가, (bioassay), (Lee and Lee, 2002). (Loska et al., 1997; Chen et al., 2007; Hyun et al., 2007; Feng et al., 2011; Hwang et al., 2013a, 2013b) (sediment quality guidelines; SQGs), (enrichment factor, EF), (geoaccumulation index, I geo ) 3. (SQGs) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA) ERL (effect range low) (Buchman, 2008) (threshold effects level, TEL) ( EF I geo, (1), (2)., EF (Al), Fe (Hwang et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012),
4 갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1017 Al Fe (1) EF. EF= (Me/Fe) Observed (1) (Me/Fe) Crust I geo = log 2 C n (2) B n 1.5, (Me/Fe) observed Fe, (Me/Fe) crust Fe. C n, B n (background concentration). Fe,., (Feng et al., 2011), (Chen et al., 2007; Zhang et al, 2009; Hwang and Kim, 2011; Zhu et al., 2011; Jeon et al., 2012) Taylor (1964) Taylor and McLennan (1995) (Fe 3.5%, Mn 600 mg/kg, Zn 71 mg/kg, Cr 35 mg/kg, Pb 20 mg/kg, Cu 25 mg/kg, As 1.5 mg/kg, Cd mg/kg, Hg 0.08 mg/kg) Fe. 자료의통계처리., t, (P) 0.05, SPSS 12.0 (SPSS Inc., USA). 퇴적물의조성 결과및고찰,,, % ( %), % ( %), % ( %), 0.0%, % ( %), % ( %) (Table 1). 90%, (P>0.05). + (P<0.05), Mz. Mz Ø ( Ø) (fine sand) (very fine sand), Ø ( Ø) (medium sand) (fine sand),.,.,, + Folk (1968) (sedimentary type), I1 [slightly gravelly sand, (g)s], (sand, S), (S). 유기물함량 IL COD % ( %), mgo 2 /g ( mgo 2 /g) (Table 1). IL IR1 I6, COD I4~I6 1.2% 0.5 mgo 2 /g, IL COD (P>0.05, Fig. 2A). IL COD % ( %), mgo 2 /g ( mgo 2 /g) (Table 1). IL MR1, COD MR2 M5 1.0% 0.3 mgo 2 /g, IL COD (P>0.05, Fig. 2B). IL COD, (P<0.05, Fig. 3).., (Horowitz, 1991),
5 1018 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 Table 1. Results of sediment texture, mean grain size (Mz), and the concentrations of ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg) in intertidal sediments of the study regions. Sample Sediment texture (%) Mz IL COD AVS Fe Mn Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr As Hg No Gravel Sand Silt+Clay (Ø) (%) (mgo 2 /g) (mgs/g) (%) (mg/kg) IR IR I I I I I I I I I I I I MR MR M M M M M M M
6 갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1019 Concentration Concentration 1, , No Farm Farm (A) Iwon (B) Mongsan IL COD Fe Cu Cd Pb Cr Mn As Zn Hg Analytical items Fig. 2. Comparison of ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, As, Zn, and Hg) in oyster farming area (farm) and reference area (no farm) around Iwon (A) and Mongsan (B) tidal flats. The concentration units of IL and Fe, COD, and trace metal are %, mgo 2 /g, and mg/kg, respectively. The asterisk mark indicates the significant differences (P<0.05). (Hwang et al., 2010; Hwang and Koh, 2012; Hwang and Kim, 2013). AVS., Jung et al. (2010).., AVS., IL, COD, AVS (Table 2), (Jung et al., 2010), ~ (Hwang et al., 2010), ~ (Hwang et al., 2013b), (Hwang et al., 2011; Hwang and Kim, 2011) (Hwang and Koh, 2012). (Hwang et al., 2010),. 미량금속함량 Fe % ( %), Cu mg/kg ( mg/kg), Cd mg/kg ( mg/kg), Pb mg/kg ( mg/kg), Cr mg/kg ( mg/kg), Mn mg/kg ( mg/kg), As mg/kg ( mg/kg), Zn mg/kg ( mg/kg), Hg mg/kg ( mg/kg) (Table 1), Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > As > Cu > Cd > Hg. Hg 2-3., Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, As, Zn (P<0.05, Fig. 2A). (microphytobenthos) (redeposition) (bioturbation). Fe % ( %), Cu mg/kg ( mg/kg), Cd mg/kg ( mg/kg), Pb mg/kg ( mg/kg), Cr mg/kg ( mg/kg), Mn mg/kg ( mg/ kg), As mg/kg ( mg/kg), Zn mg/kg ( mg/kg), Hg mg/ kg ( mg/kg) (Table 1), Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > As > Cu > Cd > Hg.,, Pb
7 1020 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 (P>0.05, Fig. 2B). (resuspension) (reworking). Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Hg (P<0.05, Fig. 3). (Cho et al., 2001; Shin et al., 2002; Hwang et al., 2010)..,.,,., (Table 2), Concentration 1, Mongsan Iwon IL COD Fe Cu Cd Pb Cr Mn As Zn Hg Analytical items Fig. 3. Comparisons of ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, As, Zn, and Hg) in surface sediments of Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats. The concentration units of IL and Fe, COD, and trace metal are %, mgo 2 /g, and mg/kg, respectively. The asterisk mark indicates the significant differences (P<0.05). Table 2. The mean grain size (Mz) and the average of ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, As, and Hg) in intertidal sediments from the western coast of Korea Metal (%) Metals (mg/kg) Reference Fe Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr Mn As Hg AVS (mgs/g) COD (mgo 2 /g) IL (%) Mz (Ø) Region Saemanguem (inner part) Kim et al. (2003) Byeonsan peninsula ND Jung et al. (2010) Julpo bay Kim et al. (2008) Yeonggwang-Muan coast ND Hwang et al. (2010) Hampyeong Bay Hwang and Koh (2012) Aphae island Hwang et al. (2011) Mokpo-Wando coast Shin et al. (2002) Coastal islands of Shinan Hwang and Kim (2011) Mokpo-Haenam coast Hwang et al. (2013b) Taean coast (Iwon and Mongsan) ND This study 1 ND, Not detected.
8 갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1021 ~ (Shin et al., 2002) (Kim et al., 2008) (Kim et al., 2003), ~ (Hwang et al., 2010), ~ (Hwang et al., 2013b), (Hwang et al., 2011; Hwang and Kim, 2011) 1/2., (Kim et al., 2008; Hwang and Kim, 2011; Hwang et al., 2013b).,. 유기물및미량금속오염현황 IL, COD, AVS (total organic carbon, TOC), (total nitrogen, TN), (total phosphorus, TP).,., (Yoon, 2003; Hyun et al., 2003; Noh et al., 2006; Hwang et al., 2010; Hwang and Koh, 2012) COD AVS. COD 20 mgo 2 /g, AVS 0.2 mgs/g (Yokoyama, 2000). COD AVS, 20.,,. (sediment quality guidelines; SQGs), (enrichment factor, EF), (geoaccumulation index, I geo )., SQGs NOAA ERM (effect range median) PEL (probable effects level) (Hwang et al., 2006) ERL TEL,. ERL NOAA, Al, Fe 9 (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Hg, Ag). (Ni) (Ag) ERL Cu 34 mg/kg, Pb 46.7 mg/kg, Zn 150 mg/kg, Cd 1.2 mg/kg, Cr 81 mg/kg, As 8.2 mg/kg, Hg 0.15 mg/kg., ERL (Fig. 4).., ( ) NOAA Ag 8, Ni TEL Cu 20.6 mg/kg, Pb 44.0 mg/kg, Zn 68.4 mg/kg, Cd 0.75 mg/ kg, Cr 116 mg/kg, As 14.5 mg/kg, Hg 0.11 mg/kg. Cu Zn Li., Li Cu Zn., Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg. TEL (Fig. 4) EF Al, Fe, Li., 1.5, (Zhang and Liu, 2002; Hyun et al., 2007).,., Birth (2003) EF 7, (1) EF Table 3. Cu Hg EF 1 (no enrichment), Cd (I1 I6), EF 1 (no enrichment). Mn EF , (I1, I2, I4, I6, I7, I9, I11) 1 EF (no enrichment)
9 1022 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 Fig. 4. The concentrations of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg) with each station in intertidal sediments of the study regions. The solid and dotted lines represent the values of effect range low (ERL) in United States and threshold effects level (TEL) in Korea as the sediment quality guidelines for evaluating the trace metal pollution in sediment, respectively., (M4 M5) EF 1 (minor enrichment). Zn, (MR2, M2, M4, M5) EF , Pb Cr EF (minor enrichment)., As (I10~I12) EF , EF (moderately severe enrichment). I geo, Müller (1979), EF 7 (Müller, 1981). (2) I geo Table 4. Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cr (IR2 I11) I geo class 0 (practically unpolluted)., As EF I12 Table 3. Classification of enrichment factor (Birth, 2003) and the number of EF for the ratios of trace metals relative to Fe in surface sediment of Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats and in earth crust reported by Taylor (1964) and Taylor and McLennan (1995) EF range Designation of sediment quality Number of EF Mn Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr As Hg > 50 Extremely severe enrichment Very severe enrichment Severe enrichment Moderately severe enrichment Moderate enrichment Minor enrichment < 1 No enrichment Average of EF
10 갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1023 Table 4. Classification of geoaccumulation index (Müller, 1981) and the number of I geo for the metal concentrations in intertidal sediment of Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats I geo range I geo class Designation of sediment quality Number of I geo Fe Mn Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr As Hg > 5 6 Very strongly polluted Strongly/very strongly polluted Strongly polluted Moderately/strongly polluted Moderately polluted Practically unpolluted/moderately polluted < 0 0 Practically unpolluted I geo class 0, I4, I10, I I geo class 1, I geo class 2, (moderately polluted), M I geo class 2,., As (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg). As (Hwang et al., 2013a).,. 사사. (RP-2014-ME-038). References Ahn IY, Ji J, Choi H, Pyo SH, Park H and Choi JW Spatial variations of heavy metal accumulation in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from some selected intertidal flat of Korea. Ocean Polar Res 28, Birth G A scheme for assessing human impacts on coastal aquatic environments using sediments. In: Proceedings of Coastal GIS Woodcoffe CD and Fumess RA, eds. Wollongong University Papers in Center for Maritime Policy, Australia, 14. Buchman MF NOAA screening quick reference tables, NOAA OR&R Report 08-1, Seattle WA, Office of response and restoration division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 34. Chen CW, Kao CM, Chen CF and Dong CD Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere 66, Choi YS, Park KJ, Yoon SP, Chung SO, An KH and Song JH The geochemical characteristics and environmental factors on the marine shellfish farm in Namhae-po tidal flat of Taean. Korean J Malacol 29, Feng H, Jiang H, Gao W, Weinstein MP, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Yu L, Yuan D and Tao J Metal contamination in sediments of the western Bohai Bay and adjacent estuaries, China. J Environ Manage 92, Folk RL Petrology of sedimentary rock, Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin TX, U.S.A., pp Folk RL and Ward WC Brazos river bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters. J Sed Petol 27, Horowitz AJ A primer on sediment trace element chemistry. 2 nd Ed Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea MI, USA, 136. Hur YB, Min KS, Kim TE, Lee SJ and Hur SB Larvae growth and biochemical composition change of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, larvae during artificial seed production. J Aquacul 21, Hwang DW, Jin HG, Kim SS, Kim JD, Park JS and Kim SG Distribution of organic matters and metallic elements in the surface sediments of Masan harbor, Korea. J Kor Fish Soc 39, Hwang DW and Kim PJ Evaluation of organic matter and trace metal contaminations of intertidal sediments from coastal islands in the southern region of Jelloanam Province. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46,
11 1024 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 KFAS Hwang DW, Kim PJ, Jeon SB, and Koh BS. 2013a. Geochemical characteristics of intertidal sediment in the semi-enclosed bays of the southern region of Jelloanam Province. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46, KFAS Hwang DW, Kim PJ, JungRH, and Yoon SP. 2013b. Distributions of organic matter and trace metals in intertidal surface sediment from the Mokpo-Haenam coast. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46, Hwang DW and Kim SG Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in intertidal surface sediments of coastal islands in the western part of Jellanam province using geochemical assessment techniques. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 44, Hwang DW and Koh BS Sedimentary and benthic environment characteristics in macroalgal habitats of the intertidal zone in Hampyeong Bay. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 45, Hwang DW, Park SE, Kim PJ, Koh BS, and Choi HG Assessment of the pollution levels of organic matter and metallic elements in the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 44, Hwang DW, Ryu SO, Kim SG, Choi OI, Kim SS and Koh BS Geochemical characteristics of intertidal surface sediments along the southwestern coast of Korea. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 43, Hwang GS, Shin HS, Kim K, Yeo SK and Kim JS Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in sediment and bivalves (Solen Strictus Gould) from tidal flats along the mid-western coast, Korea. Kor J Env Hlth Soc 27, Hyun S, Lee CH, Lee T and Choi JW Anthropogenic contributions to heavy metal distributions in the surface sediments of Masan Bay, Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 54, Hyun S, Lee T, Choi JS, Choi DL and Woo HJ Geochemical characteristics and heavy metal pollutions in the surface sediments of Gwangyang and Yeosu Bay, south coast of Korea. The Sea-J Kor Soc Oceanogr 8, Jeon SB, Kim PJ, Kim SS, Ju JS, Lee YH, Jang DS, Lee JU and Park SY Characteristics of spatial distribution of geochemical components in the surface sediments of the Deukryang Bay. J Kor Soc Environ Anal 15, Jung RH, Hwang DW, Kim YG, Koh BS, Song JH and Choi HG Temporal variations in the sedimentation rate and benthic environment of intertidal surface sediments around Byeonsan Peninsula, Korea. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 43, Kim JG, You SJ and Ahn WS Evaluation of characteristics of particle compostion and pollution of heavy metals for tidal flat sediments in the Julpo Bay, Korea. J Kor Soc Mar Environ Safety 14, Kim JG, You SJ, Cho EI and Ahn WS Distribution characteristics of heavy metals for tidal flat sediments in the Saemankeum area. J Kor Fish Soc 36, Kim PJ, Shon SG, Park SY, Kim SS, Jang SJ, Jeon SB and Ju JS Biogeochemistry of metal and nonmetal elements in the surface sediment of the Gamak Bay. J Kor Soc Mar Environ Safety 18, Kimbrough KL, Johnson WE, Lauenstein GG, Christensen JD and Apeti DA An assessment of two decades of contaminant monitoring in the nation s coastal zone. Silver Spring, MD. NOAA technical memorandum NOS NCCOS 74, 105. Lee BG and Lee JS The foreign and domestic trends on the evaluation and regulation of heavy metals in the coastal oceans. In: Proceedings of the Autumn meeting, 2002 of the Korean Society of Oceanography. Oh IS and Park GR, eds. Han Yang University, Seoul, Korea, Lee DS, Kim YS, Jeong SY, Kang CK and Lee WJ Environmental characteristics and distributions of marine bacteria in the surface sediments of Kamak Bay in winter and summer. J Environ Sci 17, Lee IS and Kim EJ Distribution of heavy metals in sediment, seawater, and oyster (Crassostrea gigas) around Jinhae Bay. Korean J Ecol 23, Lee JH, Yu OH, Lee HG and Park JY Effect of environmental variables on the inter- and subtidal macrobenthic communities in the Iwon dike area. J Kor Fish Soc 37, Lee SD and Park SC Sedimentation pattern in a macrotidal bay (Namhaepo Bay), west coast of Korea. J Oceanol Soc Kor 26, Lim HJ, Back SH, Lim MS, Choi EH and Kim SK Reginal variations in Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, growth and the number of larvae occurrence and spat settlement along the west coast, Korea. Korean J Malacol 28, Loska K, Cebula J, Pelczar J, Wiechula D and Kwapulinski J Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Bybnik water reservoir in Poland. Water Air Soil Pollut 93, Müller G Schwernetalle in den sedimenten des Rheins- Verderyngen Seit. Umschau 24, Müller G Die schwermetallbelastung der sedimente des Neckars und seiner Nebenflüsse Eine Bestandasufnahme. Chemiker Zeitung 105, Noh IH, Yoon YH, Kim DI and Park JS The Spatio-temporal distribution of organic matter on the surface sediment and its orgin in Gamak Bay, Korea. J Kor Soc Mar Environ Engin 9, Shin DH, Kum BC, Park EY, Lee HI and Oh JK Seasonal sedimentary characteristics and depositional environments after the construction of seawall on the Iwon macrotidal flat. J Korean Earth Sci Soc 25, Shin SE, Kang SB, Koh YK, Park BY, Youn ST, Kim JY and
12 Oh KH Sedimentary facies and geochemical characteristics of upper intertidal zone, southwestern coast, Korea. J Korean Earth Sci Soc 23, Shim KB, Ha KS, Yoo HD, Kim JH and Lee TS Evaluation of the bacteriological safety for the shellfish growing area in Jaranman Saryangdo area, Korea. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 42, Taylor SR Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: A new table. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 28, Taylor SR and McLennan SM The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Reviews of Geophys 33, Woo HY, Lim JH, Lee JK, Lee JH, Han KS and Lee TY Characterization and estimation of heavy metal contents of Tongyong marine products breeding ground sediments. J Kor Solid Waste Engin Soc 30, Yang HS, Kim SS and Kim GB Pollution of heavy metals and sedimentation rates in sediment cores from the Chinhae Bay, Korea. J Korean Environ Sci Soc 4, Yokoyama H Environmental quality criteria for aquaculture farms in Japanese coastal area a new policy and its potential problems. Bul Natl Res Inst Aquacult 29, Yoon YH Spatio-temporal distribution of organic matters in surface sediments and its origin in Deukryang Bay, Korea. J Environ Sci 12, Zhang J and Liu CL Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 54, Zhang W, Feng H, Chang J, Qu J, Xie H and Yu L Heavy metal contamination in surface sediment of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environ Pollut 157, Zhu L, Xu J, Wang F and Lee B An assessment of selected heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments from the South China Sea before J Geochem Explor 108, 갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1025
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