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1 How to use of tools Bagaimana cara menggunakan perkakas Korea International Cooperation Agency National Institute of Agricultural Engineering RDA

2 Contents 1. Required and/or useful tools ) what kinds of tools are require?? 3 2) Essential tools for farmers 7 2. Workshop tools ) Hacksaws ) Files 16 3) Hammer 18 4) Spanners 19 5) Allen key ) Cold chisels 23 7) screwdrivers 25 8) Drills ) Jack and jacking Simple working processes 31 1) Wood work a) Cutting 31 b) The ways to use nails c) The ways to use wood screws d) Using verious metal ) Metal working 41 a) Holding works b) The ways to use hack-saw 42 c) The ways to use files d) Boring holes e) Bending f) Sheet metal works g) Riveting h) Anti-loosening device of screws and removing Rested screws 59 3) Welding and heat treatment a) Gas welding b) Arc welding c) Heat treatment Referece

3 Daftar Isi 1. Perkakas yang berguna dan/atau yang dibutuhkan ) Jenis perkakas yang diperlukan ) Perkakas utama untuk petani 7 2. Perkakas bengkel ) Gergaji besi ) Kikir ) Palu ) Kunci-kunci ) Kunci leter L 23 6) Pahat dingin 23 7) Obeng ) Bor 27 9) Dongkerak dan menggunakan an dongkrak Cara bertukang yang sederhana ) Mengolah kayu 31 a) Memotong b) Cara menggunakan paku c) Cara menggunakan sekrup kayu d) Penggunaan bermacam logam ) Mengolah logam a) Pekerjaan Menjepit b) Cara menggunakan gergaji besi c) Cara menggunakan kikir d) Membuat lubang dengan bor e) Membengkokkan best f) Mengolah pelat besi 54 g) Pengelingan h) Mur pengunci untuk sekrup dan melepaskan sekrup berkarat ) Pengelasan dan cara memanaskan besi 61 a) Pengelasan dengan gas 61 b) Pengelasan dengan bunga api c) Cara memanaskan besi Referensi

4 1. REQUIRED AND/OR USEFUL TOOLS 1) What kinds of tools are required? Importance of tools and meters are often looked over as these are not directly used for farm operations, but it is not wise to spare spending for these. Tools and meters are more widely used in the society than farm machinery. Therefore, these are available anywhere and the prices are not very high compared to their quality. If you have sufficient tools and meters and can employ them to the full extent, you can not only utilize the existing farm machinery sufficiently but can produce new farm machinery also. In this sense, tools and meters are the goose to lay golden eggs...,,.,.. When buying tools, those of high quality should be selected even if they are high price. Specially in the case of tools with edges such as knife, file, hand saw, plane, or spanner, etc. If the quality is poor, the operations with these are quite inefficient and the finish cannot be accurate. Difference in work efficiency by the quality of such tools is remarkable.,,,,,,.,.. 3

5 1. PERKAKAS YANG BERGUNA DAN/ATAU YANG DIBUTUHKAN 1) Jenis perkakas yang diperlukan Pentingnya perkakas dan meteran sering diperiksa karena peralatan ini tidak bisa langsung digunakan untuk pekerjaan pertanian, sangat tidak bijaksana menghemat pengeluaran untuk peralatan ini. Penggunaan perkakas dan meteran ini tidak hanya untuk mesin pertanian. Oleh karena itu, peralatan ini bisa diperoleh dimana saja dan harganya tidak begitu mahal dibandingkan dengan manfaatnya. Bila anda mempunyai perkakas dan meteran yang lengkap dan dapat menggunakan peralatan tersebut sepenuhnya, anda tidak hanya memanfaatkan mesin pertanian yang ada secukupnya tetapi anda juga bisa menghasilkan mesin pertanian yang baru. Dengan pengertian lain, perkakas dan meteran merupakan angsa bertelur emas. Bila ingin membeli perkakas, belilah perkakas dengan mutu tinggi meskipun harganya mahal. Khususnya peralatan yang memiliki mata pisau seperti pisau, kikir, gergaji tangan, ketam, dll. Bila mutunya tidak bagus, penggunaannya tidak akan tepat guna (tidak efisien) dan p proses akhirnya menjadi tidak akurat Dengan perkakas mutu tinggi pekerjaan lebih efisien dan hasilnya memuaskan. 3

6 Those tools made with cheap materials are almost useless however the appearance might be identical with better ones. Chisels and knives had better be made by yourselves by use of scrap steel pieces such as springs of old cars, rather than buying cheap and inferior ones.. In case of good tools, the more you use them, the better fit to you, finally becoming as if a part of your own body. Kinds of tools you require depends on kinds of farm machinery you use.,.. For example, when you are using chiefly manual and animal iimplements, most of required tools would be those for wood working such as knife, saw, chisel, plane, hatchet, hammer, nails, etc. Added with some hand tools for machine such as spanner, pliers, screw,,,,,,,,,,. 4

7 Perkakas yang dibuat dengan bahan yang murah tidak akan berguna walaupun bentuknya mungkin sama dengan perkakas yang bermutu tinggi. Pahat dan pisau lebih baik dibuat sendiri dengan menggunakan lempengan potongan baja seperti per mobil tua, dari pada membeli dengan harga murah tetapi mutunya rendah. Perkakas bagus yang sering anda gunakan, sebaiknya anda anggap sebagai bagian dari tubuh anda sendiri. Jenis perkakas yang anda butuhkan tergantung pada jenis mesin pertanian yang anda gunakan Contoh, bila anda bekerja menggunakan perkakas manual dan perkakas untuk hewan, kebanyakan perkakas yang diperlukan adalah perkakas untuk pekerjaan kayubakar seperti pisau, gergaji, pahat, ketam, kapak kayu, palu, paku dll. Ditambah dengan beberapa perkakas tangan untuk mesin seperti kunci-kunci, tang, sekrup. 4

8 When a power tiller is used, various sizes of hand tools for machine, files, hand drill, etc. would be required, adding to above, when several number of power tillers are used, or it is operated throughout year by use of many number of attachments, or pump, sprayer, thresher, etc. Are driven by the engine, more comprehensive hand tools and some of power tools such as electric drill, bench grinder, etc. might be required.,,,,,,,,. When 4-wheel tractor is used, same equipment as above plus tools with larger dimensions and those for handling heavy objects such as jacks, chainblock, etc. Would be required. 4,, In parallel with increase of tools, space for using these and arrangement to keep them should be considered. A work table should be prepared to be attached with a vice and a bench grinder. Tools should be hang on the wall near to this. The corner of the room should always be kept as a space for work... Together with tools, meters should also be arranged. The most essential meters are a measuring tape and a square. One to two meters of measuring tape will do

9 Bila menggunakan power tiller, dibutuhkan bermacam ukuran perkakas tangan untuk mesin, kikir, bor tangan, dll akan diperlukan sebagai perkakas tambahan, bila menggunakan beberapa power tiller, atau power tiller dioperasikan sepanjang tahun dengan menggunakan banyak alat-alat tambahan sebagai pelengkap, atau pompa, sprayer, thresher dll. yang digerakkan oleh mesin penggerak, mungkin dibutuhkan perkakas tangan yang multi fungsi dan beberapa perkakas yang menggunakan tenaga penggerak seperti bor listrik, gerinda duduk, dll. Bila menggunakan traktor roda empat, akan diperlukan perlengkapan yang sama seperti diatas ditambah perkakas dengan ukuran yang lebih besar dimana peralatan tersebut digunakan untuk pemeliharaan/perawatan alat-alat berat seperti dongkerak, blok rantai, dll. Dengan bertambahnya perkakas ini, ruang untuk persiapan dan penggunaan alat-alat ini perlu di pertimbangkan. Sebuah meja kerja harus disiapkan sebagai tempat memasang gerinda duduk dan ragum. Perkakas hendaknya digantung di dinding dekat meja ini. Bagian pojok ruangan harus selalu tersedia ruang untuk bekerja. Selain perkakas juga harus disiapkan meteran. Meteran yang paling penting adalah sebuah meteran siku dan pita pengukur. Pita pengukur berukuran 1 hingga 2 meter akan digunakan. 5

10 A square can be easily made by yourself by use of three pieces of wood and the measuring tape. When the three sides of a triangle are in proportion of 3 : 4 : 5, the right angle is formed (fig. 1). as such triangle can be made easily at anytime, when you deal with a large work, as large a square as possible should be prepared. By use of small square for large work, accurate work cannot be expected. Using proper size of square, making of boxes and shelves, attachment of parts, etc. Can be done very correctly. 3:4:5. Fig 1. A way to make a right angle According to the farm machinery of different type, different meters are required: for powered machine, measuring cup,tachometer, vernier calipers, etc.; for grain dryer, grain moisture meter, thermometer, etc.; for electric machinery, multi-purpose circuit tester, battery-cell density meter, etc. It is impossible to replace all of these meters simply with your feeling.,,,,,. 6

11 Membuat sebuah persegi sendiri sangat mudah dengan menggunakan sepotong kayu dan pita pengukur (meteran). Perbandingan sisi segitiga siku-siku adalah 3 : 4 : 5, sudut yang tepat seperti ditampilkan gambar 3.1 sehingga segitiga tersebut dapat dengan mudah dibuat kapan saja. Bila melakukan pekerjaan besar, maka anda memerlukan sebuah siku-siku yang besar. Bila menggunakan siku-siku kecil untuk pekerjaan besar, ketepatan kerja tidak dapat diharapkan. Bila menggunakan ukuran siku-siku yang tepat untuk membuat kotak dan rak maka pekerjaan dapat dilakukan dengan tepat. Gbr. 1 cara membuat sudut yang tepat Sesuai dengan jenis mesin pertanian yang berbeda, meteran yang dibutuhkan juga berbeda: untuk mesin yang digerakan dengan mesin penggerak, diperlukan gelas ukur, tachometer, jangka lengkung vernier, dll.; untuk alat pengering padi, diperlukan alat ukur kelembaban padi, thermometer, dll.; untuk mesin-mesin listrik, dibutuhkan alat tester multifungsi, alat ukur berat jenis sel aki, dll. Alat-alat ini tidak dapat digantikan dengan menggunakan perkiraan. 6

12 A quick way to learn the method of using tools and meters and to make proper check and repair of farm machinery is to pay attention to all of machines and machine elements that you may encounter in your daily life. For example, on bicycle, motorcycle, car, radio, taperecorder, refrigerator, sewing machine, house electric wiring, lighting equipments, water piping, kitching wares, furnitures, building structures, etc., you should try to understand the mechanism, function, principles used, operations of component parts, etc. All the time, to accumulate experiences of repairing these, The principles, mechanism, functions, etc. used in farm machinery are much in common with these daily utensils. By doing above, acquisition of skill and knowledge and improvement of daily life can both be attained at the same time.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,. 2) Essential tools for farmers Wood-working tools (Fig. 2) (1) Knife (Strong and sharp one) ( ) (2) Hatchet or ax (Sharp one. Used for changing handle of sickle, hoe, etc. Or repair of plow, etc.) ( ) (3) Hand saw (Good quality, for hard wood fine teeth and for soft wood coarse teeth) (, ) 7

13 Cara cepat untuk mempelajari penggunaan perkakas dan meteran serta pemeriksaan dan perbaikan mesin-mesin pertanian yang tepat adalah dengan memperhatikan seluruh mesin dan bagian-bagian mesin yang dapat anda temukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Contoh pada sepeda, sepeda motor, mobil, radio, tape recorder, kulkas, mesin jahit, kabel listrik, alat-alat penerangan, pipa air, peralatan dapur, perabotan rumah tangga, struktur/kerangka gedung, dll., anda harus memahami mekanisme, fungsi, prinsip/asas yang dipakai, penggunaan dari masing-masing komponen, dll. Dengan begitu selamanya anda akan memperoleh pengetahuan tentang mesin melalui pengalamanpengalaman yang diperoleh dari memperbaiki barang-barang tersebut. Asas, mekanisme, fungsi dll. yang digunakan pada mesin-mesin pertanian sama dengan peralatan yang digunakan sehari-hari. Dengan demikan, tambahan keahlian dan pengetahuan serta peningkatan taraf hidup bisa diperoleh dalam waktu bersamaan. 2) Perkakas utama bagi petani Perkakas yang digunakan untuk mengolah kayu (Gbr. 2) (1) Pisau (kuat dan tajam) (2) Kapak kayu atau kampak (tajam. Digunakan untuk mengganti tangkai sabit, cangkul, dll. Atau memperbaiki bajak, dll.) (3) Gergaji (mutu yang bagus, untuk kayu yang keras gunakan gerigi gergaji yang halus, dan untuk kayu yang lunak gunakan gerigi gergaji yang kasar.) 7

14 (4) Jack plane (Should be sharp enough always. Need not be large but be good quality) (.) (5) Gimlet (6) Wood chisels (8-16mm. 2 to 3 pieces) (7) Hammers (Small one for nailing and large one of about 0.7 kg. Handle should be firmly wedged (, 0.7 kg ) (8) Mallet (Made yourself with hard wood) ( ) (9) Grindstones (10) Iron lever (About 30 cm length) (11) Wood file Fig 2. wood-working tools for farmer 8

15 (4) (harus selalu dalam keadaan tajam, tidak perlu besar tapi mutunya bagus) (5) Bor kayu kecil (6) Pahat kayu (8-16 mm. 2 hingga 3 potong) (7) Palu (palu kecil untuk memaku dan yang besar ukuran 0,7 kg, tangkainya harus terpasang dengan sangat kuat) (8) Tukul kayu (bikin sendiri dengan menggunakan kayu yang keras) (9) Gerinda (kesat, ukuran sedang dan tajam) (10) Linggis (panjang kira-kira 30 cm) (11) Kikir kayu Gbr. 2 Perkakas untuk mengolah kayu bagi petani 8

16 Hand tools for machine (Fig. 3) (1) Adjustable spanner (About 20 cm length) ( 20cm) (2) Open-end spanner set (Normally it consists of 8-9, 10-12, 12-14, 14-17, 17-19, 19-21, and mm. But recent machines require and 22 mm spanners) ( 8-9, 10-12, 12-14, 14-17, 17-19, 19-21, and mm 11,13 22mm ) (3) (-) Screw drivers (large, medium and small) - (,, ) (4) (+) Screw driver (Ditto) + (,, ) (5) Combination pliers (Standard type. About 20 cm length) (6) Side-cutting pliers (About 20 cm) (7) Long-nose pliers (About 15 cm) (8) Files(Half-round, flat, round and triangle each one) (9) Emery cloth (No ) (10) Anvil (A piece of thick iron plate might be placed on flat side of concrete. A piece of I-shaped steel or rail is excellent) (11) Oiler (About 120 cm 3 ) Fig. 3. Hand tools for machine 9

17 Perkakas manual untuk mesin (Gbr. 3) (1) Kunci inggris (panjang 20 cm) (2) Satu set Kunci pas (biasanya berukuran 8-9,10-12, 12-14, 14-17, 17-19, 19-21, dan mm. Akan tetapi mesin-mesin keluaran terbaru memerlukan kunci 11-13, dan 22 mm) (3) (-) obeng (ukuran besar, sedang dan kecil) (4) (+) obeng (ukuran besar, sedang dan kecil) (5) Tang kombinasi (tipe standar. Panjang 20 cm) (6) Tang potong (20cm) (7) Tang buaya (15 cm) (8) Kikir (setengah bulat, rata, bulat dan segitiga masing-masing satu) (9) Kain ampelas (No ) (10) Landasan (selembar pelat besi tebal bisa diletakan diatas bagian datar beton, sebaiknya selembar baja berbentuk I atau lebih bagus lagi berbentuk rel / jeruji (11) Tabung penyemprot oli / oiler (120 cm 3 ) Gbr. 3 Perkakas tangan untuk mesin 9

18 Other than these, attached tools to farm machines should be kept without losing. Some of them cannot be purchased afterwards. Among them, spark plug wrenches for engines are often very specific and cannot be replaced with others. Small spanners for contact-breakers are also important... Meters (Fig. 4) : (1) Measuring tape (About 2 m. Steel made with easily-readable graduations) ( 2m ) (2) Straight rule (Wood made by yourself. About cm) ( 60~100cm) (3) Square (About 30 cm. Made by yourself as explained before) (30cm) (4) Mercury thermometer (0-100 o C) (5) Spring balance or beam balance (Up to about 3 kg) (6) Measuring cup (0.5-1 litre) Fig 4.. Meters for farm -use 10

19 DiSelain perkakas ini, perkakas yang dipasang pada mesin-mesin pertanian harus dijaga jangan sampai ada yang hilang. Karena ada beberapa dari perkakas tersebut tidak dapat dibeli lagi. Diantaranya kunci-kunci busi mesin penggerak yang umumnya sangat spesifik dan tidak bisa diganti dengan kunci lain. Kunci-kunci kecil untuk alat pemutus hubungan aliran listrik otomatis juga penting. Meteran (Gbr. 4) (1) Pita pengukur (sekitar 2 m. Terbuat dari baja mudah ditarik) (2) Penggaris (terbuat dari kayu, dapat dibuat sendiri. Panjang cm) (3) Siku-siku (30 cm. Dapat dibuat sendiri seperti penjelasan sebelumnya) (4) Termometer raksa (0-100 o C) (5) Timbangan gantung atau timbangan tiang (diatas 3 kg) (6) Gelas ukur (0.5-1 liter) Gbr. 4 Meteran untuk pertanian 10

20 Excepting for self-made ones, if all of above were purchased in brand new, these will cost about US$200. if second-hand, the price will be less than half of that. You can buy one from what is needed mostly or when you happened to find second-hand sold., 200 US$.. Other than above, followings are very useful, if you have (Fig. 5) (1) Box spanner set (6 pieces makes a set mm) (2) Water pump pliers (About 25 cm. Refer to 3.3) (3) Jack (Screw type or hydraulic type of about 2 ton) (4) Flat chiesel for metal (About 15 cm) (5) Centre punch (About 12 cm) (6) Hacksaw (Keep blade not to rust) (7) Hand drill or breast drill (Few pieces of twist drill also) (8) Vice (Either horizontal or vertical type) (9) Air pump for bicycle (Either hand or pedal type) If electricity is available, portable electric drill (Fig. 3.6) is very convenient. It can not only bore holes to wood or metal easily but be used as sander, zig-saw, or circular saw, etc. Simply by changing the attachments.,,. 11

21 Bila semua perkakas diatas dibeli dengan merek terbaru dan tidak termasuk yang dibuat sendiri maka harganya akan mencapai kira-kira 20,000 yen atau US$200. Bila membeli perkakas bekas, harganya akan kurang dari setengah harga perkakas baru. Anda bisa membeli degnan mencicil mulai dari yang paling banyak diperlukan atau bila anda menemukan penjual perkakas bekas. Selain perkakas diatas, berikut merupakan perkakas yang sangat berguna bila anda miliki (Gbr. 5) (1) Kotak kunci pas (satu set berisi 6 kunci, mm) (2) Tang pompa air (25 cm.) (3) Dongkerak (tipe screw atau hidrolik, 2 ton) (4) Pahat tapak untuk besi (15 cm) (5) Center punch /tusukan pusat (12 cm) (6) Gergaji besi (jaga mata gergaji dari karat) (7) Bor tangan atau bor dada (8) Ragum (tipe vertikal atau horizontal) (9) Pompa angin untuk sepeda (tipe pompa tangan atau pompa injak) Bila tersedia listrik, bor listrik portable tepat sekali. Bor listrik tidak hanya digunakan untuk melobangi kayu atau besi dengan mudah tetapi bisa juga dijadikan sebagai alat penabur pasir, zig-saw, atau gergaji bundar, dll. Penggunaannya sederhana sekali yaitu dengan mengganti alat pelengkapnya saja. 11

22 Tools and meters should be properly stored in some designated places so as to be taken out easily at any time. If the taking out is troublesome or you have to look for them each time, their value is reduced into half. After using, they should be returned to the same place without fail. Such should be explained to your wife and children repeatedly and strickly... Fig 5. Convenient tools for farm-use (1) 12

23 Perkakas dan meteran harus disimpan dalam tempat yang dirancang khusus untuk meletakkan alat-alat tersebut sehingga bila diperlukan mudah didapat. Jika salah satu perkakas sulit dikeluarkan atau dicari maka nilainya akan berkurang setengahnya. Setelah menggunakan perkakas, simpan kembali ditempatnya yang sesuai dan tidak salah. Perkakas tersebut perlu dijelaskan secara jelas dan tepat kepada istri dan anak-anak. Gbr. 5. Perkakas yang cocok untuk pertanian (1) 12

24 Fig 6. Convenient tool for farm-use (2) 13

25 br. 6 Perkakas yang cocok untuk pertanian (2) 13

26 2. WORKSHOP TOOLS 1) HACKSAWS Hacksaws blades are available in lengths of 203 mm (8 in. Approx), 254 mm (10 in.), 304 mm (12 in. Approx.); the shorter blades are more rigid and thus less likely to be broken but they do not cut as quickly as the longer ones. For beginners a 254 mm (10 in.) blade is quite satisfactory if care is taken; but when some skill has been acquired a 308 mm (12 in. Approx.) blade is more satisfactory 203mm(8) 254mm(10) 304mm ( 12),. 254mm(10) 308mm ( 12). Blades can be bought whose number of teeth per 2.54 cm (1 in.) vary between 18 and 32. the coarser ones are suitable for soft materials in normal sizes, while for harder materials and for thin pieces of metal the finer blades are better. The table given below gives the recommended blades for different purposes. 1 18~32,.. 14

27 2. PERKAKAS BENGKEL 1) GERGAJI BESI Pisau gergaji besi tersedia dalam ukuran panjang 203 mm (kurang lebih 8 inchi), 254 mm (10 inchi), 304 mm (kurang lebih 12 inchi); pisau gergaji paling pendek lebih keras sehingga kemungkinan patah sangat kecil tetapi pisau gergaji besi pendek ini tidak bisa memotong dengan cepat seperti pisau gergaji yang lebih panjang. Bagi pemula, pisau gergaji ukuran 254 mm (10 inchi) cukup memuaskan bila digunakan dengan hati-hati; tetapi bagi yang sudah ahli bisa menggunakan pisau gergaji besi berukuran 308 mm (lebih kurang 12 inchi). Pisau gergaji yang memiliki jumlah geriginya 2.54 cm (1 inchi) bisa dibeli dalam variasi mata pisau antara 18 dan 32. Pisau gergaji yang lebih kasar cocok untuk material lunak berukuran normal, sedangkan untuk material yang lebih keras dan potongan besi yang tipis lebih baik menggunakan pisau gergaji yang lebih halus. Tabel dibawah ini merupakan tabel penggunaan ukuran pisau gergaji untuk memotong meterial yang berbeda. 14

28 Selection of hacksaw blades Materials to be cut Small solid sections of soft materials such as mild steel, aluminium, brass and copper.,, Large solid sections of hard materials such as alloy steel, heat treated steel and stainless steel.,,, Heavy angles. Cast iron Small solid sections of hard materials such as alloy steel, heat treated steel and stainless steel., Sections between 3 mm. (1/8 in. Approx.) and 6 mm (1/4 in approx.) thick, such as heavy tubing and sheets and medium angles.,, 3mm(1/8 6mm(1/4 ) Sections less than 3 mm. (1/8 in approx.) thick, such as thin tubing and sheets also light angles,, 3mm ( 1/8). Teeth per 2.54 cm (1 in.) The normal blades are made of a low tungsten steel; while they are comparatively cheap they do not last as long as the high tungsten blades sometimes known as high speed steel. This does not mean that one should saw at a faster rate, but that the material from which they are made is a high speed steel. These blades are much more expensive and they tend to be rather brittle, but in experienced hands they are much cheaper in the long run. 15

29 Pilihan mata gergaji besi Materials yang dipotong gerigi per 2.54 (1 in.) Bagian keras dari material lunak ukuran kecil seperti baja ringan, aluminium, kuningan dan tembaga 18 Bagian keras dari material keras ukuran lebar seperti baja campuran, baja yang dipanaskan, dan baja tak berkarat. Angle/sudut yang berat. Besi cor 24 Bagian keras dari material keras ukuran kecil seperti baja campuran, baja yang dipanaskan, dan baja tak berkarat. Bagian yang tebalnya antara 3 mm. (kurang lebih 1/8 in.) dan 6 mm (kurang lebih 1/4 in.) seperti pipa yang besar dan berat dan pelat serta angle berukuran sedang. Bagian yang tebalnya kurang dari 3 mm (kurang lebih 1/8 inchi) seperti pipa yang tipis, dan pelat serta angle yang 32 ringan 15

30 ;... 2) FILES Files may be either cut or double cut. On the former the teeth lie diagonally across the file blade but on the latter two rows of teeth cross diagonally ( Fig. 7). 2.( Fig. 7) Fig 7. Files Files with various numbers of teeth per inch are available ranging from very coarse to very fine, but for farm work two grades are in common use, namely bastard and second cut. The former is a medium coarse texture while the latter is rather finer Uses Single cut files, which are normally supplied for farm work in the second cut grade are used for filing hard materials such as mower knife sections, wood saws, hand hoes, etc. They can be bought in flat or triangular shapes. 16

31 Pisau gergaji biasa umumnya terbuat dari baja tungsten tipis; pisau ini terbilang murah, tidak tahan lama dibandingkan mata gergaji besi yang terbuat dari baja tungsten besar yang dikenal dengan baja high speed. Hal ini tidak berarti orang yang menggunakannya harus menggergaji dengan kecepatan menggergaji lebih cepat, tetapi pisau gergaji besi tersebut terbuat dari baja high speed. Pisau gergaji high speed ini lebih mahal dan cenderung agak rapuh, tetapi ditangan seorang yang berpengalaman pisau gergaji ini awet lebih lama walaupun telah sering digunakan cukup lama. 2) KIKIR Ada dua tipe kikir yaitu kikir single cut (potongan tunggal) dan kikir secong cut (potongan ganda). Kikir single cut geriginya melintang secara diagonal, sedangkan kikir second cut mempunyai dua baris gerigi yang bersilang secara diagonal. (lihat Gbr. 7). Gbr. 7. Kikir Ki Kikir dengan bermacam jumlah gerigi per inchi tersedia mulai dari gerigi yang sangat kasar hingga gerigi yang sangat halus, tetapi untuk pekerjaan pertanian biasanya menggunakan dua tipe kikir yakni, kikir bastard dan kikir second cut (potongan kedua). Kikir bastard teksturnya setengah kasar sedangkan kikir second cut agak halus. 16

32 2,,. Double cut files are used for general work, the bastard grade being employed for removing metal quickly while if a finer finish is required a second cut file is used., 2. Cares of Files The teeth on a file are quite brittle and become easily blunted if the file is thrown into the assortment of tools generally found in a tractor toolbox. Ideally they should be wrapped in a rag or paper, not touching each other, if their life is to be prolonged. Damp also damages files as the crests of the teeth tend to rust away thus making them blunt. 17

33 Penggunaan kikir Kikir single cut (potongan tunggal), biasanya digunakan untuk pekerjaan pertanian kikir second cut digunakan untuk mengikir material yang keras seperti pisau mesin potong rumput, gergaji kayu, cangkul, dll. kikir-kikir tersebut tersedia dalam bentuk datar dan bentuk segitiga. Kikir second cut digunakan untuk pekerjaan yang umum, kikir bastard digunakan untuk mengikir logam dengan cepat sedangkan untuk proses akhir dibutuhkan kikir second cut. Perawatan kikir Gerigi kikir cukup rapuh dan mudah tumpul bila digunakan untuk mengikir bermacam-macam perkakas yang biasanya terdapat dalam kotak perkakas traktor. Sebaiknya kikir-kikir ini dibungkus dalam kain atau kertas, agar tidak bersentuhan satu sama lainnya dan tahan lama. Udara lembab juga merusak kikir-kikir ini karena ujung geriginya mudah berkarat sehingga menjadi tumpul. 17

34 Oil should not be used on files as it tends to make the metal particles clog between the teeth. If this clogging occurs, files may be cleaned by gently brushing along the teeth with a wire brush or file card (a series of wire bristles fixed to a cloth backing).. ( ). 3) HAMMER Figure 8 shows a selection of types of hammers; of these the ball pene is the best for the farm machinery operator. The ball end being used for riveting and spreading. Several points should be borne in mind when using a hammer. Firstly, the handle should be clean, dry and free from oil or grease; this enables the operator to strike more truly and thus avoid expensive and possibly painful misses. Secondly, it should be remembered that the hammer face is hardened and it may chip if used on hard materials. Also it will tend to deform anything which is struck, and when doing jobs such as knocking out a shaft, a piece of soft material should be used as a drift between the hammer and the object which is being struck. Thirdly, a hammer with a loose head should not be used. If the head has come loose, it can be driven farther on the shaft and the wedge knocked down to secure it. Proper wedges should always be used and not a nail. 8 ;,.,.,.. 18

35 Minyak pelumas tidak boleh dioleskan pada kikir karena minyak pelumas menyebabkan butiran-butiran logam mengganjal diantara gerigi kikir. Bila penyumbatan terjadi, kikir dapat dibersihkan dengan penyikatan yang hati-hati sepanjang gerigi dengan sikat kawat atau kartu kikir (semacam bulu kawat yang disematkan pada kain) 3) PALU Gambar 8 memperlihatkan sejumlah tipe palu. Dari semua tipe palu tersebut, palu ball pene adalah yang paling tepat untuk operator mesin-mesin pertanian. Bagian kepala palu yang bulat digunakan untuk memaku dan memipihkan. Ada beberapa poin yang harus diingat bila menggunakan sebuah palu. Pertama, gagang palu harus bersih, kering dan tidak terkena oli atau gemuk, ini memungkinkan operator untuk memalu dengan benar dan mencegah kemungkinan terjadi kecelakaan kerja/ tergelincir karena licin. Kedua, harus diingat bahwa palu adalah benda yang sangat keras dan bahkan bisa merusakkan benda yang keras bila dipukulkan. Juga akan merusak benda apa saja yang dipukulnya, dan bila melakukan pekerjaan seperti merobohkan batang, lapisi batang dengan material yang lunak. Ketiga, jangan gunakan palu yang kepala besinya longgar. Bila kepala palu longgar, kapala palu akan terlepas dari gagangnya. Gunakan baji kayu untuk menjepit kepala palu dengan gagangnya supaya kuat dan jangan menggunakan paku. 18

36 ,... Fig 8. Hammers Special hammers are available, with heads made of copper or lead, for hammering articles which can be easily damaged, and hammers with rubber heads for tyre fitting.,. 3) SPANNERS Many type of spanner are available but the open-ended, ring, socket and box types are the more commonly used for the maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery.,,. 19

37 Gbr. 8. PALU Gunakan palu khusus yang kepalanya terbuat dari tembaga atau timah bila hendak memalu benda yang mudah rusak, dan gunakan palu berkepala karet untuk memasang ban karet. 4) KUNCI-KUNCI Ada banyak jenis kunci, akan tetapi jenis kunci pas, kunci ring, kunci sock dan kunci kotak yang biasanya digunakan untuk perbaikan dan perawatan mesin-mesin pertanian. 19

38 Open-ended This type of spanner is relatively cheap and perfectly suitable for most jobs. It has two drawbacks, however; firstly, it is not always possible to use one of this type of spanner in a confined space, and secondly, the jaws are inclined to spring open under heavy loads. The correct method of using an open-ended spanner to exert a large force is shown in Fig. 9 a tightening a nut, and in Fig. 9b, loosening a nut. Note how the spanner has been turned over for the second operation. When used in this way, the tendency of the jaws to spring has been cut to a minimum..,. 9 9 a 9-b... Gbr. 9 Pengencangan mur 20

39 Kunci pas Jenis kunci ini relatif murah dan cocok untuk berbagai pekerjaan. Akan tetapi kunci ini memiliki dua kekurangan: pertama, salah satu kunci ini tidak selalu bisa digunakan pada suatu jarak yang dibatasi, dan kedua, jepitan yang miring pada per melepaskan beban berat kebawah. Metode penggunaan kunci pas yang benar untuk menggunakan tenaga yang besar pada saat mengencangkan mur ditunjukkan Gbr. 9a dan melepaskan mur ditunjukkan Gbr. 9 b. Perhatikan bagaimana cara memutar kunci tersebut untuk kedua pekerjaan tersebut. Bila telah digunakan sesuai metode penggunaan, kemiringan jepitan pada per menjadi minimum. Gbr. 9 Pengencangan mur 20

40 Ring Ring spanners are dearer than the open-ended type but they have two advantages; firstly, they are very suitable for use in confined spaces as the nut can be turned through 1/12 th of a turn at a time, and secondly, the ring cannot open. Consequently, providing that the nut is not damaged, great force can be exerted without any risk of the spanner slipping.. 1/12,. Socket Socket spanners are similar to a ring spanner except that they are of limited depth so that they cannot be used on a nut if a great length of bolt is protruding. However, the great variety of handles to which the socket can be fixed makes this type of spanner very adaptable. A selection of handles is shown in Fig. 10.,. Fig 10. Fig. 10. Scokrets spanners 21

41 Kunci Ring Kunci ring lebih mahal dibanding kunci pas karena memiliki dua keuntungan; pertama, kunci ring sangat pas digunakan pada jarak tertentu sehingga mur dapat diputar 1/12 th putaran pada satu kali putar, dan kedua, ringnya tidak bisa lepas. Asalkan murnya tidak rusak, tenaga yang besar dapat digunakan tanpa menyebabkan kunci ring tergelincir. Kunci Sock Kunci sock mirip dengan kunci ring kecuali kunci-kunci tersebut kedalamannya dibatasi sehingga kunci-kunci ini tidak bisa digunakan pada baut yang panjang bautnya menonjol keluar. Akan tetapi, beraneka macam gagang untuk sock tersedia sehingga jenis kunci ini pemakaiannya dapat dicocokkan. Jenis gagang kunci sock seperti terlihat pada Gbr. 10. Gbr. 10 Kunci-kunci sock 21

42 Box Box spanners are particularly suitable for nuts fitted in confined spaces, especially when the bolt protrudes any great distance through; they are also very good for removing and replacing sparking plugs which are often deeply socketed into an engine. Like ring and socket spanners they cannot spring so that large forces can be exerted. ;.. Spanner Sizes Spanners are made in different sizes to suit the range of nuts and bolts fitted to farm machines. Unfortunately, various systems are in common use and not all bolts of the same diameter are fitted with the same sizes of bolt head and nut. The American system uses nuts which are an exact fraction of an inch across the flats. Consequently, a spanner to fit an American type nut will be marked with a figure such as ¾ in. A.F. this means that the width between the jaws of the spanner is ¾ in. Across the flats 3/4 3/4. The Metric System is similar: a spanner marked 14 mm has a gap of 14 mm between the jaws and such a spanner will fit a nut which is 14 mm across the flats. : 14mm 14mm 14mm. 22

43 Kunci kotak Kunci kotak terutama sekali cocok untuk mur-mur yang dipasang pada jarak yang dibatasi, khususnya bila baut menonjol keluar memiliki jarak yang luas; kunci kotak juga sangat baik untuk melepas dan mengganti busi. Sama seperti kunci ring dan kunci sock, kunci kotak tidak mudah lepas sehingga perlu tenaga yang besar. Ukuran-ukuran kunci Kunci dibuat dengan berbagai macam ukuran sesuai dengan diameter baut dan mur yang dipasang pada mesin-mesin pertanian. Sayang sekali, berbagai macam sistem penggunaannya sama dan tidak semua baut dengan diameter yang sama dapat dipasangkan dengan ukuran kepala baut dan mur yang sama pula. American system menggunakan mur yang tingkat fraksionnya sangat tepat dari inchi hingga diameter flat. Oleh karena itu, sebuah kunci pas untuk memasang mur tipe American akan diberi tanda angka seperti ¾ in. A.F. yang artinya lebar antara jepitan kunci adalah ¾ in.diameter flat. Metric system sama dengan American system: sebuah kunci yang berangka 14 mm memiliki kerenggangan antar jepitan 14 mm dan kunci seperti ini akan cocok untuk mur yang berdiameter 14 mm. 22

44 5) ALLEN KEYS Figure 11 shows a selection of Allen keys for use with screws which have recessed hexagon heads. They are the only satisfactory method of dealing with screws of this type; attempts to work with the tang of a file are never satisfactory. The keys themselves are specially heat-treated and are very cheap so that attempts to improvise are a waste of time. Figure ;. Fig 11. Allen keys 6) COLD CHISELS Two types of cold chisel are shown in Fig.12. The flat type is used for general work and the cross-cut type is used for cleaning out key ways; it is also very useful for general work; due to its shape it provides a very strong narrow chisel for use in confined spaces

45 5) KUNCI LETTER L Gambar 11 merupakan gambar kunci-kunci letter L dengan sekrup berbentuk kepala segi enam berlubuk. Kunci-kunci ini hanya cocok dengan sekrup yang sejenis dengan bentuk kepala kunci ini, bekerja menggunakan kikir tang tidak akan memuaskan. kunci-kunci ini khusus dibentuk dengan perlakuan panas (heat-treatment) dan sangat murah sehingga usaha untuk membuat sendiri hanya akan membuangbuang waktu saja. Gbr. 11. Kunci-kunci leter L 6) PAHAT DINGIN Dua jenis pahat dingin tampak pada Gbr. 12. Pahat jenis datar digunakan untuk pekerjaan biasa dan jenis cross-cut digunakan untuk membersihkan kunci. Pahat cross-cut ini juga sangat berguna untuk pekerjaan biasa. Karena bentuknya yang sangat kecil, pahat ini kuat bila digunakan dalam celah yang sempit. 23

46 Note in Fig. 12. the correct shape of the cutting edge of a chisel. The end should have a gradual taper ending more abrupt taper at the actual cutting edge. : 12. Fig 12. Cold chisel Cold chisels are usually sharpened on a emery wheel and care should be taken to keep the edge cool by frequently dipping it in water. Overheating will turn the cutting edge blue, which is a sign that the chisel has been softened... Wood chisels are more delicate than cold chisels and should be shrapened on an oil stone and not on an emery wheel.. 24

47 Gbr.12 merupakan bentuk mata pahat yang benar. Ujung mata pahat harus meruncing ke ujung Gbr. 12. Pahat dingin Pahat dingin biasanya diasah menggunakan roda pengasah dan yang harus diperhatikan adalah mata pisaunya harus tetap basah dengan sesering mungkin mencelupkannya kedalam air. Kelebihan panas akan menyebabkan mata pisau berwarna biru, yang mana warna biru ini menandakan bahwa pahat tersebut menjadi lunak. Pahat kayu lebih lunak daripada pahat dingin. Pahat ini tidak boleh diasah dengan roda pengasah tetapi harus diasah pada batu asahan yang dilumasi minyak. 24

48 5) SCREWDRIVERS Several types of scewdrivers are shown in Fig. 13. note particularly the dumpy type, also the cross-ended type for use with recessed head screws. 13, ( ). Fig. 13. Screwdrivers The blade of a flat screwdriver should have a gradual taper but the end should be flat, the side faces almost parallel; the thickness should be slightly less than the slot width in the screw head. Sharpening is done by holding the screwdriver against the emery whell as shown in Fig. 14. A refinement is to finish off by grinding as shown in Fig 14b.. When the blade becomes too stumpy, the tapered faces can be ground on a emery wheel, taking care to keep the blade cool by dipping it frequently in water. The original taper angle should be maintained. 25

49 7) OBENG Beberapa jenis obeng tampak pada Gbr. 13. ada jenis yang gemuk dan pendek, juga jenis cross-ended yang digunakan dengan sekrup kepala berceruk. Gbr. 13. Obeng Mata pisau sebuah obeng datar makin ke ujung makin runcing tetapi ujungnya harus tetap datar. Permukaan sisinya hampir sejajar; ketebalan sisinya harus ramping kurang dari lebar petak ujung kepala sekrup. Untuk menajamkan mata pisaunya dilakukan dengan roda pengasah seperti tampak pada gambar 14 a. Penyelesaian akhirnya dilakukan dengan menggerinda seperti tampak pada gambar 14 b. Penyelesaian akhir ini untuk memastikan bahwa mata pisau bagian luar pas masuk kedasar petak sekrup dan cengkeramannya makin baik. Bila mata pisau obeng menjadi tumpul, permukaan yang runcing basa diasah dengan roda pengasah, dan harus diperhatikan mata pisau harus tetap dingin dengan sesering mungkin direndam dalam air. Sudut runcing yang asli mesti dipertahankan. 25

50 . 14a 14 b Cross-ended screwdrivers cannot be easily sharpened but due to their very positive method of gripping they rarely become unserviceable.. Fig 14. Reshaping a screwdrivers blade. 26

51 Obeng-obeng cross-ended tidak mudah diasah tetapi karena obeng cross-ended memiliki cara cengkeram yang sangat kuat, obeng ini jarang menjadi tidak berfungsi Gbr. 14. Pengasahan pisau obeng 26

52 8) DRILLS The engineer s twist drill is commonly used for making holes in the course of repairs to farm machinery and the construction of fittings for farm buildings. These drills are made either of high carbon steel or high speed steel (which is a steel with a high tungsten content). The latter type, although dearer, is the better for drilling metal. Drills can have two types of shank either parallel or taper.. ( ). Figures 15. a, b and c show a parallel shank drill and the machines for which it is suitable. It will be noted that the hand drill is of the twospeed type which is suitable for most farm work: the electric drill can have two speeds also. The ability to select a suitable drilling speed is important; excessive speed when using a large drill results in the drill becoming over heated and soft and too slow a speed when using a small drill makes the job take longer than necessary. When fitting a parallel shank drill into a chuck great care should be taken in making sure that it is tight. When a key-type chuck is used it is advisable to tighten the chuck in at least two of the three holes provided. 15 a,b,c

53 8) BOR Mata Bor biasanya digunakan oleh orang-orang tekhnik untuk membuat lubang selama memperbaiki mesin-mesin pertanian dan membuat perabotan untuk rumah-rumah pertanian. Bor ini terbuat dari baja karbon yang tinggi atau dari baja high speed (baja dengan kandungan tungsten tinggi). Bor yang terbuat dari baja high speed, meskipun lebih mahal, merupakan bor yang baik untuk mengebor logam. Bor-bor ini memiliki dua jenis mata bor yakni paralel dan runcing Gambar 15. a, b dan c merupakan bor batang paralel dan mesin yang cocok digunakan untuk batang bor ini. Bor tangan jenis dua persneling cocok untuk pekerjaan pertanian: bor listrik bisa juga memiliki dua persneling. Kemampuan untuk memilih persneling pengeboran yang cocok penting sekali; persneling yang terlalu tinggi bila menggunakan bor besar menyebabkan bor menjadi lebih panas dan lunak serta kecepatannya menjadi semakin pelan sedangkan bila menggunakan bor kecil menyebabkan pekerjaan menjadi lebih lama dari seharusnya. Bila memasang bor batang paralel kedalam sebuah chuck harus dilakukan dengan teliti dan pastikan terpasang dengan kuat. Bila chuck tipe kunci digunakan, sebaiknya eratkan chuck tersebut sedikitnya dua atau tiga lubang yang telah tersedia. Bila bor meleset saat pengeboran, hal ini disebabkan oleh batang bor dan batang bor menjadi lebih sulit untuk tetap dikuatkan. 27

54 If the drill is allowed to slip when drilling, the shank becomes scored and it is then more difficult to keep it tight.. After much use drills become blunt; they can be resharpened but this operation needs a lot of skill and unless one knows how to do it the drill may be made worse and possibly be damaged permanently. ;. a. twist drill b. hand drill c. power drill Fig.15. Drills 9) JACK AND JACKING Figure 16 shows a selection of jacks. Screw jacks are relatively cheap but they tend to be hard work to operate due to the high frictional losses in the system. Hydraulic jacks either of the bottle type or the trolley type are much more convenient to operate, but they cost more than screw jacks of the same lifting capacity

55 Bor akan tumpul bila sering digunakan; mata bor ini bisa ditajamkan kembali tetapi untuk mengasah mata bor diperlukan keahlian khusus, bila dilakukan oleh mereka yang tidak ahli akan menyebabkan bor menjadi semakin tumpul dan mungkin rusak selamanya Mata bor Bor tangan Bor mesin Gbr. 15. Bor 9) DONGKERAK DAN MENGGUNAKAN DONGKRAK Gambar 16 memperlihatkan berbagai pilihan dongkrak. Dongkrak sekrup relatif murah tetapi dongkrak ini pengerjaannya memerlukan kerja keras karena kurangnya tingkat pergeseran pada sistemnya. Dongkrak hidrolik baik tipe botol maupun tipe listrik penggunaannya lebih mudah, tetapi lebih mahal dibanding dongkerak sekrup. Keuntungan dari dongkerak listrik adalah tinggingya rendah bila alam posisi turun, kenyatannya bahwa beban sering bisa diputar saat diatas dongkerak dan bahwa dongkerak tersebut tidak jatuh bila muatan bergerak sedikit. 28

56 Great care should be taken when jacking up machines, especially if there is any risk of the load falling on anyone. If any work is to be done under a machine, then when the machine has been raised it should be supported by wooden blocks of adequate size so that it may be held as rigidly as possible, and no work should be done under any machine which is supported only by jacks. Particular care should be taken when using hydraulic jacks that there is no risk of the lowering control being operated by mistake,. Fig 16. Jacks 29

57 Harus berhati-hati bila mendongkrak naik mesin-mesin, khususnya jika ada kemungkinan beban yang diangkat jatuh menimpa seseorang. Bila hendak melakukan pekerjaan dibawah mesin yang sedang didongkrak sebaiknya mesin tersebut ditopang dengan balok kayu yang ukurannya cukup untuk menopang berat mesin, jangan melakukan perbaikan dibawah mesin yang hanya ditopang dongkrak, hal ini berbahaya. Harus teliti dan hati-hati bila menggunakan dongkrak hidrolik untuk memastikan tidak akan ada bahaya pada alat pengatur naik-turun dongkrak pada saat digunakan. Gbr. 16. Dongkerak 29

58 Screw jacks should be well lubricated in order to lessen the effort involved. Hydraulic jacks oil reservoirs may occasionally need topping up and only the correct grade of oil should be used.. 30

59 Dongkerak sekrup harus dilumasi dengan sempurna untuk memperkecil kesulitan kerja. Isi tangki minyak pelumas dongkerak hidrolik hingga batas pengisian, gunakan minyak pelumas yang tepat 30

60 3. SIMPLE WORKING PROCESSES 1) Wood working a) Cutting In order to make good work, you have to have good tools and these have to be properly maintained. Saw should be set (filed) to be sharp enough.. In order to hold the work firmly, one or two wood horses (or a wooden table) are required (17. Putting the work on it, press with your body-weight so as not to move on sawing (Fig. 18) Fig 17. Wood horse Fig 18. Sawing wood horse 31

61 3. CARA-CARA BERTUKANG YANG MUDAH 1) Pekerjaan kayu a) Memotong Agar pekerjaan dapat dilakukan dengan baik, anda harus memiliki perkakas yang bagus dan perkakas ini harus dirawat dengan benar. Gergaji hendaknya dikikir agar cukup tajam. Agar pekerjaan mengergaji dapat dilakukan dengan benar, diperlukan satu atau dua kuda-kuda kayu (atau sebuah meja kayu) (Gbr.17). letakkan kayu yang hendak digergaji diatas kuda-kuda kayu, tekan dengan berat badan anda sehingga tidak bergerak sewaktu digergaji (Gbr.18). Gbr.17. Kuda-kuda kayu Gbr. 18. menggergaji diatas kuda-kuda kayu 31

62 A vice fixed to a heavy, rigid working table is better. When a small piece of wood is held in vice, try to cramp on wider area so as not to crash it (Fig. 19). Or prepare mouthpieces made of soft metals, which fit to jaws of the vice and to shapes of works (Fig.20). 19 ( 20) Fig 19. Holding wood in vice Fig 20. Mouthpieces for vice 32

63 Sebuah ragum sebaiknya dipasang pada meja kerja yang berat. Bila potongan kayu kecil dijepit pada ragum, usahakan untuk menjepit bidangnya yang lebar sehingga tidak patah (Gbr.19). Atau sediakan mouth-pieces yang terbuat dari logam lunak yang dipasang pada penjepit ragum dan untuk membentuk pemotongan (Gbr. 20). Gbr. 19. menjepit kayu pada ragum 32

64 Sawing out irregular shapes from hard wood with a coping saw or with a compass saw is hard work. Cutting out can do it easier with ordinary handsaw into straight shape and finishing the rest with wood file. Or drill many holes along outer circumference of desired curved line, connect them with a compass saw, and finish it with a woodfile (Fig. 21). When excessively hard wood is to be cut precisely, use a hack-saw for metal. ( 21).. Fig. 21. Cutting method of wooden board b) The ways to use nails When hitting nails, a hammer whose one face is flat and the other rounded (Fig. 22) is desirable. The flat face is chiefly used for hitting and the round side is used only for one or two hits at the last. By doing so, a mark of hammer will not remain on wood. ( Fig. 22) 1-2.,. 33

65 Menggergaji kayu keras yang bentuknya tidak beraturan dengan sebuah gergaji pembuat lekukan (coping saw) atau gergaji kecil untuk membuat lingkaran (compass saw) merupakan pekerjaan yang sulit. Pemotongan lebih mudah menggunakan gergaji tangan biasa dan proses akhir menggunakan dengan kikir kayu. Atau buat lubang dengan bor sepanjang garis lekukan yang diinginkan, kemudian potong dengan gergaji kecil untuk membuat lingkaran, dan selesaikan dengan kikir kayu (Gbr 21). Bila kayu yang dipotong sangat keras, gunakan gergaji besi. Gbr. 21. Cara memotong papan kayu b) Cara-cara menggunakan paku Bila hendak memaku, gunakan palu yang memiliki satu permukaan datar dan permukaan lainnya bulat (Gbr. 22). Permukaan yang datar digunakan untuk memaku dan bagian yang bulat digunakan untuk memaku pada pukulan terakhir. Dengan cara ini bentuk palu tidak akan tertinggal pada kayu yang dipaku. 33

66 Fig. 22. Hammer for nailing Holding strength of nails greatly differs according to the part of wood where nailed. Nails stuck at the end of wood are easily extracted. The ways of combining wood and places to be nailed should be well considered (Fig.23).... (Fig.23). Fig. 23. Way of nailing and desired length of nail 34

67 Gbr. 22. palu untuk memaku Ketahanan kekuatan paku sangat berbeda sesuai dengan bagian kayu yang dipaku. Paku ditancapkan dipinggir kayu agar mudah dicabut. Cara menyatukan kayu dan tempat bagian yang dipaku harus diperhitungkan (Gbr. 23) 34

68 When start hitting a nail, hold upper part of the nail so as not to hit your fingers (Fig. 24). If the nail is too short or the space is too narrow to hold it with fingers, then use long-nose pliers to hold it (Fig. 25)., ( Fig. 24), ( Fig.25). Fig 24. Safer way of holding nail Fig 25. Holding nail with long nose pliers 35

69 Saat mulai memaku, pegang bagian atas paku sehingga jari anda tidak terpukul (Gbr. 24). Bila paku sudah terlalu pendek atau paku tidak bisa lagi dipegang, gunakan tang buaya untuk menjepitnya(gbr.25). Gbr. 24 cara memegang paku yang lebih aman Gbr. 25. menjepit paku dengan tang buaya 35

70 When desired fixing tightly and the nails need not be extracted any more, wetted the tips of nails with salt water before nailing. Nails will soon rust and never come off. However in moist climate, this has reverse effect since heads and upper parts of nails rust too much and disappear (Fig. 26).,.. ( Fig. 26). Fig 26. Rusted nails When nailing to excessively hard wood or to easily splintered materials such as thin plates or brittle parts, pilot-holes should be bored before, by use of a thinner drill than nails. If the hole is too large, nails will be loose and have no effect... 36

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