untitled

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "untitled"

Transcription

1 Dryer Alat Pengering Padi Korea International Cooperation Agency National Institute of Agricultural Engineering RDA

2 CONTENTS 1. Grain cleaners. 3 1) Winnowers ) Sieves ) Power operated grain cleaners Grain Dryers and Drying Facilities.. 7 1) How to dry grain??? ) Flat-bed Dryer (1) The construction of the box and the way of piling paddy. 10 (2) Aeration fans (3) Furnaces (4) The way to use ) Circulation type dryers ) Continuous-flow type dryers ) Aeration devices ) Air quantity and operation methods. 24 7) Natural ventilation ) An example of planning drying facility Reference.. 34

3 DAFTAR ISI 1. Pembersih butiran padi ) Penampih ) Ayakan ) Pembersih butiran padi bertenaga mesin Alat pengering padi dan kemampuan pengeringan ) Bagaimana cara mengeringkan padi ) Alat pengering padi model flat-bed 10 (1) Bentuk kotak dan cara penumpukan padi (2) Kipas angin penganginan (3) Tungku pembakaran (4) Cara penggunaan ) Alat pengering padi tipe sirkulasi ) Alat pengering padi tipe continuous-flow ) Alat-alat penganginan ) Kwalitas udara dan metode pengoperasian ) Ventilasi alami ) Contoh fasilitas pengeringan yang terencana Referensi 34

4 1. GRAIN CLEANERS 1) Winnowers This is to separates straw, trash, dust and immature grain from threshed paddy grain with a large fan driven by hand either directly or with multiplying gears to increase the revolution to 4 to 5 times (Fig.1) 4~5,,. On making this, thin wood board or galvanized iron sheet should be used so as to make it light weight and easily carried.,. Fig. 1. Wooden winnower The revolution of fan can be more stable and constant by adding flat iron bars, etc. on the vanes near to the outer ends, resulting, in larger inertia. It should be well balanced. Slower revolutions with large fans can be less tiring and more effective than faster revolution with small fans. The direction of wind should be slightly upwards.

5 1. PEMBERSIH BUTIRAN PADI 1) Winnower (penampih) Alat ini digunakan untuk memisahkan jerami, sampah, debu dan butiran padi hampa dari butiran padi yang digirik dengan kipas besar yang digerakkan dengan tangan baik secara langsung atau dengan persneling / roda gigi yang melipat gandakan kekuatan tenaga untuk meningkatkan putaran menjadi 4 hingga 5 kali lipat.(gbr.1) Untuk membuat alat ini, diperlukan papan kayu tipis atau lempengan besi berlapis seng sehingga winnower tersebut ringan dan mudah dibawa. Gbr. 1. Penampih dari kayu Putaran kipas dapat lebih stabil dan konstan dengan menambahkan batangan flat besi pada baling-baling dekat bagian akhir sebelah luar, pada inertia yang lebih besar. Putaran kipas harus seimbang. Putaran yang lebih lambat dengan kipas besar bisa mengurangi keletihan dan lebih efektif dibandingkan putaran yang lebih cepat dengan kipas kecil. Arah angin harus sedikit keatas.

6 .. Feeding of paddy grain should be constant and uniform along the width of feeding opening. Separation boards to classify good paddy, immature paddy and trash should be adjusted easily as required. Separation condition should be controlled not by adjusting revolution of fan but by adjusting the positions of separation boards keeping the revolutions always constant. Try to turn fan with constant speed as much as possible, feed paddy with constant rate uniformly, and adjust separation boards so as to make accurate separation of paddy, immature grain and trash.... In order to make use winnower effectively, paddy should be dried well. If paddy is wet, difference of weight among paddies, immature and trash are not remarkable and they cannot be separated well.,. 1) Sieves Sieves are most effective to remove large impurities from paddy, etc. A self-made square sieve would be shook by hanging from ceiling with two ropes (two ropes are better than four ropes,( Fig.2) or rolled on a round bar (Fig. 3) so as to pass paddy through the screen mesh. Mats should be placed on the floor. (2 4 ) ( 3)..

7 Pemasukan butiran padi harus konstan dan sama sepanjang luas bukaan mulut. Papan pemisah untuk mengelompokkan padi yang baik, padi yang hampa dan sampah harus diatur dengan mudah sesuai kebutuhan. Kondisi pemisahan harus dikontrol bukan dengan menyetel putaran kipas tapi dengan menyetel posisi papan pemisah juga putaran selalu dalam keadaan konstan. Usahakan menjalankan kipas dengan kecepatan tetap sesering mungkin, masukkan padi dengan jumlah yang sama dan atur papan pemisah hingga pemisahan butiran padi, sampah dan padi hampa secara akurat. Agar penggunaan winnower efektif, padi harus dikeringkan dengan baik. Bila padi basah, perbedaan berat antara butiran padi, padi hampa dan sampah tidak bagus, dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan baik. 2) Ayakan Ayakan lebih efektif untuk membuang padi hampa dari butiran padi. Ayakan berbentuk persegi empat diayak dengan menggantungkan dua tali di plafon (dua tali lebih baik dari pada empat tali) atau digelindingkan diatas palang bulat sehingga butiran padi keluar melalui lubang kawat kasa. Tikar harus dibentangkan dilantai.

8 When tilted static screens are used, by adding another screen below, finer trash or dust can also be removed. The length of screen need not be extended more than about 70 cm. Single pass may not clean grain perfectly. The tilt angle should be adjusted.(fig.4). 70cm 1.( 4) Fig 2. Ceiling sieve Fig.3. Roll sieve Fig. 4. screen cleaner

9 Bila menggunakan kawat kasa statis yang dimiringkan, dengan menambah kawat kasa lain dibawahnya, sampah atau debu juga bisa dikeluarkan. Panjang kawat tidak perlu lebih dari kira-kira 70 cm. Satu lapis kawat tidak bisa benar-benar membersihkan butiran padi. Sudut kemiringan hendaknya disesuaikan.(gbr.4) Gbr. 4. Ayakan kawat kasa

10 3) Power operated grain cleaners The machine developed by IRRI is equipped with two decks of vibrating screens and a fan, driven by a half horsepower motor or one horsepower engine. It is reported to have one ton per hour capacity (Fig. 5) Various similar types of paddy cleaners are manufactured and sold. These might by study and you can make one.,. Fig. 5. IRRI. Grain cleaner

11 3) Pembersih butiran padi bertenaga mesin Mesin ini dikembangkan oleh IRRI dilengkapi dengan dua geladak kawat kasa yang bergetar serta sebuah kipas, digerakkan dengan motor bertenaga setengah tenaga kuda atau mesin penggerak bertenaga satu tenaga kuda. Alat ini dalam satu jam mampu menghasilkan satu ton butiran padi bersih.(gbr.5) Berbagai jenis alat pembersih padi serupa diproduksi pabrik dan dipasarkan. Alat-alat ini juga dapat dipelajari dan dibuat sendiri. Gbr. 5. alat pembersih butiran padi rancangan IRRI

12 2. GRAIN DRYERS AND DRYING FACILITIES 1) How to dry grains? In order to store paddy safely for a long time, the moisture content should be below about 14%. As most of threshed paddy contains more moisture than that, the sun normally dries it. 14%,,. However, when sun-drying cannot be done, paddy must be dried artificially in order to avoid the spoilage. Artificial drying is regarded to be costly operation. It is true. But it may be more profitable to dry paddy artificially than to store and rotten it or to sell it right after threshing cheaply due not to be stored. There are even such cases as to dry artificially in spite of good weather, with aim of getting high grade paddy and better price. Reverse cases can also exist, of course, which lower grain quality by artificial drying..,... It is decided by various conditions which types of dryers or drying facilities are best. It never happens that a certain type of equipment is always best. In order to select the most suitable machine for your self, the following conditions should be considered:...

13 2. ALAT PENGERING BUTIRAN PADI DAN KEMAMPUAN PENGERINGAN 1) Bagaimana mengeringkan butiran padi Agar penyimpan butiran padi untuk waktu yang lama aman, kadar airnya harus dibawah 14%. Kebanyakan padi yang telah digirik banyak mengandung kadar air berlebih, biasanya dikerigkan dibawah sinar matahari. AkanAkan tetapi, bila sinar matahari tidak bekerja dengan baik, padi harus dikeringkan secara buatan untuk menghindari pembusukan. Pengeringan buatan membutuhkan biaya pengoperasian yang mahal. Ini memang benar, tetapi cara ini lebih menguntungkan dari pada menyimpan dan padi menjadi busuk atau menjualnya dengan harga murah setelah padi digirik tanpa sempat disimpan. Ada keadaankeadaan dimana pengeringan butiran padi secara buatan harus tetap dilakukan meskipun cuaca bagus dengan tujuan memperoleh butiran padi kwalitas tinggi serta harga yang lebih baik. Sebaliknya ada juga keadaan dimana kwalitas butiran padi lebih rendah dengan pengeringan buatan Bermacam kondisi sangat menentukan pemilihan jenis alat pengering atau kemampuan pengeringan yang paling baik untuk digunakan. Karena tidak akan pernah ada jenis peralatan tertentu adalah yang terbaik untuk digunakan. Untuk memilih mesin yang paling cocok buat anda, kondisi-kondisi berikut ini harus dipertimbangkan

14 1) Total amount of grain to be dried. ( 1 ) 2) How often, with what size of lot, is grain brought? 3) Moisture content of grain to be dried 4) How soon it need to be dried 5) Cost of labour and various materials 6) Available area for installation of dryer 7) Availability of electricity 8) Kinds and cost of fuel 9) Required quality of grain after dried. If much quantity of grain are to be dried fast, large drying capacity is required. However, unlike tractors, dryers can normally be used only a short period in a year. Therefore it should be as cheap as possible and operation period should be extended as long as possible.. On the other hand, if there are cases that unexpectedly large amount of paddy is brought, or unexpectedly wet paddy is brought, or both of them should happen altogether, and paddy were damaged due to shortage of drying capacity, the economic loss is greater than saving of the capacity of dryers.,. Considering these cases, it may be conceived to have a dryer suited for average condition but supplemented with aerated paddy storage or aerated holding tanks..

15 1) Total jumlah padi yang akan dikeringkan. 2) Berapa sering, dengan ukuran berapa butiran, padi dikeringkan 3) Kadar air butiran padi yang akan dikeringkan. 4) Berapa waktu yang diperlukan untuk pengeringan. 5) Biaya operasional dan macam-macam material 6) Area yang tersedia untuk pengeringan mesin pengeringan 7) Ketersediaan listrik 8) Biaya dan jenis bahan bakar, serta 9) Jumlah butiran padi yang diharapkan setelah padi dikeringkan. Bila padi yang ingin dikeringkan dengan cepat jumlahnya banyak, dibutuhkan kapasitas pengeringan yang sangat besar. Akan tetapi, tidak seperti traktor, biasanya alat pengering hanya bisa digunakan untuk jangka waktu pendek dalam satu tahun. Oleh karena itu harus disahakan semurah mungkin dan masa pengoperasian harus diperpanjang selama mungkin. Sebaliknya, bila keadaan dimana padi yang akan dikeringkan dalam jumlah besar, atau padi lembab atau kedua keadaan tersebut terjadi, dan butiran padi rusak karena kapasitas pengeringan tidak memadai, kerugian secara ekonomis lebih besar dibandingkan penyelamatan kapasitas alat pengering. Perhatikan keadaan-keadaan tersebut, perlu dipertimbangkan untuk memiliki sebuah alat pengering yang cocok untuk kondisi rata-rata, tetapi dilengkapi dengan penyimpanan padi yang diangin-anginkan

16 There is another way to cope with such occasions. That is to dry only high-moisture paddy first, Which cannot keep long, to about 18% moisture level, and dry afterwards all of paddy to 14%, when the dryer has become less busy As drying of grain means to reduce moisture contained is grain, heat to evaporate water and air to remove evaporated steam are required. That is why heated air is ventilated in grain dryers. The drying capacity of a dryer is expressed with the amount of water to be evaporated in an hour. If paddy is not of very high moisture, it is not spoiled and can be dried slowly when ventilated with proper amount of unheated air. The cost of drying can often be minimum in this method. To what moisture content paddy can be dried by use of ambient air is depend on the temperature and relative humidity of air. For drying operation of paddy, thermometer, hygrometer and grain moisture meter are required.(fig. 6 ) 6 Fig. 6. Grain moisture meter

17 Ada cara lain untuk mengatasi kondisi seperti itu yaitu terlebih dahulu keringkan padi yang mengandung kadar kelembaban tinggi dan tidak dapat bertahan lama, kira-kira tingkat kelembaban 18%, dan kemudian keringkan semua padi hingga 14%. Pengeringan padi berarti proses mengurangi kadar kelembaban padi; panaskan padi untuk menguapkan air dan anginkan menghilangkan uap air yang dihasilkan dari penguapan sesuai yang diinginkan. Oleh karena itu udara panas diganti udaranya dalam alat pengering padi. Kemampuan mengeringkan alat pengering diperlihatkan oleh jumlah air yang menjadi uap dalam satu jam Bila kadar kelembaban padi tidak tinggi, padi tidak akan busuk dan bisa dikeringkan pelan-pelan bila udaranya diganti dengan sejumlah udara yang tidak panas. Biaya pengeringan dapat dikecilkan. Untuk padi yang mengandung kadar air dapat dikeringkan dengan menggunakan udara ambient yang tergantung pada suhu udara serta kelembaban udara. Untuk pengerjaan pengeringan padi dibutuhkan alat termometer, hygrometer dan meteran kelembaban butiran padi. (Gbr. 6) Gbr. 6. Alat pengukur kadar air padi

18 Hygrometer can be made by anybody if he has two thermometers. One of the thermometers is used as it is. Mercury bulb of the other one is lapped with gauze to be wet all the time. 2 2) FLAT-BED DRYER (1) The construction of the box and the way of piling paddy This dryer is simple in construction and easy to make but very practical and widely used.,. Grain to be dried is piled on a screen lifted about 40 cm from floor and ventilated from below. The sizes of screen are 2 m x 2 m in small cases and up to as large as 7 m x 40 m (Fig. 7) 40cm,. 2m2m 7m40m.( 7) Fig. 7. Flat bed dryer

19 Hygrometer dapat dibuat oleh siapa saja bila ia memiliki dua buah termometer. Salah satu dari termometer tersebut digunakan sebagai hygrometer. Bola lampu merkuri dari termometer yang satunya diisi dengan kabut tipis sehingga lampu tersebut lembab selamanya. 2) ALAT PENGERING MODEL FLAT-BED (1) Bentuk kotak dan cara penumpukan padi Bentuk alat pengering ini sederhana dan mudah dibuat karena sangat praktis dan sudah banyak digunakan. Padi yang akan dikeringkan ditumpuk diatas kawat kasa yang menggantung kira-kira 40 cm dari lantai dan diudaranya disirkulasikan dari bawah. Ukuran kawat kasa berukuran kecil 2 m X 2 m dan ukuran paling besar 7 m X 40 m.(gbr.7) Gbr. 7. Alat pengering padi jenis flat-bed

20 In order to save floor space, vertical arrangement is also possible. Those developed by IRRI are designed so as not to require wire net screens.(fig.8) IRRI.( 8) In the cases of flat-bed dryers, height of grain piling ranges 20 to 60 cm, normally being 30 to 40 cm. the higher the moisture content, the less height is desired. 20~60cm, 30~40cm. When piled to 35 cm height on 1 m2, the weight of paddy is about 170 to 180 kg. Therefore, a box of 2 x 3 m with 35 cm piling height can contain about a ton of paddy. 1~2m 30cm 170~180kg, 23m 35cm 1 8. Vertical dryer (IRRI)

21 Untuk menghemat luas lantai, bisa juga disusun secara vertical. Jenis flat-bed ini dikembangkan oleh IRRI yang dirancang sedemikian rupa sehingga tidak membutuhkan kawat kasa (Gbr.8). Pada alat pengering flat-bed, tinggi gundukan padi berkisar antara 20 hingga 60 cm, tetapi mormalnya antara 30 hingga 40 cm. Semakin tinggi kadar kelembaban padi, kurangi tinggi gundukan padinya. Bila tinggi gundukan 35 cm per 1 m 2, berat padi kira-kira 170 hingga 180 kg. Oleh karena itu, satu kotak ukuran 2 x 3 m dengan tinggi gundukan 35 cm dapat memuat satu ton padi. Gbr. 8. alat pengering padi vertikal rancangan IRRI

22 The thickness of grain layer on the screen (the height of piling) should be uniform all over. If it is desired to fry two different varieties of paddy at the same time and two partitions were made, the both of the thickness must be same. If paddy in one partition has thinner layer than other, it only will be dried very fast and the other will not be dried at all. Sometimes grain of thinner layer in a partiton might be blown away as the result of concentration of air only to that. ( )..,.. Attention should be paid so that air will not escape from between sideboards and floor.,,.. A part of sideboard above screen had better be designed so as to be opened on discharging. As the screen receive all the weight of grain, it must be fortified and supported properly with frames, beams, and pillars. But they should not disturb air flow..,.

23 Tinggi gundukan padi pada kawat kasa usahakan sama (rata). Bila hendak mengeringkan dua varietas padi yang berbeda dalam waktu yang bersamaan buat dinding penyekat untuk memisahkan kedua jenis padi, dan tinggi gundukan padi kedua bilik harus sama. Bila padi dalam bilik satu lapisannya lebih tipis dari bilik yang lain, padi tersebut akan cepat kering sedangkan padi dibilik yang lain tidak sempurna keringnya. Kadang-kadang padi yang lapisannya lebih tipis akan terbang akibat dari pemusatan udara hanya pada kotak tersebut. Kotak alat pengering dapat dibuat dari pelat besi, papan kayu, batu bata atau semen. Yang harus diperhatikan adalah udara tidak akan keluar dari kedua dinding samping dan lantai. Bagian dinding samping diatas kawat kasa harus dibuat lebih baik sehingga mudah dibuka pada saat mengeluarkan padi. Karena kawat kasa menahan berat padi, maka kawat tersebut harus diperkuat dan ditopang dengan kerangka, balok, dan tiang. Tetapi alat penahan tersebut jangan sampai menghalangi sirkulasi udara

24 (2) Aeration fans From 0.05 to 0.6 horsepower is used for fan per m2of screen. The higher the height of piling, the more power is required. When the height of piling is doubled, the volume of paddy is, of course, doubled per m2. But required power to give same proportion of air per unit weight of paddy i.e. double quantity of air is 10 times instead of double. In other words, if same horsepower were used, by increasing pilingheight slightly, aerated air quantity reduces greatly and the drying rate slow down to a large extent ~0.6ps ,. Aeration fan had better be run by electric motor for continuous operation, if electricity is available.. When engine is used, the air duct should be so arranged as to suck all of heated air around engine(fig. 9). However, steam produced by a hopper type water-cooled engine must not be sucked..( 9). As for fan, axial-flow type (propeller type) is much cheaper than centrifugal type. The size should be large enough so as to absorb the power of engine. ( ).

25 (2) Kipas angin penganginan Dibutuhkan 0.05 hingga 6 tenagakuda untuk kipas angin per m 2 lebar kawat. Semakin tinggi tumpukkan padi maka daya yang dibutuhkan juga harus lebih besar. Bila tinggi gundukan digandakan maka volume padi per m 2 juga digandakan. Karena dibutuhkan daya untuk memberikan perbandingan udara yang sama per unit bobot padi contoh jumlah udara dua kali lipat berarti sepuluh kali manfaat dari dua kali lipat. Dengan kata lain, bila tenagakuda yang sama digunakan, dengan menambah tinggi gundukan sedikit, jumlah kipas angin penganginan sangat berkurang dan kecepatan pengeringan melambat hingga meluas. Kipas angin penganginan sebaiknya digerakkan dengan motor listrik untuk pengoperasian terus menerus. Ketika mesin penggerak digunakan, saluran udara harus dipasang sedemikian rupa agar semua udara panas disekitar mesin penggerak terhisap (Gbr. 9). Akan tetapi, uap panas yang dihasilkan oleh hopper mesin penggerak berpendingin air jangan sampai terhisap. Untuk kipas angin penganginan, tipe baling-baling (kitiran) lebih murah dibanding tipe sentrifugal. Ukuran baling-balingnya harus cukup lebar karena menahan daya dari mesin penggerak.

26 Fig. 10. Flat-bed by husk burner (IRRI) (2) Furnaces When oil is burned in furnace, the quantity to be burned should be between 0.3 and 1 liter per hour per ton of paddy. If the quantity is excessive, drying rate is too fast, much of paddy is cracked and quantity and quality of paddy in lower part is much lowered. Exhaust heat of engine is equivalent to about 0.2 liter of oil per horsepower per hour. () ~1.,,., 0.2. When direct-fired husk furnace is used, much attention should be paid so that burning ash will not fly away. Quantity of heat produced from 3 to 4 kg of husk, sawdust, etc. is almost equivalent to that from 1 liter of oil.(fig.11). 3~4kg 1.( 11)

27 Gbr. 10. Alat pembakar sekam jenis flat-bed rancangan IRRI (3) Tungku pembakaran Bila minyak digunakan untuk menyalakan tungku perapian, jumlah minyak yang akan dibakar harus antara 0.3 dan 1 liter per jam per ton padi. Bila jumlah minyak berlebihan, kecepatan pengeringan menjadi sangat cepat, banyak padi yang patah dan jumlah serta kwalitas padi dibagian yang paling rendah banyak berkurang. Panas yang dilepas mesin penggerak sama dengan 0.2 liter liter per tenagakuda per jam. Bila menggunakan tungku bakar langsung pada sekam, yang harus diperhatikan adalah jangan sampai abu pembakaran beterbangan kemana-mana. Jumlah panas yang dihasilkan dari 3 hingga 4 kg sekam, serbuk gergaji, dll. hampir sama dengan 1 liter minyak. (Gbr. 11)

28 Fig.11. Husk burner When furnaces burn biogas or various other materials, it is often dangerous to use direct fire for dryers. The furnaces had better be surrounded with galvanizes iron sheet so that heated air around them only be blown into dryers.(fig. 12).( 12) Fig. 12. Get heated by furnace

29 Gbr. 11. Alat Pembakar sekam Bi Bila tungku pembakaran membakar biogas atau berbagai material l ainnya, menggunakan api langsung untuk mengeringkan seringkali berbahaya. Tungku pembakaran sebaiknya dikelilingi dengan lembaran besi yang berlapis seng sehingga udara panas hanya akan masuk kedalam alat pengering. (Gbr. 12) Gbr. 12. Udara panas yang dihasilkan tungku perapian

30 When heated water is available from a boiler, it can safely be used for generation of heated air by guiding into a radiator of old truck engine, etc.(fig. 13) Fig. 13. Get heated by radiator When kerosene or other oil is used, control of heated-air temperature is easily attained by control of burning quantity. But it is difficult to regulate combustion condition of solid fuel. In such a case, quantity of cold air mixed should be regulated to adjust the temperature of heated air to be blown to dryer, maintaining constant combustion condition of the furnace.,.. The temperature of heated air should be 10 to 15 C 0 over room temperature. When there is space outdoor, solar air heater can be made. It is effective not only in sunny days but also in cloudy or rainy days.(fig. 14)

31 Ketika air panas dari ketel uap sudah siap maka aman digunakan untuk pembangkit tenaga uap dengan menggerakkan radiator dari mesin penggerak truk yang sudah tidak terpakai, dll. (Gbr. 13) Gbr. 13. Udara panas yang dihasilkan dari radiator Bila menggunakan minyak tanah atau minyak lainnya, pengaturan suhu uap panas mudah dilakukan dengan mengatur jumlah pembakaran. Tetapi sulit mengatur kondisi pembakaran bahan bakar padat. Dalam hal ini, jumlah udara dingin yang tercampur harus diatur agar sesusai dengan suhu uap panas yang masuk ke dalam alat pengering Suhu udara panas harus 10 hingga 15 C O melebihi suhu ruangan. Bila ada ruangan lain diluar, alat pemanas udara solar bisa dibuat. Alat ini efektif tidak hanya pada saat musim panas tetapi juga pada saat musim hujan.(gbr.14)

32 10~15,..( 14) Fig. 14. Solar air heater (3) The way to use Flatbed dryers are likely to cause over-drying of paddy in lower layer and insufficient drying of paddy in top layer. In order to avoid this, it is important to observe to:,.. Try mix on the way of drying Try to blow much quantity of air per unit weight of paddy, without increasing air temperature much (when fan horsepower is given, air quantity per unit weight of paddy can be increased greatly by making thinner layer of paddy.

33 Gbr. 14.Alat pemanas udara dengan bahan bakar solar (4) Cara penggunaan Alat pengering flat-bed mungkin menyebabkan padi pada lapisan paling bawah menjad terlalu kering dan lapisan paling atas kurang sempurna keringnya. Untuk menghindari hal ini ada hal-hal penting yang harus diperhatikan Usahakan mengaduk dengan membolak balikkan padi saat pengeringan. Usahakan meniupkan sejumlah udara per unit bobot padi, tanpa menambah banyak suhu udara (bila kipas angin tenagakuda digunakan, jumlah udara per unit per bobot padi dapat ditambah dengan mengurangi gundukan lapisan padi.

34 Try to dry slowly taking much time. It is safer to keep average drying speed below 0.3 to 0.l5 % per hour ~0.3%. 2) Circulation type dryers This is a kind of dryers that continuously circulate paddy. Paddy is subjected to heated air at the drying section on the lower part and dried to some extent, lifted up, dropped into tank, gradually coming down in it and again subjected to heated air at drying section at the bottom.(fig. 15),.( 15) Fig. 15. Circulation dryer

35 Usahakan mengeringkan padi dengan cara berangsur-angsur dalam waktu yang lama. Ini lebih aman menjaga kecepatan pengeringan rata-rata dibawah 0.3 hingga 0.15% per jam. 3) Alat pengering padi tipe sirkulasi Alat pengering padi ini adalah alat pengering padi jenis sirkulasi yang berlangsung terus. Padi dituang ke udara panas dibagian pengeringan dibagian paling bawah dan dikeringkan hingga beberapa lama, naik ke atas, dan dimasukkan kedalam tangki, berangsur-angsur turun dan diturunkan lagi ke udara panas pada tahap pengeringan bagian bawah. (Gbr. 15) Gbr. 15. sirkulasi alat pengering padi

36 When paddy is exposed to heated air, moisture in the husk only will be evaporated, leaving inner part still wet. During paddy goes down in the tank, moisture inside of grain will move to the husk so that it will be evaporated on next pass in drying section. Moisture is normally reduced 0.5 to 2% per pass.. () ~2%. Dryers of this type can dry paddy fast and evenly without lowering the quality. But the cost of machineis high. As they often employ electric motors and control devices for paddy circulation and air temperature control, they require electricity in most cases.. () ~2%. The size ranges from small 500 kg to large 50 ton in holding capacity. Smaller ones are designed for individual farmers and lives are short. Larger ones over about 5 ton are for commercial use and rigid. The formers mostly use kerosene only as fuel whereas the latter can use heavy oil, paddy husk, etc..,. Average drying speed is 0.5 to 1 % per hour %.

37 Alat pengering tipe ini dapat mengeringkan padi dengan cepat dan Bila padi dikenai udara panas, hanya kadar air dalam kulit padi yang akan diuapkan, sedangkan bagian dalam masih basah. Selama padi turun kedalam tangki, kadar air bagian luar padi akan pindah ke kulit ari padi sehingga akan diuapkan pada tahap pengeringan berikutnya. Kadar air biasanya berkurang 0.5 hingga 2% sekali jalan. Alat pengering tipe ini dpat mengeringkan padi dengan cepat dan bahkan tidak mengurangi mutunya. Tetapi biaya mesinnya tinggi. Karena sering menggunakan motor listrik dan alat-alat pengatur untuk sirkulasi padi dan pengatur suhu udara banyak membutuhkan listrik. Daya tampung mesin ini untuk ukuran kecil 500 kg hingga yang besar 50 ton. Alat pengering tipe sirkulasi yang berukuran lebih kecil dirancang untuk perorangan dan masa penggunaannya singkat. Sedangkan yang berukuran lebih besar diatas 5 ton digunakan untuk tujuan komersil dan daya tahan lama. Alat pengering padi tipe sirkulasi ukuran kecil kebanyakan menggunakan bahan bakar minyak tanah saja sedangkan ukuran besar bisa menggunakan oli yang pekat, sekam padi, dll. Kecepatan pengeringan rata-rata adalah 0.5 hingga 1% per jam.

38 (4) Continuous-flow type dryers This dries paddy by blowing heated air while paddy flows down.. It is, in most cases, used combined with tanks and bucket elevators as it can dry only 1 to 2%, at most 3 to 4%, per pass. It can be used either in series with a tempering tank and a bucket elevator in between (Fig.16) or in combination of several number of tempering tanks (Fig.17). Moisture of paddy grain inside will migrate onto the surface (husk) while paddy stays inside the tempering tanks. (), 1 1~2%, 3~4%. ( 16),.( 17) (). Extent of drying per pass in the dryer is limited as excessive drying causes cracking in the grain. Some dryers use long time per pass (30 minutes to an hour) with aim to increase moisture extraction per pass but it enlarge the holding capacity, equal the price.. 1 (0.5~1),.

39 (4) Alat pengering padi tipe continuous-flow Alat pengering padi tipe ini mengeringkan padi dengan menghembuskan udara panas pada saat padi bergerak turun kebawah. Alat ini digunakan dengan menggabungkan tangki dan ember elevator karena hanya bisa mengeringkan 1 hingga 2%, paling banyak 3 hingga 4% sekali jalan. Alat ini dapat digunakan dalam rangkaian tangki tempering dan ember elevator berselang seling (Gbr. 16), atau gabungan dari beberapa tangki tempering (Gbr. 17). Kelembaban butiran padi bagian dalam akan berpindah kekulit padi saat padi berada dalam tangki tempering. Tingkat pengeringan per lintasan dibatasi karena pengeringan yang berlebihan akan menyebabkan butiran padi mudah pecah. Beberapa alat pengering jenis ini memakan waktu yang lama per lintasan (30 menit hingga satu jam) dengan tujuan menambah pengeringan per lintasan tetapi memperbesar kapasitas, harga sama.

40 Fig. 16. Circulation dryer Thus, whichever the way to use either in series or in combination with several tanks, the total equipment is costly and of large capacity.,. Fig. 17. Tempering tanks

41 Gbr. 16. sirkulasi udara alat pengering padi Dengan demikian, cara apapun yang digunakan baik rangkaian atau kombinasi dengan beberapa tangki, jumlah peralatan yang diperlukan berkapasitas besar dan memerlukan biaya besar. Gbr. 17. Tangki-tangki tempering

42 (5) Aeration devices In conventional flat paddy storage, blowing air from below screen, which covers all of floor surface, can do aeration most uniformly. As in the case of flat-bed dryers, air should not leak from the circumference of the floor... Simpler and less expensive ways to aerate are to use air ducts that shaped triangular or semi-circle, and are covered with wire-meshed screen or staggered plates, placed on floor or a little lifted from floor (Fig. 18). When the distance of ducts is nearer, the effect can be more identical to that of all screen floors. The ducts had better be of unitconstruction of about 2 meter length so as to be connected in order to facilitate removal., ( ),.( 18). 2m,. (18)

43 (5) Alat-alat penganginan Pada gudang padi konvensional, penganginan dapat dilakukan lebih keseluruhan dengan menghembuskan angin dari bawah tirai yang menutupi seluruh permukaan lantai. Sama halnya dengan alat pengering padi flat-bed, dimana udara tidak boleh bocor melalu dari sekeliling lantai. Alat Lebih sederhana dan tidak mahal, cara-cara penganginan alat ini menggunakan saluran udara yang berbentuk segitiga atau semibulat, dan ditutup dengan kawat berlubang atau pelat yang diatur bergiliran, yang diletakkan dilantai atau diangkat sedikit dari lantai. Bila jarak saluran udara dekat, pengaruhnya bisa lebih identikal pada seluruh kawat yang ada dilantai. Saluransaluran udara tersebut sebaiknya disusun per unit kira-kira panjang 2 meter, sehingga bekerja memudahkan pelepasan udara.(gbr. 19)

44 Fig. 18. Aereation ducts Building wall should be airtight so that ventilated air will not escape. The air-tightness of lower wall is more important.(fig. 19). Sufficient air-outlet need to be made either below eaves or on roof in order to discharge air penetrated paddy layer without much resistance. (Fig. 20). Piling height slightly, aerated air quantity reduces greatly and the drying rate slow down to a large extent.

45 Gbr. 18. ventilasi udara Dinding gudang harus rapat sehingga sirkulasi udara tidak bocor. Kerapatan udara pada dinding bagian paling bawah sangat penting.(gbr.19) Saluran keluar udara yang memadai perlu dibuat dengan baik dari bawah bagian atap atau lis atap untuk menyalurkan udara yang merembes masuk kedalam lapisan padi tanpa banyak hambatan.(gbr.20) Bila tinggi gundukan rendah, kwalitas udara untuk penganginan akan sangat berkurang dan angka pengeringan turun perlahan hingga meluas.

46 Fig. 19. Leakage at wall Fig. 20. Ventilation storage (6) Air quantity and operation methods Required air quantity depends upon moisture content of paddy stored. Rough indication is given in table below... Paddy moisture content and required air quantity to be ventilated Paddy moisture content (%) Required air quantity (M 3 /ton paddy/sec.) The figures shown in the table is much lower than the case of flat-bed dryers (0.2 to 1 m3per ton paddy per second) or that of continuousflow dryers (1 to 6 m3). However, required power for such figures of ventilation greatly differs as in the case of flat-bed dryers according to the height of piling (0.2~1/ton?sec) (1~6/ton?sec),.

47 Gbr. 19 Kebocoran didinding Gbr. 20. Sirkulasi udara dalam gudang (6) Kuantitas udara dan metode pengoperasian Kuantitac udara yang diperlukan tergantung pada kadar kelembaban padi yang disimpan. Petunjuk kasar kadar kelembaban padi seperti tabel dibawah ini. Kadar kelembaban padi dan jumlah udara yang diperlukan untuk sirkulasi Kadar kelembaban padi (%) Kuantitas udara yang diperlukan (M 3 /ton padi/dtk.) Angka-angka yang tertulis dalam tabel lebih rendah dibandingkan mengeringkan dengan menggunakan alat pengering padi flat-bed (0.2 hingga 1 m 3 per ton padi per detik) atau dengan alat pengering padi continuous-flow (1 hingga 6 m 3 ). Akan tetapi, daya yang diperlukan untuk angka-angka sirkulasi tersebut sangat berbeda seperti pada angka alat pengering padi flat-bed yang berdasarkan tinggi gundukan padi.

48 Required power for ventilating to 100 tons paddy (fan efficiency: 50%, unit: PS) 100 Air quantity (M 3 /sec/ton paddy) Height of piling (m) For example, about 0.1m3of air is required per ton of paddy per second for 30% moisture of paddy. For 100 ton of such paddy, if it is piled to 1m heights (200 m2 of floor space is required), about 6 horsepower will do. If piled to 6 m height (floor space can be 33 m2), 400-horse power is required., %, m ( 200) 6ps. 6m( 33) 400ps. In practical cases, it is impossible to use several hundred horsepower. According to the size of storageand availability of budget, few horsepower of blower and engine (or motor) would be used. And the way of piling paddy should be changed according to the moisture content.. ( ),

49 Daya yang diperlukan untuk sirkulasi udara untuk 100 ton padi (efesiensi kipas angin:50%, satuan: PS) Kuantitas udara (M 3 /dtk/ton padi) Tinggi gundukan padi (m) Contoh, 0.1m 3 udara dibutuhkan per ton padi per detik untuk kelembaban padi 30%. Untuk 100 ton padi, bila digundukan setinggi 1m (200 m 2 dari jarak lantai yang dibutuhkan), dibutuhkan kira-kira 6 tenagakuda. Bila digundukan hingga 6m (jarak lantai 33 m 2 ), diperlukan 400 tenagakuda. Pada kenyataannya alat pengering padi ini tidak mungkin menggunakan beberapa ratus tenaga kuda. Berdasarkan ukuran gudang serta anggaran biaya yang tersedia, hanya akan digunakan sedikit tenagakuda pada alat peniup dan mesin penggerak (atau motor). Dan cara menggundukan padi harus diganti berdasarkan kadar kelembaban

50 For example, 100 tons storage (40 m2 floor area, with height of 5 m) is supposed to be equipped with one horsepower fan. Then, under full-load operation of the fan, 20% moisture paddy can be piled fully to the height of 5 m. in the case of 25% moisture paddy can be piled to 1.5 m (the quantity is 30 ton). For 30% moisture paddy, the height of piling should be only 0.75 m (15 ton). 100( 40, 5m) 1ps, 20% 5m. 25% 1.5m ( 30). 30% 0.75m( 15). Drying speed thus aerated would normally below 1% per day depending upon weather condition. If faster drying speed is desired, burner or above-mentioned solar air-heater might be attached to fan in order to increase air temperature. But the temperature elevation should be below 8oC. As in most of the cases paddy in the storage cannot be mixed, high temperature air is likely to over dry paddy of lower level. 1%., 8.,. If the storage is equipped with mixing device, quality of paddy can be maintained even by use of a little faster rate of drying.(fig. 21),.( 21) During ventilated in paddy storage; a part of it may be taken out to be dried with driers and stored in other storage after dried..

51 Contoh, 100 ton padi digudang (luas lantai 40 m 2, dengan tinggi 5 m) dilengkapi dengan satu kipas angin bertenagakuda. Kemudian, dibawah kipas angin, padi yang mengandung kadar air 20% dapat digundukan hingga 1.5 m (jumlah tersebut 30 ton). Untuk padi yang mengandung kadar air 30%, tinggi gundukan hanya 0.75 m (15 ton). Kecepatan pengeringan dengan diangin-anginkan biasanya dibawah 1% per hari tergantung keadaan cuaca. Bila kecepatan pengeringan lebih cepat, alat pembakar atau alat pemanas solar dapat dipasang pada kipas angin untuk meningkatkan suhu udara. Tetapi tinggi suhu udara harus dibawah 8 o C. untuk padi yang tidak dapat dicampur, udara bertemperatur tinggi akan lebih cepat mengeringkan padi yang ada dilapisan paling bawah. Bila gudang padi dilengkapi dengan alat mencampur padi, kwalitas padi dapat dijaga meskipun menggunakan kecepatan pengeringan yang sedikit lebih cepat. (Gbr. 21) Selama padi diangin-anginkan dalam gudang, sebagian dari padi tersebut dapat dikeluarkan untuk dikeringkan dengan alat pengering padi dan di gudang penyimpanan yang lain setelah dikeringkan

52 Fig. 21. Paddy storage with mixing device By doing so, height of piling in the former storage is reduced, air quantity increase remarkably and drying speed is increased.,. In other way, when moisture content of paddy is reduced as the result of ventilation, piling height can be increased safely.. When moisture content of paddy exceeds 20%, ventilation should be continued day and night for the safety. Though the ventilation in the night does not have the effect of drying, it can lower the temperature of paddy, which is likely to generate heat. 20%.,.

53 Gbr. 21. Gudang padi dengan peralatan gabungan Dengan demikian, tinggi gundukan padi digudang pertama akan berkurang, jumlah udara digudang tersebut akan bertambah secara nyata dan kecepatan pengeringan meningkat. Cara lain adalah dengan meninggikan gundukan padi bila kadar kelembaban padi berkurang akibat dari penganginan. Bila kelembaban padi lebih dari 20%, penganginan harus diteruskan sehari semalam. Meskipun penganginan dimalam hari tidak membawa pengaruh pada pengeringan, penganginan tersebut dapat lebih merendahkan suhu padi yang mungkin membangkitkan panas.

54 Paddy exceeding 22 to 23% will start degrading within a day or two if not ventilated. The higher the moisture content, the longer to be ventilated in a day so as to reduce the moisture to safe level quickly. High moisture paddy is desired to be spread thinly on all-screen floor. 22~23% 1~ However, when the quantity of paddy is too little to do so, or when only triangular ducts are available, paddy would be piled so as to cover the ducts, forming long triangular piles. This may be practiced indoor as well as outdoor.(fig. 22). ( 22). Fig. 22. Triangular duct

55 Padi yang kadar kelembabannya lebih dari 22% hingga 23% akan mulai diturunkan dalam satu atau dua hari bila tidak diangin-anginkan. Padi yang kadar kelembabannya lebih tinggi, diangin-anginkan lebih lama satu hari untuk mengurangi kadar airnya hingga tingkat aman dengan cepat. Padi yang kadar airnya tinggi disebar tipis dilantai kawat kasa. Akan tetapi, bila jumlah padi sangat sedikit, atau bila hanya tersedia saluran angin berbentuk segitiga, sebaiknya padi digundukkan hingga menutupi saluran angin dan membentuk gundukan yang mirip segitiga. Cara ini bisa dilakukan didalam ruangan maupun diluar ruangan. (Gbr. 22) Gbr. 22. ventilasi udara segitiga

56 (7) Natural ventilation Without having blower, if wet paddy have to be stored in storage, ducts made of rounded bamboo mats or bamboo stems whose nodes are removed and windows are opened covered with rough cloth shall be erected in among pile of paddy as many number as possible.,.. Upper portion of bamboo should not have windows. Inside of rounded bamboo mats, put some cross-wise wooden sticks so as not to be flattened with grain pressure. These ducts should first be erected before starting paddy piling.(fig. 23),..( 23) Fig. 23. Natural ventilation by bomboo

57 (7) Ventilasi alami Tanpa menggunakan alat peniup, bila padi lembab harus disimpan di gudang, saluran udara -yang terbuat dari tikar bambu yang dibulatkan atau batang bambu yang bongkolnya dihilangkan dan dindingnya dibuka hingga seperti jendela- ditutup dengan kain kasar bergaris-garis besar dan dipasang diantara gundukan padi sebanyak mungkin. Bagian bambu yang paling atas tidak memiliki jendela. Letakkan tongkat kayu yang disilangkan dibagian dalam tikar bambu yang dibulatkan sehingga tidak akan menjadi rata oleh tekanan padi. Saluran-saluran udara ini hendaknya lebih dahulu dipasang sebelum mulai menggundukan padi (Gbr. 23)

58 If there are bags, it is much safer to store in bags than piling in bulk. Bags should not be piled tightly but in a manner as to help natural aeration..(fig. 24).. ( 24) Fig. 24. Piling bags When the moisture content exceeds 20%, bags should not be piled but be kept standing one by one. If exceed 22%, the mouth of bags should be kept open. 20%, 22%. Even if such consideration is paid, high moisture paddy has much danger of degrading. Some ways to dry it as soon as possible should be looked for...

59 Bila memiliki karung, lebih baik padi dimasukan dalam karung daripada digundukan dalam borongan. Karung-karung tersebut tidak harus ditumpuk dengan rapat, karena cara ini membantu dalam mengangin-anginkan padi secara alami (Gbr. 24). Gbr. 24. tumpukan karung-karung padi Bila kadar air padi lebih dari 20%, karung-karung tidak boleh ditumpuk tetapi biarkan tetap berdiri satu per satu. Bila kadar air lebih dari 22%, karung jangan diikat biarkan tetap terbuka. Padi yang kadar airnya tinggi memiliki banyak resiko penurunan mutu. Cara-cara untuk mengeringkan padi dengan kadar air tinggi harus secepatnya ditemukan

60 (7) An example of planning drying facility Let us assume that paddy collection season lasts from Auguest 1 to September 20 for about 50 days, during which 500 ton of wet paddy whose average moisture content is 20% are collected , 20%, 500 Then average requirement for dryer is 10 ton wet paddy per day with moisture reduction from 20% down to 14%. Then, however, input quantity of wet paddy cannot be even but on some days more and the other days less. Moisture content would also fluctuate, deviating from 20%. Above drying capacity will be surplus or short day by day. 20% 14% 10.., 20%.. Input of wet paddy average 10 ton per day will perhaps concentrate on afternoon. In the maximum season, hourly input may reach 2 to 3 ton. There have to be sufficient facility to cope with such situation ~3.. In order to make a planning without much mistake, accurate record of paddy handling and weather conditions in the previous years are essential (1 ).

61 (8) Contoh dari fasilitas pengeringan yang terencana Mari kita perkirakan musim panen mulai 1 Mai hingga 20 Juni selama 50 hari, 500 ton padi basah dengan kadar air rata-rata 20% dipanen. Kemudian kemampuan rata-rata alat pengering padi adalah 10 ton padi basah per hari dengan penurunan kadar air dari 20% turun menjadi 14%. Akan tetapi, pemakaian jumlah padi basah tidak bisa sama karena akan kurang dalam beberapa hari dan hari-hari selanjutnya. Kadar air juga akan berubah-ubah, menyimpang dari 20%. Kemampuan pengeringan diatas akan dilebihkan atau diperpendek harinya dari hari kehari. Pemakaian padi basah rata-rata 10 ton per hari akan selesai sore hari. Pada musim maksimal, tiap jamnya bisa mencapai 2 hingga 3 ton. Fasilitas yang ada harus cukup untuk menghadapi situasi tersebut. Agar tidak terjadi kesalahan perencanaan, catatan yang akurat tentang pemeliharaan padi dan keadaan cuaca tahun sebelumnya sangatlah penting.

62 Assuming that records of paddy input and weather let us try to plan required drying facilities and the way to use it as an example.. It seems that, in this case, two flat-bed dryers with 5 ton holding capacity each would suffice the requirement. Each dryer would be 4 x 8 m, with 0.3 m pile, made of wood and wire-mesh screen m, 0.3m. A fan driven with 3 horsepower (2.2 kw) motor and a paddy husk burner to burn 15 to 20 kg of husk shall be attached to each. With these, about 1 m3 of heated air 10oC above room temperature would be blown per ton of paddy per second, reducing moisture 0.3 to 0.4% per hour. In order to reduce moisture from 20% to 14%, it will take about 20 hours counting required time 3ps(2.2kW) 15~20kg ~0.4% (), 1. 20% 14% 20 For loading and unloading of paddy to driers, to 10 ton per hour belt conveyors (with 400 W motor each) and a 10 tons per hour bucket elevator (with 400 W motor) shall be used 10 1? 10 (400W ) ( 400W ).

63 Perkiraan bahwa catatan tentang pemakaian padi dan cuaca memudahkan kita untuk merencanakan fasilitas pengeringan yang diperlukan serta cara yang digunakan untuk itu seperti contoh. Dua alat pengering padi tipe flat-bed dengan daya tampung masingmasing alat 5 ton. Tiap alat pengering padi akan berukuran 4 X 8 m, dengan tinggi gundukan 0.3 m, terbuat dari kayu dan kawat yang berlubang. Sebuah kipas angin yang digerakan dengan motor dengan 3 tenagakuda (2.2 kw) serta alat pembakar sekam padi untuk membakar 15 hingga 20 kg sekam harus dipasang pada tiap-tiap alat pengering padi tersebut. Dengan fasilitas ini, kira-kira 1 m 3 udara panas 10 o C diatas suhu ruangan akan ditiupkan ke per ton padi per detiknya, penurunan kadar air 0.3 hingga 4% per jamnya. Untuk mengurangi kadar air dari 20% menjadi 14%, akan memakan waktu 20 jam.termasuk waktu yang diperlukan untuk memuat dan membongkar muatan padi. Untuk memuat dan membongkar padi 10 ton per jam pada alat pengering padi digunakan belt konveyor (400 W masing-masing motor) dan ember elevator (motor 400 W)

64 Required number of operators would be 4 to 5. In the night, one person only will work for feeding of paddy husk and watching. It should preferably be located near to a rice mill in order to facilitate transportation of paddy husk. 4~5,.

65 Dibutuhkan 4 hingga 5 orang operator. Dimalam hari, cukup satu orang operator bekerja untuk memasukan sekam padi dan mengontrolnya. Sebaiknya gudang pengeringan padi ini berdekatan dengan gudang penggilingan padi untuk memudahkan pengangkutan sekam padi.

66 Reference 1. Han hong kyu Essential farm machinery theory. Korean version. 2. J.M. Shippen & J.C. Turner Basic Farm Machinery. Pergamon press. 3. JICA Farm Machinery Vol1.2. Tsukuba International Agricultural Training Center (training text book) 4. RDA Farm machinery utilization & maintenance technology. Korean version 5. RDA & KOICA Training on Agricultural Mechanization for Swampy land of Indonesia. International training program

untitled

untitled Rice Milling Machinery Mesin Penggiling Padi Korea International Cooperation Agency National Institute of Agricultural Engineering RDA CONTENTS 1. The procedure and machines used for rice milling.....3

More information

< 좌측면 ><Gambar sebelah kiri> < 정면 ><Gambar depan>

< 좌측면 ><Gambar sebelah kiri> < 정면 ><Gambar depan> 기능시험평가지 Formulir Evaluasi Ujian Keahlian 업종 평가시간 : 4 분 Durasi untuk Tes: 4 menit Ⅰ. 과제의구성 Prosedur Tes 구분 Prosedur 과제 Tes ke- 과제 Tes ke- 3 과제 Tes ke-3 세부과제명 Subjek Tes 핀꽂기 Menusuk peniti 작업물걸기 Menggantung

More information

< 좌측면 ><Gambar sebelah kiri> < 정면 ><Gambar depan>

< 좌측면 ><Gambar sebelah kiri> < 정면 ><Gambar depan> 기능시험평가지 Formulir Evaluasi Ujian Keahlian 업종 평가시간 : 3 분 30 초 Durasi untuk Tes: 3 menit 30 detik Ⅰ. 과제의구성 Prosedur Tes 구분 Prosedur 과제 Tes ke- 과제 Tes ke- 3 과제 Tes ke-3 세부과제명 Subjek Tes 핀꽂기 Menusuk peniti

More information

70 diklasifikan berdasarkan perubahan letak dan perubahan cara pelafalan kemudian dianalisis penyebabnya. Berikut adalah variasi cara ucap konsonan ya

70 diklasifikan berdasarkan perubahan letak dan perubahan cara pelafalan kemudian dianalisis penyebabnya. Berikut adalah variasi cara ucap konsonan ya BAB IV KESIMPULAN Kesimpulan Dari hasil analisis sebelumnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam mengucapkan suatu konsonan, Song Manse mengalami beberapa tahapan. Song Manse tidak secara langsung dapat mengucapkan

More information

< 좌측면 > <Gambar sebelah kiri> < 정면 > <Gambar depan>

< 좌측면 > <Gambar sebelah kiri> < 정면 > <Gambar depan> 기능시험평가지 Formulir Evaluasi Ujian Keahlian 업종 평가시간 : 5 분 Durasi untuk Tes: 5 menit Ⅰ. 과제의구성 Prosedur Tes 구분 Prosedur 1 과제 Tes ke-1 과제 Tes ke- 3 과제 Tes ke-3 세부과제명 Subjek Tes 핀꽂기 Menusuk peniti 작업물걸기 Menggantung

More information

untitled

untitled How to use of tools Bagaimana cara menggunakan perkakas Korea International Cooperation Agency National Institute of Agricultural Engineering RDA Contents 1. Required and/or useful tools... 3 1) what kinds

More information

Page 2 of 6 Here are the rules for conjugating Whether (or not) and If when using a Descriptive Verb. The only difference here from Action Verbs is wh

Page 2 of 6 Here are the rules for conjugating Whether (or not) and If when using a Descriptive Verb. The only difference here from Action Verbs is wh Page 1 of 6 Learn Korean Ep. 13: Whether (or not) and If Let s go over how to say Whether and If. An example in English would be I don t know whether he ll be there, or I don t know if he ll be there.

More information

본문01

본문01 Ⅱ 논술 지도의 방법과 실제 2. 읽기에서 논술까지 의 개발 배경 읽기에서 논술까지 자료집 개발의 본래 목적은 초 중 고교 학교 평가에서 서술형 평가 비중이 2005 학년도 30%, 2006학년도 40%, 2007학년도 50%로 확대 되고, 2008학년도부터 대학 입시에서 논술 비중이 커지면서 논술 교육은 학교가 책임진다. 는 풍토 조성으로 공교육의 신뢰성과

More information

¹Ìµå¹Ì3Â÷Àμâ

¹Ìµå¹Ì3Â÷Àμâ MIDME LOGISTICS Trusted Solutions for 02 CEO MESSAGE MIDME LOGISTICS CO., LTD. 01 Ceo Message We, MIDME LOGISTICS CO., LTD. has established to create aduance logistics service. Try to give confidence to

More information

Page 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not,

Page 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not, Page 1 of 5 Learn Korean Ep. 4: To be and To exist Of course to be and to exist are different verbs, but they re often confused by beginning students when learning Korean. In English we sometimes use the

More information

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할 저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,

More information

Microsoft PowerPoint - ch03ysk2012.ppt [호환 모드]

Microsoft PowerPoint - ch03ysk2012.ppt [호환 모드] 전자회로 Ch3 iode Models and Circuits 김영석 충북대학교전자정보대학 2012.3.1 Email: kimys@cbu.ac.kr k Ch3-1 Ch3 iode Models and Circuits 3.1 Ideal iode 3.2 PN Junction as a iode 3.4 Large Signal and Small-Signal Operation

More information

3. 명칭맞추기 : 60 장 Mencocokkan nama: 60 buah 면접관이제시하는물품의명칭을한국어로말하시오. Jawablah nama barang yang ditunjuk oleh penilik dalam bahasa Korea. 목장갑 Sarung Tanga

3. 명칭맞추기 : 60 장 Mencocokkan nama: 60 buah 면접관이제시하는물품의명칭을한국어로말하시오. Jawablah nama barang yang ditunjuk oleh penilik dalam bahasa Korea. 목장갑 Sarung Tanga 기능시험평가지 Formulir Evaluasi Ujian Keahlian 업종 Kategori 평가시간 : 4 분 Durasi untuk Tes: 4 menit Ⅰ. 요구사항및평가내용 Tuntutan dan Evaluasi 1. 한국어기초대화 Komunikasi dasar dalam bahasa Korea 본인소개와함께자신의강점과관련경험, 취업후계획을한국어로말하시오

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 27(2), 2007, 96-121 S ij k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT j ij i j S ij S ij POP j SEXR j AGER j BEDDAT j k i a i i i L ij = S ij - S ij ---------- S ij S ij = k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT

More information

한국콘베어-AP8p

한국콘베어-AP8p K O R E A C O N V E Y O R K.C AP APRON CONVEYOR Apron Conveyors are used for conveying various bulk materials. They are particulary suitable for conveying hot materials such as clinker. K.C Apron Conveyors

More information

PJTROHMPCJPS.hwp

PJTROHMPCJPS.hwp 제 출 문 농림수산식품부장관 귀하 본 보고서를 트위스트 휠 방식 폐비닐 수거기 개발 과제의 최종보고서로 제출 합니다. 2008년 4월 24일 주관연구기관명: 경 북 대 학 교 총괄연구책임자: 김 태 욱 연 구 원: 조 창 래 연 구 원: 배 석 경 연 구 원: 김 승 현 연 구 원: 신 동 호 연 구 원: 유 기 형 위탁연구기관명: 삼 생 공 업 위탁연구책임자:

More information

- 2 -

- 2 - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - - 25 - - 26 - - 27 - - 28 - - 29 - - 30 -

More information

85 Konteks orangan dalam analisis ini terdiri atas pembaca komik tersebut dan juga lawan bicara dalam cerita. Konteks situasi, tempat dan tujuan memil

85 Konteks orangan dalam analisis ini terdiri atas pembaca komik tersebut dan juga lawan bicara dalam cerita. Konteks situasi, tempat dan tujuan memil BAB III KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 3.1 Kesimpulan Faktor kesepadanan leksikal dipengaruhi oleh 2 faktor utama, yaitu koteks dan konteks. Koteks dapat berupa prakoteks dan pascakoteks. Dari hasil analisis, ditemukan

More information

02-19~-44-하이퍼루프다시

02-19~-44-하이퍼루프다시 Understanding the Value Engineering of Hyperloop Currently, we are getting ready for the 4 th transport revolution due to the appearance of new modes of transportation that are largely classified into

More information

01_60p_서천민속지_1장_최종_출력ff.indd

01_60p_서천민속지_1장_최종_출력ff.indd 01 달 모양의 해안을 따라, 월하성 012 달 모양의 해안을 따라, 월하성 013 달 빛 아 래 신 선 이 노 는, 월 하 성 마 을 1장 달 모양의 해안을 따라, 월하성 초승달을 닮은 바닷가마을 월하성( 月 河 城 )이 위치한 충청남도 서천군( 舒 川 郡 )은 육지로는 동쪽으로 부 여군( 扶 餘 郡 ), 북쪽으로 보령시( 保 寧 市 )와 접하고 남쪽은 금강(

More information

step 1-1

step 1-1 Written by Dr. In Ku Kim-Marshall STEP BY STEP Korean 1 through 15 Action Verbs Table of Contents Unit 1 The Korean Alphabet, hangeul Unit 2 Korean Sentences with 15 Action Verbs Introduction Review Exercises

More information

182 동북아역사논총 42호 금융정책이 조선에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 일제 대외금융 정책의 기본원칙은 각 식민지와 점령지마다 별도의 발권은행을 수립하여 일본 은행권이 아닌 각 지역 통화를 발행케 한 점에 있다. 이들 통화는 일본은행권 과 等 價 로 연

182 동북아역사논총 42호 금융정책이 조선에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 일제 대외금융 정책의 기본원칙은 각 식민지와 점령지마다 별도의 발권은행을 수립하여 일본 은행권이 아닌 각 지역 통화를 발행케 한 점에 있다. 이들 통화는 일본은행권 과 等 價 로 연 越 境 하는 화폐, 분열되는 제국 - 滿 洲 國 幣 의 조선 유입 실태를 중심으로 181 越 境 하는 화폐, 분열되는 제국 - 滿 洲 國 幣 의 조선 유입 실태를 중심으로 - 조명근 고려대학교 BK21+ 한국사학 미래인재 양성사업단 연구교수 Ⅰ. 머리말 근대 국민국가는 대내적으로는 특정하게 구획된 영토에 대한 배타적 지배와 대외적 자주성을 본질로 하는데, 그

More information

Microsoft Word - skill test.docx

Microsoft Word - skill test.docx 기능수준평가평가지 PANDUAN TES KETERAMPILAN 직종 (JENIS PEKERJAAN) 전직종공통 (UNTUK SEMUA JENIS PEKERJAAN) 비번호 (personal identification number) 과제명 (JUDUL) 성명 (NAMA) 체력평가 (TES FISIK) 평가시간 WAKTU TES : 3 분 (3 MENIT) I.

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

` Companies need to play various roles as the network of supply chain gradually expands. Companies are required to form a supply chain with outsourcing or partnerships since a company can not

More information

78 bingung harus mendukung atau menentang melihat fenomena operasi plastik di Korea Selatan. Meskipun mereka tergolong penggemar, suka dengan hal-hal

78 bingung harus mendukung atau menentang melihat fenomena operasi plastik di Korea Selatan. Meskipun mereka tergolong penggemar, suka dengan hal-hal BAB IV PENUTUP 4.1 Kesimpulan Pada awal kemunculannya operasi plastik digunakan sebagai sarana untuk memperbaiki bagian wajah yang cacat lahir ataupun cacat karena kecelakaan. Metode medis ini semakin

More information

Output file

Output file 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 An Application for Calculation and Visualization of Narrative Relevance of Films Using Keyword Tags Choi Jin-Won (KAIST) Film making

More information

... 수시연구 국가물류비산정및추이분석 Korean Macroeconomic Logistics Costs in 권혁구ㆍ서상범...

... 수시연구 국가물류비산정및추이분석 Korean Macroeconomic Logistics Costs in 권혁구ㆍ서상범... ... 수시연구 2013-01.. 2010 국가물류비산정및추이분석 Korean Macroeconomic Logistics Costs in 2010... 권혁구ㆍ서상범... 서문 원장 김경철 목차 표목차 그림목차 xi 요약 xii xiii xiv xv xvi 1 제 1 장 서론 2 3 4 제 2 장 국가물류비산정방법 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

More information

14È£À¯½Åȸº¸¸ñÂ÷.ps

14È£À¯½Åȸº¸¸ñÂ÷.ps A study on tunnel cross-section design for the Honam high speed railway Unlike a conventional railway system, a high-speed rail system experiences various aerodynamic problems in tunnel sections. Trains

More information

menyusun kalimatnya tidak memiliki makna yang sama dengan makna yang sebenarnya yaitu perintah Kim Byeol untuk tidak merokok. Selain kedua perintah Ki

menyusun kalimatnya tidak memiliki makna yang sama dengan makna yang sebenarnya yaitu perintah Kim Byeol untuk tidak merokok. Selain kedua perintah Ki BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 4.1 Kesimpulan Tindak tutur yang merupakan fenomena kebahasaan dimana seseorang berkomunikasi tidak hanya menyampaikan proposisi atau informasi, tetapi juga melakukan tindakan

More information

<B3EDB9AEC1FD5F3235C1FD2E687770>

<B3EDB9AEC1FD5F3235C1FD2E687770> 오용록의 작품세계 윤 혜 진 1) * 이 논문은 생전( 生 前 )에 학자로 주로 활동하였던 오용록(1955~2012)이 작곡한 작품들을 살펴보고 그의 작품세계를 파악하고자 하는 것이다. 한국음악이론이 원 래 작곡과 이론을 포함하였던 초기 작곡이론전공의 형태를 염두에 둔다면 그의 연 구에서 기존연구의 방법론을 넘어서 창의적인 분석 개념과 체계를 적용하려는

More information

2009년 국제법평론회 동계학술대회 일정

2009년 국제법평론회 동계학술대회 일정 한국경제연구원 대외세미나 인터넷전문은행 도입과제와 캐시리스사회 전환 전략 일시 2016년 3월 17일 (목) 14:00 ~17:30 장소 전경련회관 컨퍼런스센터 2층 토파즈룸 주최 한국경제연구원 한국금융ICT융합학회 PROGRAM 시 간 내 용 13:30~14:00 등 록 14:00~14:05 개회사 오정근 (한국금융ICT융합학회 회장) 14:05~14:10

More information

Microsoft PowerPoint - 7-Work and Energy.ppt

Microsoft PowerPoint - 7-Work and Energy.ppt Chapter 7. Work and Energy 일과운동에너지 One of the most important concepts in physics Alternative approach to mechanics Many applications beyond mechanics Thermodynamics (movement of heat) Quantum mechanics...

More information

특수건강진단문진표개정판 ( ) Kuesioner Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Khusus Edisi Revisi (1 April 2018) 사업장명 : Nama Perusahaan : 성명 : Nama : 질환력 ( 과거력, 가족력 ) 관련문항

특수건강진단문진표개정판 ( ) Kuesioner Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Khusus Edisi Revisi (1 April 2018) 사업장명 : Nama Perusahaan : 성명 : Nama : 질환력 ( 과거력, 가족력 ) 관련문항 특수건강진단문진표개정판 (2018.4.1) Kuesioner Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Khusus Edisi Revisi (1 April 2018) 사업장명 : Nama Perusahaan : 성명 : Nama : 질환력 ( 과거력, 가족력 ) 관련문항 Pertanyaan terkait riwayat kesehatan (riwayat pasien

More information

< 노동자문관어드바이스 - Penundaan Pemberlakuan BPJS Kesehatan> BPJS Kesehatan yang awalnya akan diimplementasikan mulai tanggal 1 Januari 2015, dengan MoU anta

< 노동자문관어드바이스 - Penundaan Pemberlakuan BPJS Kesehatan> BPJS Kesehatan yang awalnya akan diimplementasikan mulai tanggal 1 Januari 2015, dengan MoU anta 목차 < 코참공지 > 코참공지 < 코참은한인상공인의대표단체입니다. > 코참은한인상공인의 대표단체입니다. -P1 회원사여러분께, 코참은한인상공인의대표단체입니다. 대사관, 업종별협의회및유 노동자문관 어드바이스 BPJS Kesehatan-P3,4 관기관과상호협력하여업계의단합된힘과결집력을배가시키는 구심점으로써, 한인상공인의대변인역할을하고있습니다. 어떤분야라도경영상문제가발생하면초기에바로코참으로연락

More information

<313630313032C6AFC1FD28B1C7C7F5C1DF292E687770>

<313630313032C6AFC1FD28B1C7C7F5C1DF292E687770> 양성자가속기연구센터 양성자가속기 개발 및 운영현황 DOI: 10.3938/PhiT.25.001 권혁중 김한성 Development and Operational Status of the Proton Linear Accelerator at the KOMAC Hyeok-Jung KWON and Han-Sung KIM A 100-MeV proton linear accelerator

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

MENU TREATMENT NEST 2018 KELAS 2 CABANG CIKARANG.cdr

MENU TREATMENT NEST 2018 KELAS 2 CABANG CIKARANG.cdr Info Franchise Nest : 081389191300 franchise@nestspa.co.id ATTENTION / 주의 The service you have selected can not be changed Thank you 선택하신서비스는변경할수없습니다. 감사합니다 P R O M O / 프로모션 MASSAGE 90 + FACE ACUPRESSURE

More information

LJ1200 Getting Started Guide-XL-EN,TC,ID,KO,TH,VI

LJ1200 Getting Started Guide-XL-EN,TC,ID,KO,TH,VI getting started guide petunjuk untuk memulai penggunaan hp LaserJet 1220 copy scan Copyright Information Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 2002 All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation

More information

#Ȳ¿ë¼®

#Ȳ¿ë¼® http://www.kbc.go.kr/ A B yk u δ = 2u k 1 = yk u = 0. 659 2nu k = 1 k k 1 n yk k Abstract Web Repertoire and Concentration Rate : Analysing Web Traffic Data Yong - Suk Hwang (Research

More information

04-다시_고속철도61~80p

04-다시_고속철도61~80p Approach for Value Improvement to Increase High-speed Railway Speed An effective way to develop a highly competitive system is to create a new market place that can create new values. Creating tools and

More information

09김정식.PDF

09김정식.PDF 00-09 2000. 12 ,,,,.,.,.,,,,,,.,,..... . 1 1 7 2 9 1. 9 2. 13 3. 14 3 16 1. 16 2. 21 3. 39 4 43 1. 43 2. 52 3. 56 4. 66 5. 74 5 78 1. 78 2. 80 3. 86 6 88 90 Ex e cu t iv e Su m m a r y 92 < 3-1> 22 < 3-2>

More information

16-기06 환경하중237~246p

16-기06 환경하중237~246p Study on Jointing System of Airport Concrete Pavement Considering Environmental Loading The environmental load on concrete pavement can be categorized into temperature and moisture loads which include

More information

204 205

204 205 -Road Traffic Crime and Emergency Evacuation - 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 Abstract Road Traffic Crime

More information

Breathing problems Pa t i e n t: I have been having some breathing problems lately. I always seem to be out of breath no matter what I am d o i n g. ( Nurse : How long have you been experiencing this problem?

More information

I&IRC5 TG_08권

I&IRC5 TG_08권 I N T E R E S T I N G A N D I N F O R M A T I V E R E A D I N G C L U B The Greatest Physicist of Our Time Written by Denny Sargent Michael Wyatt I&I Reading Club 103 본문 해석 설명하기 위해 근래의 어떤 과학자보다도 더 많은 노력을

More information

2011´ëÇпø2µµ 24p_0628

2011´ëÇпø2µµ 24p_0628 2011 Guide for U.S. Graduate School Admissions Table of Contents 02 03 04 05 06 08 09 10 11 13 15 21 LEADERS UHAK INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS SERVICE www.leadersuhak.com Leaders Uhak International Students

More information

IKC43_06.hwp

IKC43_06.hwp 2), * 2004 BK21. ** 156,..,. 1) (1909) 57, (1915) 106, ( ) (1931) 213. 1983 2), 1996. 3). 4) 1),. (,,, 1983, 7 12 ). 2),. 3),, 33,, 1999, 185 224. 4), (,, 187 188 ). 157 5) ( ) 59 2 3., 1990. 6) 7),.,.

More information

<BFACBCBCC0C7BBE7C7D02831302031203139292E687770>

<BFACBCBCC0C7BBE7C7D02831302031203139292E687770> 延 世 醫 史 學 제12권 제2호: 29-40, 2009년 12월 Yonsei J Med Hist 12(2): 29-40, 2009 특집논문 3 한국사회의 낙태에 대한 인식변화 이 현 숙 이화여대 한국문화연구원 1. 들어가며 1998년 내가 나이 마흔에 예기치 않은 임신을 하게 되었을 때, 내 주변 사람들은 모두 들 너무나도 쉽게 나에게 임신중절을 권하였다.

More information

歯1.PDF

歯1.PDF 200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)

More information

4 5 4. Hi-MO 애프터케어 시스템 편 5. 오비맥주 카스 카스 후레쉬 테이블 맥주는 천연식품이다 편 처음 스타일 그대로, 부탁 케어~ Hi-MO 애프터케어 시스템 지속적인 모발 관리로 끝까지 스타일이 유지되도록 독보적이다! 근데 그거 아세요? 맥주도 인공첨가물이

4 5 4. Hi-MO 애프터케어 시스템 편 5. 오비맥주 카스 카스 후레쉬 테이블 맥주는 천연식품이다 편 처음 스타일 그대로, 부탁 케어~ Hi-MO 애프터케어 시스템 지속적인 모발 관리로 끝까지 스타일이 유지되도록 독보적이다! 근데 그거 아세요? 맥주도 인공첨가물이 1 2 On-air 3 1. 이베이코리아 G마켓 용평리조트 슈퍼브랜드딜 편 2. 아모레퍼시픽 헤라 루즈 홀릭 리퀴드 편 인쇄 광고 올해도 겨울이 왔어요. 당신에게 꼭 해주고 싶은 말이 있어요. G마켓에선 용평리조트 스페셜 패키지가 2만 6900원! 역시 G마켓이죠? G마켓과 함께하는 용평리조트 스페셜 패키지. G마켓의 슈퍼브랜드딜은 계속된다. 모바일 쇼핑 히어로

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

Stage 2 First Phonics

Stage 2 First Phonics ORT Stage 2 First Phonics The Big Egg What could the big egg be? What are the characters doing? What do you think the story will be about? (큰 달걀은 무엇일까요? 등장인물들은 지금 무엇을 하고 있는 걸까요? 책은 어떤 내용일 것 같나요?) 대해 칭찬해

More information

- 이 문서는 삼성전자의 기술 자산으로 승인자만이 사용할 수 있습니다 Part Picture Description 5. R emove the memory by pushing the fixed-tap out and Remove the WLAN Antenna. 6. INS

- 이 문서는 삼성전자의 기술 자산으로 승인자만이 사용할 수 있습니다 Part Picture Description 5. R emove the memory by pushing the fixed-tap out and Remove the WLAN Antenna. 6. INS [Caution] Attention to red sentence 3-1. Disassembly and Reassembly R520/ 1 2 1 1. As shown in picture, adhere Knob to the end closely into the arrow direction(1), then push the battery up (2). 2. Picture

More information

Executive Summary Industri perkapalan Korea Selatan sedang berada dalam tahap mengimplementasikan teknologi terkemuka sebagai dampak dari krisis finan

Executive Summary Industri perkapalan Korea Selatan sedang berada dalam tahap mengimplementasikan teknologi terkemuka sebagai dampak dari krisis finan REPORT PERKEMBANGAN INDUSTRI PERKAPALAN DI KOREA SELATAN INDONESIAN TRADE PROMOTION CENTER BUSAN, KOREA SELATAN DIREKTORAT JENDERAL PENGEMBANGAN EKSPOR NASIONAL 2013 Executive Summary Industri perkapalan

More information

02 Reihe bis 750 bar GB-9.03

02 Reihe bis 750 bar GB-9.03 Water as a tool High-Pressure Plunger Pumps 02-Line (up to 750 bar) 252 702 1002 1502 1852 2502 Technical Data High-Pressure Plunger Pump Type 252 / 702 approx. 1.8 l approx. 50 kg net 45 mm/1.77 inch

More information

Development of culture technic for practical cultivation under structure in Gastrodia elate Blume

Development of culture technic for practical cultivation under structure in Gastrodia elate Blume Development of culture technic for practical cultivation under structure in Gastrodia elate Blume 1996. : 1. 8 2. 1 1998. 12. : : ( ) : . 1998. 12 : : : : : : : : : : - 1 - .. 1.... 2.. 3.... 1..,,.,,

More information

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 1 19 Jun 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * * 1 ( ) 2) 3) 4) * 1) ( ) 3 2) 7 1 3) 2 1 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 5) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2 3 2 4) ( ) 6 7 5) - 2003 23 144-166 2 2 1) 6)

More information

<30322D28C6AF29C0CCB1E2B4EB35362D312E687770>

<30322D28C6AF29C0CCB1E2B4EB35362D312E687770> 한국학연구 56(2016.3.30), pp.33-63. 고려대학교 한국학연구소 세종시의 지역 정체성과 세종의 인문정신 * 1)이기대 ** 국문초록 세종시의 상황은 세종이 왕이 되면서 겪어야 했던 과정과 닮아 있다. 왕이 되리라 예상할 수 없었던 상황에서 세종은 왕이 되었고 어려움을 극복해 갔다. 세종시도 갑작스럽게 행정도시로 계획되었고 준비의 시간 또한 짧았지만,

More information

11¹Ú´ö±Ô

11¹Ú´ö±Ô A Review on Promotion of Storytelling Local Cultures - 265 - 2-266 - 3-267 - 4-268 - 5-269 - 6 7-270 - 7-271 - 8-272 - 9-273 - 10-274 - 11-275 - 12-276 - 13-277 - 14-278 - 15-279 - 16 7-280 - 17-281 -

More information

<3136C1FD31C8A320C5EBC7D52E687770>

<3136C1FD31C8A320C5EBC7D52E687770> 고속도로건설에 따른 지역간 접근성 변화분석 A study on the impact of new highway construction on regional accessibility The purpose of this is to analyse the interregional accessibility changes due to highway construction.

More information

........

........ Investigation of the Korean Traditional Hobun Manufacturing Technique NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 2008 Investigation of the Korean Traditional Hobun Manufacturing Technique - Centering

More information

2 소식나누기 대구시 경북도 영남대의료원 다문화가족 건강 위해 손 맞잡다 다문화가정 행복지킴이 치료비 지원 업무협약 개인당 200만원 한도 지원 대구서구센터-서부소방서 여성의용소방대, 업무협약 대구서구다문화가족지원센터는 지난 4월 2일 다문화가족의 지역사회 적응 지원을

2 소식나누기 대구시 경북도 영남대의료원 다문화가족 건강 위해 손 맞잡다 다문화가정 행복지킴이 치료비 지원 업무협약 개인당 200만원 한도 지원 대구서구센터-서부소방서 여성의용소방대, 업무협약 대구서구다문화가족지원센터는 지난 4월 2일 다문화가족의 지역사회 적응 지원을 제68호 다문화가족신문 발행 편집 인쇄인 : 매일신문사 사장 여창환 발 행 처 : 대구광역시 중구 서성로 20 매일신문사 무지개세상 편집팀 TEL(053)251-1422~3 FAX (053)256-4537 http://rainbow.imaeil.com 등 록 : 2008년 9월 2일 대구라01212호 구독문의 : (053)251-1422~3 무료로 보내드립니다

More information

퇴좈저널36호-4차-T.ps, page 2 @ Preflight (2)

퇴좈저널36호-4차-T.ps, page 2 @ Preflight (2) Think Big, Act Big! Character People Literature Beautiful Life History Carcere Mamertino World Special Interview Special Writing Math English Quarts I have been driven many times to my knees by the overwhelming

More information

인도네시아인 종합한국어2(본책)_표지-3쇄.indd

인도네시아인 종합한국어2(본책)_표지-3쇄.indd Buku Pelajaran Bahasa Korea yang Disesuaikan untuk Pelajaran Bahasa Korea yang Efisien bagi Orang Indonesia Bahasa Korea Terpadu untuk Orang Indonesia Buku Latihan Ahn Kyung Hwa / Cho Hyun Yong Florian

More information

Vol.257 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M

Vol.257 C O N T E N T S M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2017.11 Vol.257 C O N T E N T S 02 06 38 52 69 82 141 146 154 M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2 2017.11 3 4 2017.11 6 2017.11 1) 7 2) 22.7 19.7 87 193.2 160.6 83 22.2 18.4 83 189.6 156.2

More information

PowerChute Personal Edition v3.1.0 에이전트 사용 설명서

PowerChute Personal Edition v3.1.0 에이전트 사용 설명서 PowerChute Personal Edition v3.1.0 990-3772D-019 4/2019 Schneider Electric IT Corporation Schneider Electric IT Corporation.. Schneider Electric IT Corporation,,,.,. Schneider Electric IT Corporation..

More information

전용]

전용] A Study of select the apropos processing mechanical method by the presume of transformation of teeth s surface degree ABSTRACT This study has been tried to select the apropos processing method by the

More information

영남학17합본.hwp

영남학17합본.hwp 退 溪 讀 書 詩 에 나타난 樂 의 層 位 와 그 性 格 신 태 수 * 53) Ⅰ. 문제 제기 Ⅱ. 讀 書 詩 의 양상과 樂 의 의미 층위 Ⅲ 敬 의 작용과 樂 개념의 구도 1. 敬 과 靜 味 樂 의 관계 2. 樂 개념의 구도와 敬 의 기능 Ⅳ. 樂 개념이 讀 書 詩 에서 지니는 미학적 성격 1. 樂 의 심상 체계, 그 심미안과 능동성 2. 樂 의 審 美 構

More information

#중등독해1-1단원(8~35)학

#중등독해1-1단원(8~35)학 Life Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Food Pets Camping Travel Unit 1 Food Before You Read Pre-reading Questions 1. Do you know what you should or shouldn t do at a traditional Chinese dinner? 2. Do you think

More information

아니라 일본 지리지, 수로지 5, 지도 6 등을 함께 검토해야 하지만 여기서는 근대기 일본이 편찬한 조선 지리지와 부속지도만으로 연구대상을 한정하 기로 한다. Ⅱ. 1876~1905년 울릉도 독도 서술의 추이 1. 울릉도 독도 호칭의 혼란과 지도상의 불일치 일본이 조선

아니라 일본 지리지, 수로지 5, 지도 6 등을 함께 검토해야 하지만 여기서는 근대기 일본이 편찬한 조선 지리지와 부속지도만으로 연구대상을 한정하 기로 한다. Ⅱ. 1876~1905년 울릉도 독도 서술의 추이 1. 울릉도 독도 호칭의 혼란과 지도상의 불일치 일본이 조선 근대기 조선 지리지에 보이는 일본의 울릉도 독도 인식 호칭의 혼란을 중심으로 Ⅰ. 머리말 이 글은 근대기 일본인 편찬 조선 지리지에 나타난 울릉도 독도 관련 인식을 호칭의 변화에 초점을 맞춰 고찰한 것이다. 일본은 메이지유신 이후 부국강병을 기도하는 과정에서 수집된 정보에 의존하여 지리지를 펴냈고, 이를 제국주의 확장에 원용하였다. 특히 일본이 제국주의 확장을

More information

<BACEBDBAC5CD20BAEAB7CEBCC52D A2DC3D6C1BE2D312D E6169>

<BACEBDBAC5CD20BAEAB7CEBCC52D A2DC3D6C1BE2D312D E6169> DOOCH PUMP Intelligent pressure boosting system 5Hz BOOSTER PUMP SYSTEM Water supply system Pressure boosting system Irrigation system Water treatment system Industrial plants 두크펌프 www.doochpump.com CONTENTS

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

산은매거진13

산은매거진13 www.kdb.co.kr 2010. 01_January Vol. 01 2009. 12. 21 16-3 02)787-4000 02)701-6373 04 08 10 12 18 22 24 26 2 Pension Guardian Pension Guardian 3 Expert Column 4 Pension Guardian ( ) ( ) ( ) 1-4 2,646,122

More information

6 영상기술연구 실감하지 못했을지도 모른다. 하지만 그 이외의 지역에서 3D 영화를 관람하기란 그리 쉬운 일이 아니다. 영화 <아바타> 이후, 티켓 파워에 민감한 국내 대형 극장 체인들이 2D 상영관을 3D 상영관으로 점차적으로 교체하는 추세이긴 하지만, 아직까지는 관

6 영상기술연구 실감하지 못했을지도 모른다. 하지만 그 이외의 지역에서 3D 영화를 관람하기란 그리 쉬운 일이 아니다. 영화 <아바타> 이후, 티켓 파워에 민감한 국내 대형 극장 체인들이 2D 상영관을 3D 상영관으로 점차적으로 교체하는 추세이긴 하지만, 아직까지는 관 아바타를 중심으로 본 3D 영화산업의 기술동향과 발전방향에 관한 연구 5 연구논문 연구논문 아바타를 중심으로 본 3D 영화산업의 기술동향과 발전방향에 관한 연구 진 승 현 동명대학교 미디어영상전공 교수 I. 서론 얼마 전 제 15회 신지식인 인증 및 시상식에서 대한민국의 대표 신지식인 대상을 영화 의 주경중 감독이 수상했다. 대한민국 3D 영화 제작의

More information

2 min 응용 말하기 01 I set my alarm for 7. 02 It goes off. 03 It doesn t go off. 04 I sleep in. 05 I make my bed. 06 I brush my teeth. 07 I take a shower.

2 min 응용 말하기 01 I set my alarm for 7. 02 It goes off. 03 It doesn t go off. 04 I sleep in. 05 I make my bed. 06 I brush my teeth. 07 I take a shower. 스피킹 매트릭스 특별 체험판 정답 및 스크립트 30초 영어 말하기 INPUT DAY 01 p.10~12 3 min 집중 훈련 01 I * wake up * at 7. 02 I * eat * an apple. 03 I * go * to school. 04 I * put on * my shoes. 05 I * wash * my hands. 06 I * leave

More information

인문사회과학기술융합학회

인문사회과학기술융합학회 Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement

More information

300 구보학보 12집. 1),,.,,, TV,,.,,,,,,..,...,....,... (recall). 2) 1) 양웅, 김충현, 김태원, 광고표현 수사법에 따른 이해와 선호 효과: 브랜드 인지도와 의미고정의 영향을 중심으로, 광고학연구 18권 2호, 2007 여름

300 구보학보 12집. 1),,.,,, TV,,.,,,,,,..,...,....,... (recall). 2) 1) 양웅, 김충현, 김태원, 광고표현 수사법에 따른 이해와 선호 효과: 브랜드 인지도와 의미고정의 영향을 중심으로, 광고학연구 18권 2호, 2007 여름 동화 텍스트를 활용한 패러디 광고 스토리텔링 연구 55) 주 지 영* 차례 1. 서론 2. 인물의 성격 변화에 의한 의미화 전략 3. 시공간 변화에 의한 의미화 전략 4. 서사의 변개에 의한 의미화 전략 5. 창조적인 스토리텔링을 위하여 6. 결론 1. 서론...., * 서울여자대학교 초빙강의교수 300 구보학보 12집. 1),,.,,, TV,,.,,,,,,..,...,....,...

More information

1

1 北 地 区 青 少 年 境 研 会 Международный детский симпозиум по проблемам экологии региона Северо-Восточной Азии. 1 2 5 6 7 9 1. 2. 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 . (Nature) 100.. 90%.. 3000 10% 385. 1 1, 500 2kg.........

More information

현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구

현대패션의 로맨틱 이미지에 관한 연구 한지닥섬유제품의인체생리반응및쾌적성평가 임순 Evaluation of Thermal Physiological Responses and Comfort in Dox Fabric Soon Im Professor, Dept. of Fashion Industry, Incheon National University This study performed the evaluation

More information

274 한국문화 73

274 한국문화 73 - 273 - 274 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 275 276 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 277 278 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 279 280 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 281 282 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 283 284

More information

00.1

00.1 HOSPA Chipboard screws with countersunk head Material: Drive: Cross recess PZ galvanized yellow chromatized nickel plated burnished Partly threaded, galvanized or yellow chromatized dk k L d m Head Ø dk

More information

Å©·¹Àγ»Áö20p

Å©·¹Àγ»Áö20p Main www.bandohoist.com Products Wire Rope Hoist Ex-proof Hoist Chain Hoist i-lifter Crane Conveyor F/A System Ci-LIFTER Wire Rope Hoist & Explosion-proof Hoist Mono-Rail Type 1/2ton~20ton Double-Rail

More information

2017.09 Vol.255 C O N T E N T S 02 06 26 58 63 78 99 104 116 120 122 M O N T H L Y P U B L I C F I N A N C E F O R U M 2 2017.9 3 4 2017.9 6 2017.9 7 8 2017.9 13 0 13 1,007 3 1,004 (100.0) (0.0) (100.0)

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

Á¶´öÈñ_0304_final.hwp

Á¶´öÈñ_0304_final.hwp 제조 중소기업의 고용창출 성과 및 과제 조덕희 양현봉 우리 경제에서 일자리 창출은 가장 중요한 정책과제입니다. 근래 들어 우리 사회에서 점차 심각성을 더해 가고 있는 청년 실업 문제에 대처하고, 사회적 소득 양극화 문제에 대응하기 위해서도 일자리 창 출은 무엇보다도 중요한 정책과제일 것입니다. 고용창출에서는 중소기업의 역할이 대기업보다 크다는 것이 일반적

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

5. .......hwp

5. .......hwp X i D i ) 8 6 4 2 0-2 -4 1987 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 year 12 8 4 0-4 -8 1987 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 year 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 1987 19 90 1994 1998 2002 year ln W X 30

More information

<C7D1B9CEC1B7BEEEB9AEC7D03631C1FD28C3D6C1BE292E687770>

<C7D1B9CEC1B7BEEEB9AEC7D03631C1FD28C3D6C1BE292E687770> 설화에 나타난 사회구조와 그 의미 23) 박유미 * 차례 Ⅰ. 문제제기 Ⅱ. 서사 내부의 사회구조 Ⅲ. 사회문제의 해결방식과 그 의미 Ⅳ. 설화와 후대전승과의 상관관계 Ⅴ. 결론 국문초록 삼국유사 의 조에는 왕거인 이야기와 거타지 이야기가 하나의 설화에 묶여 전하고 있는데, 두 이야기는 해결구조에서 차이를

More information

GEAR KOREA

GEAR KOREA GEAR Original Equipment Manufacturing Gears Support your various needs with our world class engineering skill and the newest manufacturing facilities. 1 2 Nissei creates high-quality high-precision gears

More information

Using Material of High Quality! ST 044N LYOUT O TH HIN Ls: Stroke Lp: Loop Length Lf: Loop Projection Hs: Safe Space (Dimensions in mm) ending radius

Using Material of High Quality! ST 044N LYOUT O TH HIN Ls: Stroke Lp: Loop Length Lf: Loop Projection Hs: Safe Space (Dimensions in mm) ending radius Min Max ST 044N MTRIL hain material: PS-polyamide with glass fiber reinforced UL94-H Low Noise Low Mote Speed : 10m / sec Temperature : -30 ~ +130 Other installation Length: Vertical curve above= max 2.0m

More information

Table of Contents Section Page Section Page Important Safety Instructions... 2 Introduction... 4 Unpacking and Checking Carton Contents... 4 Caster/Ca

Table of Contents Section Page Section Page Important Safety Instructions... 2 Introduction... 4 Unpacking and Checking Carton Contents... 4 Caster/Ca OWNER S MANUAL 22.5 LITRE WET/DRY VAC WD0655AU0 WD0655KR0 WD0655ND0 FOR QUESTIONS OR INFORMATION CONTACT US AT www.ridgid.com.au WARNING: To reduce the risk of injury, the user must read and understand

More information

<B1E2C8B9BEC828BFCFBCBAC1F7C0FC29322E687770>

<B1E2C8B9BEC828BFCFBCBAC1F7C0FC29322E687770> 맛있는 한국으로의 초대 - 중화권 음식에서 한국 음식의 관광 상품화 모색하기 - 소속학교 : 한국외국어대학교 지도교수 : 오승렬 교수님 ( 중국어과) 팀 이 름 : 飮 食 男 女 ( 음식남녀) 팀 원 : 이승덕 ( 중국어과 4) 정진우 ( 중국어과 4) 조정훈 ( 중국어과 4) 이민정 ( 중국어과 3) 탐방목적 1. 한국 음식이 가지고 있는 장점과 경제적 가치에도

More information

歯국문-Heatran소개자료1111.PDF

歯국문-Heatran소개자료1111.PDF Heat Transfer Technology Heat Transfer Technology HEATRAN Heat Transfer Technology 1. 회사개요 Heat Transfer Technology Heat Transfer Technology Heat Transfer Technology Heat Transfer Technology Heat Transfer

More information

Study on Wood art in Tongyoung Sudo Mamoru' PARK Hyun kuk*2 Tongyoung is the most famous of the Korean traditional woodenware, furniture, small dining tables, woodenware technology, and lacquer ware inlaid

More information

<B3EDB9AEC1FD5F3235C1FD2E687770>

<B3EDB9AEC1FD5F3235C1FD2E687770> 경상북도 자연태음악의 소박집합, 장단유형, 전단후장 경상북도 자연태음악의 소박집합, 장단유형, 전단후장 - 전통 동요 및 부녀요를 중심으로 - 이 보 형 1) * 한국의 자연태 음악 특성 가운데 보편적인 특성은 대충 밝혀졌지만 소박집합에 의한 장단주기 박자유형, 장단유형, 같은 층위 전후 구성성분의 시가( 時 價 )형태 등 은 밝혀지지 않았으므로

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 김진주 김수연. 초등학생대상장애이해교육에활용된동화에나타난장애인관분석. 특수교육, 2013, 제12권, 제2호, 135-160... 20.,,. 4.,,.,..... 주제어 : 장애이해교육, 동화, 장애인관 1. ( 1 ) Incheon Munhak Elementary School ( )(, E-mail: sooyoun@ginue.ac.kr) Dept. of

More information

NSDevil's MVB

NSDevil's MVB Member of ALCoB-EC 2014-06-06 NSDevil (North Star, Developer s Village) Member of ALCoB-EC Everywhere I go I find a poet has been there before me. (Sigmund Freud) Dream = Equal educational opportunities

More information

大学4年生の正社員内定要因に関する実証分析

大学4年生の正社員内定要因に関する実証分析 190 2016 JEL Classification Number J24, I21, J20 Key Words JILPT 2011 1 190 Empirical Evidence on the Determinants of Success in Full-Time Job-Search for Japanese University Students By Hiroko ARAKI and

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information