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1 Rice Milling Machinery Mesin Penggiling Padi Korea International Cooperation Agency National Institute of Agricultural Engineering RDA

2 CONTENTS 1. The procedure and machines used for rice milling a) The procedure of rice milling. 3 b) Machines used in each process.. 4 c) Power source Huskers and whiteners for small rice mills... 8 a) Engelberg type hullers b) Apollo type hullers c) Impact type huskers d) Rubber-roll type huskers. 13 e) Air-jet friction type whiteners Other machines used in small rice mills a) Paddy cleaners b) Paddy separators c) Broken separators d) Fans and dust collection devices Planning, designing and management of small rice mills,,, a) In case of custom milling b) In case of commercial milling c) Arrangement of machinery, Reference... 27

3 DAFTAR ISI 1. Prosedur dan mesin yang digunakan untuk penggiling padi...3 a) Prosedur penggilingan padi... 3 b) Mesin-mesin yang digunakan untuk tiap-tiap proses... 4 c) Sumber tenaga penggerak Mesin penggilingan padi pada pabrik penggilingan kecil a) Mesin pengupas padi jenis Engelberg... 8 b) Mesin pengupas padi jenis Apollo c) Mesin pengupas padi jenis Impact d) Mesin pengupas padi jenis Rubber-roll e) Mesin pemutih beras jenis pergesekan air-jet Mesin-mesin jenis lain yang digunakan oleh pabrik-pabrik penggilingan kecil a) Alat Pembersih Padi b) Alat pemisah padi c) Alat pemisah beras patah d) Kipas angin dan alat pengumpul debu Perencanaan, Konstruksi dan manajemen pabrik penggilingan padi kecil a) Pabrik penggilingan padi biasa b) Pabrik penggilingan komersial c) Pengaturan penempatan mesin-mesin Referensi... 27

4 RICE MILLING MACHINERY 1. The procedure and machines used for rice milling a) The procedure of rice milling In order to change paddy into white rice that can be readily cooked, processes as indicated in Fig. 1 are required: 1. (1) Paddy cleaning A process to clean paddy free from straw, trash, empty grain, dust, etc. -,,,,. (2) Paddy husking A process to remove husk from paddy and change it into brown rice.. (3) Paddy separation A process to separate paddy mixed in brown rice discharged from paddy husking process. Paddy is sent back to paddy husking process and brown rice is forwarded to the next whitening process. As any of existing paddy husker cannot change all of paddy into brown rice in a single pass, such separation is required. In small mills, this process is often omitted.... (4) Rice whitening A process to remove bran and germ from brown rice and change it into white rice.

5 MESIN PENGGILING PADI 1. Prosedur dan mesin yang digunakan untuk penggiling padi a) Prosedur penggilingan padi Proses merubah padi menjadi beras putih yang siap dimasak tampak pada Gbr 1: (1) Pembersihan padi suatu proses untuk membersihkan padi dari jerami, sampah, padi hampa, debu, dll. (2) Mengupas kulit ari padi suatu proses untuk melepaskan kulit ari padi menjadi beras pirang. (3) Pemisahan padi suatu proses untuk memisahkan padi dengan beras pirang dari proses pelepasan kulit ari padi. Padi dimasukkan lagi kedalam proses pelepasan kulit ari padi dan beras pirang masuk kedalam proses pemutihan. Pemisahan ini diperlukan karena alat pengupas kulit ari padi yang ada tidak mampu mengubah semua padi kebentuk beras pirang dalam satu kali proses pelepasan. Pada pabrikpabrik penggilingan kecil, proses ini sering dihilangkan. (4) Pemutihan beras suatu proses untuk menghilangkan dedak (kotoran) dan kuman dari beras pirang sehingga menjadi beras putih.

6 (5) Broken separation A process to separate broken rice from whole rice (unbroken rice) in white rice. Broken can be separated into various sizes. Fig.1 Pocess of rice milling b) Machines used in each process (1) Paddy cleaners There are various types from simple ones as to large high capacity ones. However, the basic functions stand on principles of aspiration (winnowing) and sieving (Fig. 2)

7 (5) Pemisahan beras yang patah suatu proses untuk memisahkan beras yang patah dari beras yang utuh kedalam beras putih. Beras yang patah dapat dipisahkan menjadi bermacam ukuran. Gbr.1 Proses Penggilingan Padi b) Mesin-mesin yang digunakan untuk tiap-tiap proses Alat pembersih padi bermacam-macam tipe dari yang sederhana seperti yang telah disebutkan dalam 15.2 hingga yang berkapasitas tinggi besar. Akan tetapi, fungsi-fungsi dasarnya dasar berpegang pada prinsip aspirasi winnowing (penampih) dan pengayak (Gbr.2)

8 ( 2) Fig 2. Paddy separator (2) Paddy husker In large rice mills, disc huskers and rubber-roll huskers are used. In small mills, mostly rubber roll types are used, impact type huskers are also used sometimes. In Engelberg type or Apollo type hullers, paddy husking and rice whitening are done altogether in the same machines.,..

9 Gbr.2 Alat Pemisah Padi (2) Alat pengupas kulit padi pabrik penggilingan padi yang besar menggunakan alat pengupas cakram dan rubber-roll (rol-karet). Sedangkan pabrik penggilingan padi yang kecil kebanyakkan menggunakan tipe rol-karet, terkadang ada juga yang menggunakan alat pengupas padi tipe impact. Alat pengupas padi tipe Engelberg atau tipe Apollo menggunakan mesin yang sama untuk mengupas padi dan memutihkan beras

10 (3) Paddy separators : In large mills, compartment type paddy separators are commonly used. In small mills, in most cases, this process is omitted and no machine is used. Sometimes, static inclined screen type paddy separations are used... (4) Rice whitening machine (or whitener) In large mills, vertical shaft cone type whiteners (Fig.3) are used, ordinary three or more machines in series. In small mills, whitening is done together with paddy husking by use of Engelberg type or Apollo type. In Korea, Japan, USA, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc., horizontal friction type whitener, resembled with Engelberg type (referred later), is often used for whitening, after rubberroll husker husks paddy. ()- 3,.,,,,. Fig. 3. Cone type whitener

11 (3) Alat pemisah padi pabrik penggilingan padi yang besar umumnya menggunakan alat pemisah padi tipe kompartemen. Pabrik kecil, pada umumnya proses ini dihilangkan dan tidak menggunakan mesin. Kadangkadang digunakan alat pemisah padi jenis jaring yang dimiringkan statis. (4) Mesin pemutih beras pabrik penggilingan padi yang besar menggunakan mesin pemutih beras jenis kerucut terowongan vertical (Gbr. 3), dengar rangkaian tiga atau lebih mesin biasa. Pabrik penggilingan kecil melakukan pemutihan beras sekaligus bersama pengupasan padi dengan menggunakan tipe Engelberg atau Apollo. Di Jepang, Amerika, Indonesia, Malaysia, dll. menggunakan alat pemutih beras jenis friction horizontal yang mirip dengan tipe Engelberg, penggunaannya setelah padi dikupas kulitnya dengan alat pengupas kulit rol-karet. Gbr.3 Mesin Pemutih Beras Jenis Kerucut

12 (5) Broken separator Sieves made of woven wire net screens or perforated iron sheets are chiefly used. For accurate separation by the length of grain, indented cylinder or indented disc type machines are used. -.,. In large mills, these machines are combined together by use of many numbers of bucket elevators, horizontal conveyors, tanks, valves, chutes, etc., so that intake material goes smoothly in balance up to final products. (Fig. 4),,,,. (.4) In small rice mills, major machine is a huller (a machine that performs paddy husking and rice whitening at the same time in the same machine, such as Engelberg type or Apollo type) only, sometimes supplemented with sieves to separate broken ( ),. Fig. 4. Arrangement of machinery in rice mill

13 (4) Alat pemisah padi yang patah biasanya menggunakan pengayak yang terbuat dari kasa jaringan kawat yang telah ditenun atau menggunakan lembaran besi yang dilubangi. Untuk ketepatan pemisahan sesuai dengan panjang butiran padi dipakai mesin jenis cakram yang bergerigi atau silinder yang bergerigi. Pada pabri-pabrik penggilingan besar, alat-alat tersebut digabungkan secara bersama dengan menggunakan sejumlah lift-lift timba, konveyor horizontal, tangki, katup, peluncur, dll. sehingga proses penggilingan padi dapat berlangsung lancar hingga menjadi beras siap untuk dimasak (Gbr.4). Pada pabrik-pabrik penggilingan kecil, mesin utama yang digunakan adalah mesin huller (sebuah mesin pengupas padi sekaligus pemutih beras, seperti tipe Engelberg dan tipe Apollo) yang kadang dilengkapi alat pengayak untuk memisahkan patahan-patahan beras. Gbr.4 Pengaturan Letak Mesin-Mesin Dipabrik Penggilingan Padi

14 C) Power source In large mills, reciprocating steam engines are often used, steam being supplied from husk-fired boilers. The power is transmitted to each machine from a counter shaft by use of belts.,.. In place of steam engines and boilers, diesel engines or motors are also used.,. Individual motors attached to it can also drive each machine. Most of new rice mills adopt this system.. In small mills, mostly diesel engines are used.. 1. Huskers and whiteners for small rice mills a) Engelberg type hullers This is composed of screwed roll, milling roll with protrusions parallel to the axis, milling chamber (cylinder), all of them made of cast iron, and a steel blade. Paddy is fed to the milling chamber by the screwed roll, where it is husked and whitened with friction caused by the milling roll and steel blade (Fig. 5),... (.5)

15 c) Sumber tenaga penggerak Pabrik penggilingan besar sering menggunakan mesin-mesin penggerak bertenaga uap reciprocating, uap diperoleh dari ketel-ketel tungku pembakaran sekam. Tenaga uap tersebut diteruskan ke tiap-tiap mesin dari terowongan berlawanan dengan menggunakan belt (tali). Mesin penggerak uap dan ketel juga menggunakan mesin diesel atau motor. Tiap-tiap motor individual jika dipasangkan ke mesin apapun juga dapat menjalankan masing-masing mesin tersebut. Kebanyakan pabrik penggilingan padi baru menggunakan sistim ini. Pabrik penggilingan kecil kebanyakan menggunakan mesin penggerak diesel. 2. Mesin penggilingan padi pada pabrik penggilingan kecil. a) Mesin penggilingan padi jenis Engelberg Alat ini terdiri dari rol berputar, rol penggilingan dengan tonjolantonjolan keluar sejajar dengan porosnya, ruang penggilingan (silinder) yang keseluruhannya terbuat dari besi cor, dan sebuah pisau baja. Padi dimasukkan kedalam ruang penggilingan oleh rol berputar, tempat padi kupas kulitnya dan dijadikan beras putih oleh pergesekan yang ditimbulkan oleh rol penggilingan dan pisau baja (Gbr5).

16 Fig. 5. Engelberg type huller As the lower half of the milling chamber is screen, crashed husk and bran are discharged there. White rice is discharged from rice outlet, whose opening can be adjusted... The opening of a valve at the bottom of a feeding hopper controls feed rate. Milling degree is regulated by insertion of steel blade and opening of rice outlet.,.

17 Gbr.5 Mesin penggilingan padi jenis Engelberg Setengah dari ruang penggilingan bagian bawah adalah berupa kasa, maka itu kulit padi dan sekam yang jatuh ditumpahkan ke sana. Beras putih dikeluarkan dari saluran keluar beras yang memiliki lubang yang bisa disetel Jumlah padi yang masuk keruang penggilingan dikontrol dengan sebuah katup lubang yang terletak dibagian bawah kotak tempat padi dituang. Tingkat penggilingan diatur oleh penempatan pisau baja dan lubang saluran keluar beras.

18 If all of husking and whitening are tried to be finished in a single pass, excessive broken are likely to be produced. Normally 2 to 3 passes are practiced. 2-3 Some machines are equipped with polisher below, which is a rotating drum with many leather straps on it to polish white rice.. Size of the machine is from 3 to 10 horsepower, processing about 50 kg of paddy per hour per horsepower. 3 10, 50 kg. When there is a separate husker, this machine can be used as a whitener.. Major wearing parts are screen and blade.. b) Apollo type hullers This is machine that uses a emery roll and 2 to 3 number of rubber brakes in place of a cast iron milling roll and a steel blade in Engelberg machine. As some of them do not have screw roll which conveys paddy horizontally, they are set in inclined position. The milling chamber is quite often made of iron plate (Fig. 6) ( Fig. 6)

19 Bila proses penggilingan padi menjadi beras putih dilakukan hanya dalam satu kali penggilingan, hasilnya tidak baik karena banyak beras yang patah. Biasanya untuk mendapatkan hasil yang baik dilakukan 2 hingga 3 kali penggilingan. Sejumlah mesin dilengkapi dengan alat penggosok dibagian bawah, yaitu berupa drum yang berputar dengan sejumlah tali-tali pengikat dari kulit yang berfungsi menggosok beras putih. Ukuran mesin mulai dari mesin 3 tenagakuda hingga mesin 10 tenaga kuda, kemampuan menggiling padi menjadi beras kira-kira 50 kg padi perjam per tenaga kuda. Bila mesin penggiling mempunyai alat pengupas kulit secara terpisah, mesin ini bisa digunakan sebagai mesin pemutih. Bagian mesin yang sering aus adalah kasa dan pisau. b) Mesin penggilingan padi jenis Apollo Mesin ini menggunakan rol ampelas dan 2 hingga 3 buah rem karet yang dipasangkan pada rol penggilingan yang terbuat dari besi cor dan sebuah pisau baja. Karena beberapa bagian ini tidak memiliki rol berputar yang membawa padi secara horizontal, maka rol ampelas dan rem-rem karet tersebut dipasang dalam posisi miring. Ruang penggilingan terbuat dari pelat besi (Gbr.6)

20 Fig. 6. Apollo type huller The function is identical to that of Engelberg type. Broken is said to be less. This machine is widely used in the central plain of Thailand recently... Some are with 2 cylinders vertically arranged so that 2 passes can be made successively. Many are equipped with vibrating sieves below to separate fine broken. 2 2.

21 . Gbr.6 Mesin penggilingan padi jenis Apollo Fungsi dari mesin ini sama dengan jenis Engelberg. Mesin ini dilaporkan hanya sedikit menghasilkan beras patah. Mesin jenis ini banyak dipakai di kawasan dataran tengah Thailand Mesin jenis ini ada yang menggunakan 2 silinder yang diletakkan secara vertikal sehingga 2 kali penggilingan cukup menghasilkan beras yang bagus. Ada juga yang dilengkapi dengan pengayak getar dibagian bawah untuk memisahkan beras yang patah.

22 This machine can also be used as whitener if there is a separate husker. b) Impact type huskers This is a machine to husk paddy by throwing it with centrifugal force from a rotating disc against cylindrical rubber wall. It has been widely used in Japan and in Indonesia. It is sometimes called centrifugal type or flash type... The advantage is cheap price, simple construction, and that no skilled operation is required. There is a scope of being utilized in small rice mills (Fig. 7),, ( Fig. 7) Fig. 7. Impact type husker

23 Mesin ini juga bisa digunakan sebagai alat pemutih bila mempunyai alat pengupas kulit padi terpisah. b) Mesin penggilingan padi jenis Impact Mesin penggiling ini mengupas kulit padi dengan cara melempar padi dengan tenaga sentrifugal yang berasal dari cakram yang berputar membentur dinding karet berbentuk silinder. Mesin ini banyak digunakan di Jepang dan Indonesia. Kadang-kadang mesin ini disebut juga mesin penggiling padi jenis sentrifugal atau jenis flash. Keuntungan dari mesin ini harganya murah, bentuknya sederhana, dan tidak memerlukan keahlian untuk menjalankannya. Dapat digunakan pada pabrik penggilingan kecil (Gbr.7). Gbr.7 Mesin penggilingan padi jenis Impact

24 Major wearing parts are rubber lining of inner wall and rotating disc. The former can be cheaply procured, as it does not require precision work or specific working.. The efficiency is about 200 to 400 kg of paddy per horsepower per hour, the figure being greatly influenced by the variety of rice and moisture content. On high moisture, it lowers greatly kg c) Rubber-roll type huskers This is a machine that husk paddy by feeding it in between two rubber rolls, which rotate in opposite direction with different speed (Fig. 8)..( Fig. 8) Fig. 8. Rubber roll type husker

25 Suku cadang yang sering rusak aus adalah lapisan karet dari dinding bagian dalam dan cakram berputar. Suku cadang mesin ini mudah diperoleh karena tidak membutuhkan pekerjaan yang teliti atau spesifik. Efisiensi mesin ini kira-kira 200 hingga 400 kg padi per tenagakuda per jam, jumlah beras yang dihasilkan tergantung jenis beras dan kadar airnya. Bila kadar air tinggi, beras yang dihasilkan akan berkurang secara drastis. c) Mesin Penggilingan Padi jenis Rubber-roll Mesin ini mengupas kulit padi diantara dua rol karet yang berputar berlawanan arah dengan kecepatan yang berbeda (Gbr. 8) Gbr. 8 Mesin Penggilingan Padi jenis Rubber-roll

26 The mechanism is considerably complicated but the performance is stable with accumulated improvement in many years. The husking rate is high (80 to 95% with a single pass) and almost no broken is produced by the process ( 80 95%). The machine is widely used in large mills (specially for husking of return paddy from disc type huskers). But in Indonesia and in Malaysia, it is also used in small mills. In Korea almost all of farm households use this. ( ).. In most cases, husk aspirator is attached below so that husk is separated from produced brown rice. Drawbacks of the machine are that the price of machine is not so cheap and that rubber rolls wear. d) Air-jet friction type whiteners This is a rice-whitening machine resembled to Engelberg type huller. Differences are that there is no steel blade; milling chamber is hexagonal or octagonal and is made all with screen; adjustment of whitening degree is done with only by resistance of rice outlet; milling roll is hollow and air is blown from here into milling chamber; etc

27 Mekanisme mesin ini sangat rumit tetapi pengoperasiannya tetap stabil dengan sejumlah perbaikan dalam beberapa tahun. Jumlah penggilingan tinggi (80% hingga 90% sekali penggilingan) dan hasil penggilingan bagus hampir tidak ada beras yang patah Mesin ini banyak digunakan dipabrik penggilingan padi besar (khususnya untuk menggiling kembali padi dari mesin penggiling jenis cakram). Tetapi di Indonesia dan Malaysia, mesin ini digunakan dipabrik penggilingan padi kecil. Di Jepang hampir seluruh rumah pertanian menggunakan mesin ini. Dalam berbagai kakus alat aspirator dipasang dibagian bawah sehingga padi yang akan dikupas kulitnya terpisah dari beras pirang. Kekurangan dari mesin ini adalah harganya tidak terllu murah dan rol karetnya cepat aus. d) Mesin pemutih beras jenis pergesekan air-jet Mesin pemutih beras ini mirip dengan mesin penggilingan padi jenis Engelberg. Perbedaannya adalah mesin ini tidak memiliki pisau baja; ruang penggilingan persegi enam atau persegi delapan dan keseluruhan ruangan penggilingan ini terbuat dari jala; penyetelan tingkat pemutihan beras dilakukan hanya dengan gaya resistansi (melawan) saluran keluar beras; rol penggilingan berbentuk cekung dan udara ditiupkan dari sini hingga masuk ke ruang penggilingan; dll.

28 As the adjustments are done only in feeding rate and resistance on rice outlet, the operation is very simple (Fig. 9), ( Fig..9) Fig. 9. Air jet friction type whitener Production of broken on whitening is much less, and the produced white rice is much free from bran than Engelberg type. It can finish whitening only by single pass but multiple-pass can reduce broken (Fig. 10).. (.10)

29 Pengoperasian alat ini sangat sederhana karena penyetelan hanya dilakukan pada kecepatan pemasukkan padi yang akan digiling dan gaya resistansi (melawan) pada saluran keluar beras (Gbr.9) Gbr.9 Mesin pemutih beras jenis pergesekan air-jet. Hasil beras patah pada saat pemutihan sangat jauh berkurang, dan beras putih yang dihasilkan lebih bersih dibandingkan menggunakan mesin pengiling padi jenis Engelberg. Penggilingan padi dengan mesin ini dapat dilakukan cukup sekali giling saja, tetapi penggilingan yang berulang kali dapat mengurangi beras patah (Gbr.10)

30 In USA, where only large rice mill exist, almost all of rice whiteners changed from Engelberg type to this type some 20 years ago. In Southeast Asia, small rice mills in Malaysia and Indonesia are going to replace Engerberg type with this type. 20,. Fig. 10. Multiple pass on whitening

31 Pabrik penggilingan beras besar di Amerika sudah menggunakan mesin penggilingan padi jenis ini untuk menghasilkan beras yang lebih putih sejak 20 tahun yang lalu. Di Asia Tenggara, pabrik penggilingan padi kecil di Malaysia dan Indonesia juga mulai menggunakan mesin jenis ini menggantikan mesin jenis Engelberg. Gbr.10 Pemutihan beras pada penggilingan berulang kali

32 3. Other machines used in small rice mills a) Paddy cleaners Paddy is cleaned in farmyards. But it is much desirable to clean it again in rice mills free from straw, trash, stone, sand, dust etc. from the view point of protection of rice milling machinery, extending their lives, smooth flow of paddy, increased capacity, dust protection, etc..,,,,,. As there is a power source in rice mill, power-operated aspirators or vibrating sieves can be used without requiring much investment cost.. b) Paddy separators Whichever the type of paddy huskers none of them can husk all of paddy grain in a single pass. Therefore, brown rice discharged from husker contains 5 to 20% of paddy. 5 20%. If such brown rice is fed to whiteners, paddy grain may come out in white rice. To avoid this, if much pressure is charged to the rice in whiteners, milling recovery is lowered and more broken will be produced...

33 3. Mesin-mesin jenis lain yang digunakan oleh pabrik-pabrik penggilingan kecil a) Alat Pembersih Padi Padi dibersihkan di sawah. Tetapi ditinjau dari segi perlindungan mesin penggilingan beras, lamanya masa penggunaan, peningkatan kapasitas, peningkatan kualitas, perlindungan dari debu dll. lebih baik padi dibersihkan lagi di pabrik penggilingan. Akan tetapi karena pabrik penggilingan beras mempunyai sumber tenaga mesin, aspirator yang digerakan dengan tenaga mesin penggerak atau ayakan yang bergetar bisa dipakai tanpa memerlukan banyak biaya. b) Alat pemisah padi Meskipun alat pengupas kulit padi tanpa alat pemisah padi dapat mengupas semua butiran padi dalam satu kali penggilingan tetapi beras pirang yang dikeluarkan dari tempat pengupasan kulit mencapai hingga 5 % - 20%. Bila beras pirang ini dimasukan ke dalam alat pemutih beras, butiran padi utuh ini dapat tercampur dalam beras putih. Untuk menghindari ini, bila banyak tekanan diberikan pada beras pirang dalam alat pemutih beras, maka tingkat penggilingan diturunkan dan akan banyak beras patah akan dihasilkan

34 Then, in order to avoid this, brown rice containing paddy is again fed to husker sometimes. But this lowers processing capacity of the husker and is likely to damage brown rice.,,.,. By use of paddy separators, paddy is separated from brown rice and is returned to husker. But conventional compartment separators are large and do not fit to small rice mills... Therefore, in Jawa of Indonesia, static inclined screen type paddy separators, which are quite popular in Japan, Korea and China, are being utilized extensively.,. Fig. 11. Screen type paddy separator

35 Untuk menghindari banyaknya beras patah, sekali waktu beras pirang yang tercampur dimasukkan lagi ke dalam alat pengupas kulit padi. Tetapi hal ini akan menurunkan kapasitas proses alat pengupas dan mungkin akan merusak beras pirang. Dengan menggunakan alat pemisah padi, padi dipisahkan dari beras pirang dan dikembalikan ke dalam alat pengupas kulit padi. Tetapi ruang alat pemisah padi biasa berukuran besar tidak pas untuk pabrik penggilingan padi kecil. Oleh karena itu, di Jawa Indonesia menggunakan alat pemisah padi jenis jaring yang dipasang miring statis dingunakan secara meluas alat ini cukup popular di Jepang, Korea dan Cina. Gbr.11 Alat Pemisah Padi Jenis Kawat Kasa

36 For the perfect utilization of screen type paddy separator some skill is required. In case of long grain, it is hard to make perfect separation. But the greatest advantage is that it can be made easily and cheaply and does not require any power. Copper wire screens are preferred (Fig. 11)..,. ( Fig. 11) c) Broken separators Various mesh of vibrating sieves is used for the purpose. It is effective with vibration of small amplitude., Sieves can separate only smaller broken than a half-length (Fig. 12).(.12) Fig.12 Function of sieve Indented cylinder type, etc. that separate broken by the length of grain are too expensive to be used in small rice mills.. If it is desired to have mostly pure whole white rice by use of only a sieve, a part of whole rice be remained on a sieve with a short time use of round holed screens, letting drop all of broken and some of rice through the mesh.

37 Agar penggunaan alat pemisah padi jenis jaring ini dengan benar dibutuhkan keahlian. Untuk butiran padi yang panjang, hal ini sulit dilakukan. Tetapi alat bisa dibuat dengan mudah dan murah serta tidak memerlukan tenaga mesin. Kasa kawat tembaga lebih baik untuk alat ini (Gbr. 11) c) Alat pemisah beras patah Beragam lubang dari ayakan yang bergetar digunakan untuk tujuan ini. Alat ini efektif dengan getaran dari ayunan kecil. Ayakan hanya bisa memisahkan beras patah yang berukuran lebih pendek dari setengah beras utuh (Gbr.12). Gbr.12 Cara kerja ayakan Jenis silinder yang bergerigi, dll. yang memisahkan beras patah berdasarkan panjang butiran padinya sangat mahal bila digunakan oleh pabrik penggilingan kecil. Untuk menghasilkan beras yang benar-benar putih keseluruhannya gunakan sebuah ayakan kasa berlubang bulat saja, sebagian besar beras akan tertinggal dalam ayakan, sedangkan beras patah akan jatuh kebawah melalui lubang ayakan.

38 , As screens used for white rice sieves are easily clogged with bran, they should be so constructed as to be removed and cleaned easily. Also, while rice to be fed to sieves should be aspirated beforehand in order to remove bran as much as possible,.,. When bran is removed from white rice by use of aspirators and sieves, white rice can be kept with less degradation during storage.. d) Fans and dust collection devices Inside rice mill buildings are likely to be dusty and unsanitary. Such situation is not only bad for the health of operators but also likely to induce improper management, insect and rodent attack and quantitative and qualititative loss of grain..

39 Karena kasa ini digunakan untuk ayakan beras putih, ayakan ini mudah tersumbat dengan kulit padi, karena itu ayakkan ini hendaknya dibuat sedemikian rupa agar mudah dibersihkan. Dan juga, saat beras dimasukkan ke dalam ayakkan sebaiknya sambil ditampih/ ditiup agar kulit padi yang tercampur hilang sebanyak mungkin. Kulit padi akan terlepas dari beras putih bila menggunakan aspirator (penampih) dan ayakan. Beras putih bisa disimpan dengan baik dalam gudang tanpa mengalami penurunan mutu terlalu banyak. d) Kipas angin dan alat pengumpul debu Bagian dalam bangunan pabrik penggilingan padi biasanya berdebu dan tidak bersih. Kondisi seperti itu tidak hanya buruk bagi kesehatan operator tetapi juga menyebabkan manajemen menjadi tidak baik, serangan serangga dan binatang pengerat akan menimbulkan kerugian pada mutu dan jumlah butiran padi.

40 That is why aeration is needed for rice mill buildings. At the same time dust should be collected from dust-generating points Exhaust from paddy and husk aspirators should be directly forwarded to husk pile outdoor. Bran outlets of whiteners and white rice aspirators had better be sucked and be blown into cyclones so as to recover bran without scattering in the room (Fig. 13)... (Fig. 13) Fig. 13. Collection of bran from whitener As for fans, centrifugal types are preferred. When cyclones are not available, large box might be used instead (Fig 14). ( 14)

41 Karena itu penganginan diperlukan dalam gedung pabrik penggilingan padi. Pada saat yang sama, debu juga harus dibersihkan. Saluran pembuangan kulit padi dan sekam hendaknya langsung dibuang ditempat pembuangan diluar pabrik. Dedak padi dari alat pemutih dan ayakan beras putih sebaiknya dihisap dan ditiupkan kedalam saluran keluarnya sehingga tidak bertebaran dalam ruangan penggilingan (Gbr.13). Gbr.13 Pengumpulan kulit padi dari alat pemutih Sebaiknya gunakan kipas angin jenis sentrifugal. Bila saluran pembuangan angin tidak ada gunakan kotak besar sebagai gantinya (Gbr. 14).

42 Fig. 14. Dust collection box in place of cyclone 3. Planning, designing and management of small rice mills,, a) In case of custom milling The capacity had better be large enough so that work can be done effectively. It is desirable to have sufficient reserve of power so that the capacity can be increased when customers rushed. When it can be operated with higher recovery and less broken than other custom mills more number of customers can be attracted.. Regardless either bran is brought back by customers or retained by rice mills, it should not be mixed with husk..

43 Gbr.14 Kotak pengumpul debu diletakkan disaluran pembuangan angin 4. Perencanaan, Konstruksi dan manajemen pabrik penggilingan padi kecil a) Pabrik penggilingan padi biasa Kapasitas pabrik sebaiknya cukup besar sehingga pekerjaan dapat dilakukan dengan effektif, Disarankan untuk memiliki cadangan tenaga penggerak yang cukup sehingga saat musim penggilingan kapasitas dapat ditingkatkan. Bila penggilingan pabrik dioperasikan pada tingkat mutu yang lebih tinggi dan beras patah dihasilkan lebih sedikit maka lebih banyak pelanggan yang akan tertarik. Bila dedak padi dibawa pulang oleh pelanggan atau dedak tersebut tinggal dipabrik penggilingan sebaiknya tidak tercampur dengan sekam.

44 It is preferable to have a broken separator so that broken can be separated according to request from customers.. b) In case of commercial milling Commercial milling means to buy paddy and mill it for selling white rice. In such mills, broken content in white mill greatly affects to the economy of operation and it is necessary to pay much attention for the reduction of broken... As they are expected to operate long time constantly it is important to arrange equipment, so that paddy intake, paddy storage, paddy cleaning, etc. can be done smoothly and efficiently without requiring much labour and without scattering grains.,,. If there is electricity, motors should be used. If engine is used, water cooled diesel engine is preferable.,,. It is most essential to keep book all the time so as to make accurate records of input and output and to clarify working conditions. This is essential for the economical management and further improvement...

45 Sebaiknya pabrik memiliki alat pemisah beras patah sehingga beras patah dapat dipisahkan dari beras utuh sesuai dengan permintaan pelanggan. b) Pabrik penggilingan komersial Pabrik penggilingan komersial adalah pabrik yang membeli padi siap olah dan menggilingnya menjadi beras putih untuk dijual kembali. Pada pabrikpabrik semacam ini, beras patah yang tercampur dalam beras putih utuh mempengaruhi penghematan operasional pabrik dan hal ini membutuhkan perhatian khusus. Karena pabrik ini diharapkan dapat dioperasikan dalam waktu yang lama serta terus menerus, penting sekali untuk mengatur perlengkapannya sehingga pasokan padi, penyimpanan padi, pembersihan padi dll., dapat dilakukan dengan lancar dan efisien tanpa memerlukan banyak pekerja dan adanya butiran padi yang tercecer. Bila listrik tersedia, sebaiknya gunakan motor. Bila menggunakan mesin penggerak, sebaiknya gunakan mesin penggerak diesel berpendingin air. Hal yang sangat penting adalah pembukuan, sehingga laporan masuk dan keluar akurat dan kondisi pekerjaan jelas. Ini penting untuk penghematan manajemen dan perkembangan pabrik selanjutnya.

46 In order to reduce broken, husker and whitener should be separate and whitening should be performed by multi-pass. By use of paddy separator, both improvement of white rice recovery and reduction of broken can be attained. Broken separation should be done elaborately so as to make uniform products all the time, which eventually bring forth its creditability. Investment for such machinery will soon be recovered through increased sales.... When imperfectly dried paddy is collected, it must be dried carefully so as not to increase cracked grain. b) Arrangement of machinery Often observed fault is insufficient lighting in the mill building. Unless work site is bright enough, cleaning and maintenance of machines are neglected, efficiency is lowered and loss increases. Windows should be large enough to facilitate good lighting and good ventilation...

47 Untuk mengurangi beras patah, alat pengupas kulit padi dan alat pemutih beras hendaknya terpisah, dan proses pemutihan beras dilakukan berulang kali. Dengan menggunakan alat pemisah padi, beras utuh dapat ditingkatkan dan beras patah dapat dikurangi. Pemisahan beras patah hendaknya dilakukan dengan teliti sehingga produk beras yang dihasilkan sama, mutu terjamin dan harga jual meningkat. Bila padi kering tidak dihasilkan secara sempurna, padi harus dikeringkan dengan hati-hati sehingga butiran yang pecah tidak bertambah. c) Pengaturan letak mesin-mesin Kekurangan yang umumnya ditemukan pada bangunan pabrik adalah penerangan yang tidak memadai. Jika tempat kerja tidak cukup terang, kebersihan dan perawatan mesin-mesin terabaikan, efisiensi menurun dan kerugian meningkat. Jendela-jendela hendaknya cukup lebar sehingga membantu penerangan yang baik serta ventilasi yang baik.

48 Where possible, machinery should be so arranged that discharge of preceding machine would fall into succeeding machine by gravity. If there are tanks or hoppers in between machines, grain flow can be much smoother as they can be buffer against unequal discharge and intake. The larger their capacities, the easier to regulate operation..,. When machines are so arranged as to feed one by one by gravity, the first machine (i.e. paddy cleaner in most cases) is located to higher position. Bucket elevator had better do feeding of paddy to high position. The required power is little ( ).. Bases or supports of machines should be constructed rigidly so as not to vibrate. There should be space beside machines so that maintenance works can be done easily. Belts and rotating parts that can be reached by operators should be covered for safety... When an engine drives more than two machines or a motor, power had better be transmitted through counter-shaft. It is a sure and safe way to transmit power. The maintenance can also be done easily.

49 Jika memungkinkan, mesin-mesin hendaknya diatur sedemikian hingga memudahkan pengaliran padi dari mesin pendahulu ke mesin utama dengan menggunakan gaya gravitasi. Bila terdapat tong atau hopper diantara mesin-mesin tersebut, aliran butir padi dapat lebih lancar sehingga butiran padi tersebut dapat mengimbangi aliran butiran keluar dan butiran masuk. Semakin besar kapasitasnya, semakin mudah mengatur pengoperasiannya. Bila mesin diatur sehingga pekerjaan penggilingan tahap per tahap dengan gaya berat, mesin pertama (contoh, alat pembersih padi) diletakkan pada posisi lebih tinggi. Sebaiknya bucket elevator dapat mengalirkan padi ke posisi yang tinggi. Tenaga mesin yang diperlukan untuk ini kecil. Mesin dasar atau mesin pembantu hendaknya dipasang dengan keras sehingga tidak bergerak akibat getaran. Harus ada ruang disebelah mesin agar pekerjaan perawatan mesin dapat dilakukan dengan mudah. Belt (tali) dan bagian-bagian yang berputar yang bisa tersentuh oleh operator hendaknya ditutup untuk keselamatan kerja. Bila dua atau lebih mesin digerakkan oleh sebuah mesin penggerak atau sebuah motor, sebaiknya tenaga yang dihasilkan diteruskan melalui counter-shaft. Ini adalah cara yang aman dan pasti untuk menyalurkan tenaga. perawatan mesin juga dapat dilakukan dengan mudah.

50 When machines are placed on floor and output of previous machine is manually fed to the next machine, the output must always be received with containers once, from which the content should be scooped with a smaller box or with a pail to be fed to the next machine. If the out-put is directly discharged onto floor the material will always be scattered, contaminated or lost.,..

51 Bila mesin-mesin diletakkan diatas lantai dan produk yang dihasilkan mesin pertama dimasukan kedalam mesin berikutnya secara manual, produk yang dihasilkan itu harus selalu diterima sekali oleh kontainer, dimana isi kontainer tersebut harus diciduk dengan ember yang lebih kecil dan dimasukkan kedalam mesin berikutnya. Bila produk yang dihasilkan itu langsung jatuh ke lantai, produk tersebut akan berserakan dilantai, hilang atau menjadi kotor.

52 Reference 1. Han hong kyu Essential farm machinery theory. Korean version. 2. JICA Farm Machinery Vol1.2. Tsukuba International Agricultural Training Center (training text book) 3. RDA Farm machinery utilization & maintenance technology. Korean version 4. RDA & KOICA Training on Agricultural Mechanization for Swampy land of Indonesia. International training program

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