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1 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 3 호 pp J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 3, pp ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) March 2016 / 자동공구교환장치를이용한융합 FDM 공정및장치개발에관한연구 Development of Hybrid-FDM Process Using Automatic Tool Changer for Multi-Material Production and Post-Processing 최성민 1, 샤오젠 1, 박인백 2, 이석희 1, Sung Min Choi 1, XiaoJian 1, In Baek Park 2, and Seok Hee Lee 1, 1 부산대학교기계공학부 (School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University) 2 LG 전자소재생산기술원 (Material and Production Engineering Research Institute, LG Electronics) Corresponding author: sehlee@pusan.ac.kr, Tel: Manuscript received: / Revised: / Accepted: The purpose of this study is an attempt to improve the functionality of a conventional Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process using the Automatic Tool Changer (ATC) to perform multimaterial production and post-processing. Hybrid-FDM means a fusion of an Additive Manufacturing process and grinding process using the ATC system. In order to enhance the potentiality of production capacity for multi-material fabrication and surface roughness improvement, two extrusion tools and one grinding tool system are suggested. A pneumatic chuck is attached on a moving platform in the XY axes plane and an extrusion head and grinding head are placed in a docking station, allowing for a quick changeover with each other. Therefore, the manufacturing lead time can be reduced efficiently for the fabrication of a product. KEYWORDS: Fused deposition manufacturing (FDM) ( 응착조형공정 ), Post-Processing ( 후가공 ), Multi-Material ( 다중소재 ) 1. 서론 AM (Additive Manufacturing) 공정은설계단계에있는 3차원모델을다른중간과정없이모형이나시제품 (Prototype) 으로빠르게제작하는기술로써 3차원모델의데이터를통해소재를겹겹이쌓아가며 3차원형상을신속하게제작하는기술이다 년 3D Systems 사에서개발된 SLA (Stereo Lithography Apparatus) 공정을시작으로전세계적으로수십가지의공정이개발되고끊임없이발전 하고있다. 2000년대중후반이후로는개인화된 3DP (3D Printer) 가등장하였고, 많은기업이개인 3DP 제품을소비자들에게제공하고있다. 그중에서 FDM (F used Deposition Modeling) 은비교적간단한구조, 실사용이가능한소재그리고저렴한소재값때문에개인 3DP 시장에서가장많이사용되고있다. 1,2 또한, 시제품개발과제품실현의사이의징검다리의요소를가지고있는공정이다. 3,4 그러나최근까지 FDM 기반의시스템은여전히 Copyright C The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 3 호 pp March 2016 / 236 낮은생산율과표면품질을가지고있고소비자에게기능이향상됐다고여길만한요소가없다. 종례의 FDM 공정은열가소성플라스틱소재를반용융상태로녹여미세노즐 (Nozzle) 에서압출하는익스트루더 (Extruder) 를 X-Y 축으로움직이는플랫폼에장착한뒤한층한층재료를압출하여형상을제작하는방식이므로광경화수지를사용하는 SLA, 중합체 (Polymer) 또는세라믹파우더를사용하는 SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) 공정들과는달리소재별로독립적인익스트루더를장착하면비교적간단하게다중소재제작이가능하다. 그러나이론상 n 개의익스트루더로 n 개의소재로부품을제작할수있다고해도장착수만큼비례하여시스템이크고무거워지게된다. 그리고 AM 공정은부품제작시적층과정을거치기때문에반드시그층마다단차로인한계단현상이생기게된다. 특히 FDM은노즐치수의한계로인해다른공정들에비해표면품질이안좋다. 이러한 FDM의단점을해결하기위해다음과같은연구들이진행되었다. David 등은 Stratasys 사의 FDM 2000과 FDM 3000 장비를통합하여두장비사이를왕복하는정밀슬라이드를이용해서로다른층에서여러재료의개별증착이가능한 MMMT FDM 공정을개발하였다. 5 그결과다중소재제작을통한제작시간감소와노즐치수를이용한표면품질개선을나타냈지만두시스템을통합하기위해전체적인시스템의부피가증가하였고두가지이상의다중소재부품을제작을위한방안이제시되어있지않으며일체형시스템이라기보다하나의장비에다른장비를더한방식이다. Ahn, Alberto 등은표면에부품방향선정을통하여최적의방향을도출하여표면거칠기를최소화시키는연구와직접파라핀코팅을하여서절삭을통한후가공을하였다. 4,9 위의연구는표면품질개선을위한후가공을위한연구지만직접적인 AM 공정에서이루어지지않고간접적인방식이거나수작업을통한작업이기에전체공정시간에막대한영향을끼칠수밖에없다. 6,7,11-13 본논문에서는개인 FDM 시스템향상을위해자동공구교환장치 (Automatic Tool Changer, ATC) 를장착하여제작시간의감소, 다중소재제작및계단효과로인한표면거칠기개선공정을하나의시스템으로융합하여본공정의적용성과효율성을검증하고자한다. (a) (c) Fig. 1 Hybrid-FDM system using ATC: (a) Overview of entire system, (b) View of pneumatic chuck in Fabri cation part, (c) View of toolbox in ATC part 2. 융합 FDM 시스템 (b) 2.1 융합공정의특징융합공정은 FDM 시스템의장점은유지하면서다중소재제작과후가공공정을하나의시스템으로융합한시스템으로다음과같은특징이있다. 첫째, 본시스템에서는공구보관함을장착하여전체시스템부피의감소와다양한익스트루더와절삭공구의보관이쉬운장점이있다. 둘째, 보관함을장착함으로수작업으로진행되던노즐교환과재료교환은자동공구교환방식의적용으로미리준비되어있는익스트루더를교환하기만하면되므로전체생산시간의단축이가능하다. 셋째, 다중소재구조물제작은이전의연구들과는달리자동공구교환장치를이용하여장착되어있는익스트루더와공구보관함에있는익스트루더를교환하는방식이다. 넷째, 이전의후가공은사포 (Sandpaper), 비드 (Bead), 샌드 (Sand), 면 (Cotton), 양털패드 (Wool Pad) 등의것들을사용하여서추가적인작업을해야했지만, 융합 FDM 시스템은공구보관함에절삭공구를장착하여생산시간의손실없이표면거칠기값의큰개선효과를기대할수있다. 이러한특징은 ATC 의구조나제어방식에따라공간을효율적으로사용할수있으므로전체시스템의부피에크게상관없이종례의 FDM 시스템보다다양한재료와공구를사용할수있게된다. 2.2 시스템구성융합 FDM 시스템은 Fig. 1 과같이전체현상에

3 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 3 호 pp March 2016 / 237 (a) (b) (d) (c) Fig. 2 Schematics of design each part: (a) Material storage & Feeding part, (b) Generation part, (c) ATC part, (d) System control part 서재료공급파트, 제작파트, ATC 파트, 시스템제어파트총 4가지세부공정으로구성된다. 장비의전체크기는 395mm 488mm 580mm의직육면체형태로설계되었다. 제작가능한파트의크기는 200mm 200mm 130mm이고, 한층의두께는 0.06mm-2mm이다. Fig. 2는각각의세부파트형상들을나타낸다. 재료공급파트는 2개의리니어샤프트의양단에베어링을설치하여롤형태의 FDM 재료를장착할수있게되어있다. 그후장착된필라멘트롤은스텝모터로구동되는이송장치를통하여압출하는재료의양에비례하여밀어주게된다. 제작파트는 H 형상의 X-Y 축과이송플랫폼이장착되고위치결정을위해스텝모터와풀리벨트를이용하였다. 2개의축은비틀림없이유동적으로움직이기위한시스템으로 CORE X-Y를적용하였다. 10 2축이송플랫폼에는공구교환을위한공압 척이장착되어있고, 공구교환시공구의비틀림을방지하기위해위치결정핀이척에부착되어있다. 그리고 Z 축에는재료의수축변형을줄이기위한히팅베드 (Heating Bed), 정밀이송을위한볼스크류 (Ball Screw) 와스텝모터가장착된다. ATC 파트에서는공구를보관하기위한공구보관함이있다. 공구보관함의형태는 Fig. 3 과같이직사각형이며보관함마다디귿자홀을가공하였다. 이는익스트루더또는절삭공구의모양이아래로길게뻗어있는형태이기때문에공구의장탈착시걸림이없게하기위함이다. 각공구는 T 자형태의브라켓 (Bracket) 에고정되어있고브라켓의가장자리부분이보관함에걸쳐지게설계되었고위치결정홀을가공하여핀을정확한위치로안내한다. 보관함의양끝단에는제작파트에공급하기위해서양측에슬라이드레일과하단부에공압실린더를가지고있으며, 볼플

4 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 3 호 pp March 2016 / 238 (a) CAD of ATC part (b) Unmounting (c) Mounting Fig. 3 Methods of mounting tools in ATC part 런저 (Ball Plunger) 와마그넷캐처 (Magnet Catcher) 를장착하여안정적인장탈착이가능하게하였고총 4 개의보관장소가있고 2 개의익스트루더, 1 개의절삭공구와 1 개의예비보관함으로되어있다. 시스템제어파트는 3 차원모델링슬라이싱, 노즐의이동경로생성, 하드웨어제어를위하여마이크로컨트롤러와소프트웨어가사용되며통신을위한 PC 로구성된다. 2.3 융합 FDM 공정융합 FDM 시스템의전체공정은 Fig. 4 와같이전처리공정 (Pre-Process) 과제작공정 (Fabrication- Process) 그리고후가공공정 (Post-Process) 의세가지공정으로나뉜다. 전처리공정은 Fig. 5 와같이위해 3 차원모델링파일을 STL 파일로변환하고지정된적층두께로슬라이싱후각층을미세노즐이지나가는공구경로 (Tool Path) 를생성한다. 제작공정은두가지과정으로나누어진다. 단일익스트루더공정은하나의재료를사용하여한층의작업이완료되면 Z 축이하강하여그다음층작업을반복한다. 다중익스트루더공정은적층과정은동일하나재료교환이필요한시점에 X-Y 축이 ATC 파트로이동하여공구교환을하고교환된익스트루더를사용하여다시제작과정을반복한다. 후가공공정은제작된쾌속조형물의표면품질을향상하기위한마무리단계이다. 제작이완료 Fig. 4 Flowchart of process in Hybrid-FDM (a) (d) (b) Fig. 5 Schematics of layered manufacturing in FDM system (c)

5 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 3 호 pp March 2016 / 239 (a) (b) Fig. 6 Schematic of multi-material fabrication process: (a) Before change of extrusion head, (b) After change of extrusion 되면 ATC 파트에서절삭공구로교환하여부품의설계윤곽선 (Contour) 을기준으로표면을절삭가공한다. 만약쾌속조형물의후가공을원하지않을때는제작이완료된후전체공정을종료한다. 2.4 제어프로그램개발시스템제어파트는 XY 축제어, 공구교환제어를 PC 환경에서제어할수있도록 C ++ 과 MFC 를사용하여구축하였다. 제어프로그램은하드웨어제어와 STL 파일의단면이미지생성및공구이동을위한 G 코드까지생성할수있다. 또한, 제어프로그램을통하여 PC 에서시리얼통신으로제어보드에연결하여스텝모터 5 축, DC 모터 1 축, 공압솔레노이드밸브 2 개, 아날로그출력 4 개를유동적으로제어한다. 3. 구조물제작실험 3.1 연속적인구조물제작융합 FDM 공정및장치를이용하여 Fig. 8 과같은스테이지, 꽃병등 6 개의모델을단일익스트루더공정과다중익스트루더공정으로각각제작후비교분석을진행하였다. 실험결과는 Table 1 과같으며약 20% 의시간이단축되어연속적제작에서생산능력향상을확인하였다. 이러한생산시간의차이가나는이유는단일익스트루더공정에서는하나의제품을제작후소재나노즐치수교환을위해작업자의수작업을거쳐야하기때문이다. 단일익스트루더공정은작업자의숙련도에따라편차가크므로작업시간이길어지게되는반면융합 FDM 의자동공구교환장치를이용하면공구교 Fig. 7 GUI for hardware control program Fig. 8 Fabrication of 3D models using Hybrid-FDM Table 1 Total fabrication times of the entire model using the single extrusion head and the multi extrusion head Process Single-Extruder process Multi-Extruder process Layer thickness (mm) Total building time (min) 환이자동화되어다음제품의제작시까지정해진시간내에교환할수있다. 그리고 Fig. 8 에나와있는팬터그래프 (Pantograph) 스테이지같이별도의어셈블리 (Assembly) 작업없이완성품으로제작되는부품은정밀하게제작이안된다면각부품의구동부가붙어버려사용할수없게되므로노즐의치수교환이필수적이게된다. 결과적으로단일익스트루더공정에서는제품제작중사용되고있는노즐의치수와소재를변

6 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 3 호 pp March 2016 / 240 (a) CAD model (b) Front view Fig. 10 Simplified geometry of the parts manufactured in FDM system (c) Potential of working with an elastomeric material in combination with a rigid plastic Fig. 9 Fabrication of Multi-material model using Hybrid FDM 경하는것은많은시간이소요되는반면자동공구교환장치를이용한다중익스트루더공정에서는공구교환을통하여서장착된소재와노즐치수가다른준비된익스트루더로교환하여제작하기때문에정밀도향상과제작시간단축을할수있다. 3.2 다중소재구조물제작다중소재구조물제작은하나의구조물내에두가지이상의소재를사용하여어셈블리작업을최소화하고다양한기능을가진구조물을제작하기위한실험으로 Fig. 9(a) 와같은도면을이용하여구조물을제작하였다. 제작결과 Figs. 9(b) 와 9(c) 같이서로다른성질을가지는소재를사용하여다중소재구조물제작의잠재적인능력을확인하였다. 제작을위해사용된재료는단단한지지대로사용된 ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) 와고무와같은탄성을가지는소재로 F-PLA (Flexible-Poly Lactic Acid) 를사용하였다. 다중소재를이용한제작품들은지지대역할을하는강체소재에탄성을가지는소재가큰틀어짐없이결합한것을실험을통해알수있었다. 그러므로피스톤 (Piston), 댐퍼 (Damper) 와같은다중소재를사용하는최종단계의제품을제작하기위한시간을단축할수있고적용하는방법에따라다양한가능성을확인할수있었다. 4. 후가공공정 4.1 표면거칠기특징 Fig. 10 은 Fig. 3(c) 의적층중간과정을그래픽화하여나타냈다. 다음과같이적층중간과정에서미세노즐에의해압출된재료는한층한층쌓아올라져가면서제작파트의표면에는반원형태의계단현상이생기게된다. 이렇게발생한반원은제작된파트의치수에오차를생기게하고, 표면품질을저해하는요소가된다. 여기서얻는평균표면거칠기값 (Surface Roughness Average, R a ) 은 Fig. 10 에서윤곽선을기준으로반지름 r 만큼반원의산술평균편차값으로정의된다. 8 Ra 1 L ( ) = y x dx 0 L (1) 여기서 L 은전체평가길이이고, y(x) 는거칠기곡선식이다. 융합공정은표면거칠기를개선하기위해절삭공정을융합하였고모델의실측치수윤곽선을기준으로깎음으로써개선된표면을얻는다. 4.2 절삭조건실험 FDM 에서제작된형상에불특정한반원형태의계단현상을개선하기위한최적절삭조건을구하기위한실험이다. 이번실험에서사용된소형그라인더 (STRONG90-102) 는최대 35,000rpm 과 280gf *cm 의토크를낼수있으며간단한조작을통하여절삭바 (Bur) 를교환하게되어있고, 또한공구보

7 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 3 호 pp March 2016 / 241 Table 2 Post-Processing experimental conditions Layer thickness(mm) 0.2 Move speed(mm/min) 500 RPM(rpm) 3200 Tooling dia(mm) 1.2 Material ABS Fig. 11 Test of cutting tool for post-processing in Hybrid-FDM (a) Before post-processing (b) After post-processing Fig. 13 Result of post-processing Fig. 12 Roughness parameters as a variation of RPM 관함에맞추어 T 자형브라켓에장착하였다. 본격적인실험에앞서절삭공구의최적가공조건을찾기위한사전실험을하였다. Fig. 11 과같이표면을따라각 1 회왕복한뒤표면거칠기값을측정하여가장낮은값이되었을때의가공조건을찾는것이다. 시편은노즐치수 0.4 mm, 적층높이 0.2 mm 소재는 ABS 를사용하고, 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm 정육면체모델을제작하였다. 절삭공구는지름 1.2 mm 절삭바를이용하여 10,000 rpm 으로시작하여 1,000 rpm 씩증가시켜단계별로실험을진행하였다. 다수의절삭실험을하였을때 Fig. 12 와같이소형그라인더의회전속도가 25,000 rpm - 35,000 rpm 일때표면품질에서가장좋은결과와 R a 값또한최저치를기록했다. 4.3 표면개선실험및결과절삭조건실험결과를바탕으로 Table 2 와같이가공조건을설정하여후가공후표면상태의변화를정밀관찰하였다. 우선표면의변화를가시적 (a) Before post-processing (b) After post-processing Fig. 14 Measured surface roughness 으로확인하기위해현미경 (DCF 280 Microscope) 을사용하였다. Fig. 13 은후가공전후사진으로표면품질이상당한차이가있음을알수있었다. Fig. 14 는측정된결과값을이용하여표면의변화를잘나타내기위해그래프로나타내었다. 결과에서알수있듯이후가공전 R a 값이 35μm 로다소거친상태였으나후가공을거친후에는 R a 값이 35μm 에서 3μm 로대폭개선되었음을확인할수있다.

8 한국정밀공학회지제 33 권제 3 호 pp March 2016 / 결론 본논문에서융합 FDM 공정은전체제작시간을감소시키거나다중소재구조물제작을위하여 ATC 파트를구성하였고, 열가소성소재의적층으로임의형상을제조하는종례의 FDM 시스템과소재를깎아서형상을제조하는절삭및연삭공정을융합하여쾌속조형물의표면품질을향상할수있는시스템을제안하였다. 연속적인모델의제작에서는각하나의모델마다소재가다를경우간단한공구교환을통하여약 5-10 초이내에다른소재로제작할수있으며, 각익스트루더공구의노즐치수의차이로제작중정밀도의향상또는제작시간을단축할수있었다. 그리고제작공정중공구교환을통해다중소재구조물제작을확인하였다. 또한, 모든제작이완료된이후 AM 공정에서제기되는문제점인계단현상을해결하기위한소형그라인더를장착하여모든공정이끝난후작업자가계단현상제거를위한작업이최소화되었다. 향후연구에서는 3 축융합 FDM 공정을 5 축으로적용하여공정의정밀도및다양성을향상하여좀더복잡한쾌속조형물의후가공에적합한실험및해석적연구를수행할예정이다. 후기 이논문은부산대학교자유과제학술연구비 (2 년 ) 에의하여연구되었음. REFERENCES 1. Jacobs, P. F., Stereolithography and Other RP&M Technologies: From Rapid Prototyping to Rapid Tooling, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Wohlers, T., Wohlers Report 2015: Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry Annual Worldwide Progress Report Title of Paper, Wohlers Associates, Chua, C. K., Leong, K. F., and Lim, C. S., Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Boschetto, A., Giordano, V., and Veniali, F., 3D Roughness Profile Model in Fused Deposition Modelling, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp , Espalin, D., Alberto, R. J., Medina, F., and Wicker, R., Multi-Material, Multi-Technology FDM: Exploring Build Process Variations, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp , Kim, H.-C. and Lee, S.-H., Reduction of Post- Processing for Stereolithography Systems by Fabrication -Direction Optimization, Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 37, No. 7, pp , Ahn, D., Kim, H., and Lee, S., Fabrication Direction Optimization to Minimize Post-Machining in Layered Manufacturing, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp , Ahn, D., Kweon, J.-H., Kwon, S., Song, J., and Lee, S., Representation of Surface Roughness in Fused Deposition Modeling, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, No. 15, pp , Ahn, D., Kim, H., Jeong, H., and Lee, S., A Study on Improving the Surface Roughness of Stereolithography Parts, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 21, No. 9, pp , Core[X,Y], Principle of Operation, com/theory.html (Accessed February ) 11. Choi, S. M., Lee, S. H., Kim, M. S., and Park, I. B., Application Method of Friendly Environment Material for Physical Properties, Proc. of KSPE Spring Conference, pp , Choi, S. M. and Lee, S. H., Study on the Color Enhancement of Photo-Curing Structures Using Stereo Lithography, Proc. of KSPE Spring Conference, pp , Kim, M. S., Park, I. B., Choi, S. M., and Lee, S. H., A Study of Post-Process for Improvement Material Properties of Plastic 3D Printing Structures, Proc. of KSPE Autumn Conference, pp , 2014.

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