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1 62 연구논문 조선소판넬라인의최적생산계획수립을위한생산시뮬레이션연구 박주용 * 김세환 * 최우현 * * 한국해양대학교해양시스템공학부 A Study of Product Simulation for Establishing the Optimal Production Scheduling of the Panel Line in a Shipyard Ju-Yong Park*, Se-Hwan Kim* and Woo-Hyun Choi* *Advanced Welding and Joining Team, KITECH, Incheon , Korea Abstract Panel line is an important process occupying the largest work amount in shipbuilding. In this research product simulation has been carried out to establish the optimal production scheduling. For this purpose a web-based panel line simulator was developed using an object modeling technology and C# language. The balance of work-load and increase in the productivity by the improvement of production facilities and process are the key factors for a good scheduling. In this study SPRT(Shortest Remaining Process Time) rule was applied for the work-load balancing and a good result achieved. To increase the productivity in the stiffener welding stage which is a bottleneck process, more welding heads and higher welding speed were tested using the developed simulator. The simulation results showed that either more welding head or higher welding speed decreased the total work time. Use of both, however, deteriorated the productivity because of the bottleneck in the following stage. This result points out that the improvement of production facilities and/or process should be evaluated with their influences on the leading and following processing stage. *Corresponding author : dispaul@hanmail.net (Received July 11, 2006) Key Words : Simulation, Work-load balancing, Production scheduling, Panel line, Productivity 1. 서론 정보기술의발달에맞춰다른제조업분야와마찬가지로조선분야에서도조선산업을기술집약적인미래산업으로발전시키기위하여많은노력을기울이고있다. 디지털선박생산 (Digital shipbuilding) 1) 기술은실제생산에적용하는단계에서발생할수있는설계오류나제작상의문제점을미리파악하여비용과시간의낭비를최소화할수있고새로운제조방법및생산설비의변화를가상생산환경에서미리적용해볼수있으므로실제제조시스템적용에필연적으로발생하 는재계획및수정에따른비용과시간을절감할수있는기술이다. 국내에서는디지털메뉴팩쳐링기법을활용한가상 NC 시뮬레이터 2), 디지털조선소구축을위한모델링및시뮬레이션 3,4) 등의연구가진행되는등최근이분야에대한연구가활발히진행되고있으나조선소의작업중가장작업량이많은판넬라인에대하여시뮬레이션을통한구체적인최적생산계획을다룬연구는아직이루어지지않고있다. 조선소의판넬라인은판과판, 그리고판과보강재들을용접하여선박의선저및측면블록의판넬을생성하는라인이다. 판넬라인은조선소에따라대동소이하며 410 Journal of KWS, Vol. 24, No. 5, October, 2006

2 조선소판넬라인의최적생산계획수립을위한생산시뮬레이션연구 공정세분화및소요시간정식화 Fig. 1 Process layout of panel line 본논문에서는국내 A조선소의구성인 Fig. 1과같은 10개의공정으로구성된것을대상으로하였으며 Fig. 1의보강재용접부분인마지막 3공정은작업량이많아 2개의 line으로운영되고있다. 판넬라인을운영하는관리자는각세부공정에서병목공정이생기지않도록블록투입순서의결정과후행공정의잔량을고려한물량분배, 등각세부공정에서부하평준화가이루어질수있도록작업계획을세우는데노력을하고있다. 본논문에서는디지털생산시뮬레이션기술을이용하여작업계획수립자가자신이계획한작업계획을가상환경에서수행하여각공정의정확한작업부하를산출하고적절한작업평준화기법의적용과생산설비및공정의개선을통해최적의생산계획을수립할수있는방법을제안하였다. 2. 시뮬레이션모델구축 2.1 공정분석및제약요소정의 판넬라인은대부분용접관련작업으로이루어져있으므로우선각세부공정의주요공법과용접변수및작업환경을면밀히분석하였다. 판넬라인의작업과정을시뮬레이션하기위해서는우선각생산라인의제약요소가시뮬레이션모델에반영되어야한다. 본연구에서는공정분석결과시뮬레이션의입력데이터에해당하는부분과현작업장의조건에의해생기는부분에서제약요소가존재함을알수있었으며이를 Table 1과같이정리하였다. 판넬라인은 Fig. 1에서와같이 10개의공정으로나누어지며각공정은보다세분화된공정으로분류된다. 본연구에서는 IDEF0(Intergration DEFinition) 방법론 5) 을사용하여계층적으로표현되는판넬라인의각세부공정의기능을그래픽으로표현하였다. IDEF0 는생산시스템의기능 (Function) 또는활동 (Activity) 이어떤상황에서무엇이일어나는지에관한서술표기방법으로생산시스템모델링에널리쓰이는방법이다. Fig. 2는판넬라인의첫공정인가접 (Tack welding) 단계를 IDEF0 방법론으로모델링한그림이다. 이그림에서박스는기능또는활동을나타내며가접의각세부공정에해당된다. 일반적으로현장의작업관리자는조업도에나와있는각블록내의맞대기용접선과보강재갯수만으로용접길이를결정하고판넬라인전체블록에대해합산하여용접길이를구한후이수치에근거하여경험적으로작업시간을결정하고있다. 이렇게결정된값은주판의두께나보강재필릿각장의크기에따라패스수, 용접속도, 용접설비의용량등작업시간에큰영향을미치는인자들을고려하지않음으로써실제작업시간과는큰차이가발생하여적절한작업계획을수립하는데에큰장애가되고있다. 각세부공정을분석해본결과입력데이터인투입물량정보요소는출력데이터인작업시간과연관이있으며여기에 Table 1의제약요소들이결정적인자임을알수있었다. 본연구에서는현장관리자의도움을받아실제작업현장에서다수의관찰을통해서이들의관계를조사하여다음과같은간편한산출식으로표현하였다. 여기에서 T는각세부공정의작업시간, L은용접길이, N은용접 Seam 수, V는용접장비속도를나타낸다. Table 1 Constraints of panel line Constraints of input data for simulation Thickness of workpiece, required leg length, number of weld seam and stiffeners Total pass number, welding speed Difference in the size and dimension of blocks Constraints in shop condition Difference in the work space of each stage Influence between the leading and the following stage Difference in worker number and productivity Fig. 2 IDEF0 modeling of tack welding stage 大韓熔接學會誌第 24 卷第 5 號, 2006 年 10 月 411

3 64 박주용 김세환 최우현 2.3 판넬라인시뮬레이터개발생산계획에대한시뮬레이션은일반적으로 QUEST 와같은상용소프트웨어로수행되나소프트웨어의규모가크고고가인데다조선판넬라인의작업계획에사용하기에는비효율적이어서본연구에서는객체지향모델링언어인 UML과범용프로그래밍언어인 C# 을이용하여 Fig. 4와같은독자적인판넬라인시뮬레이터를개발하였다. 개발과정은먼저객체지향분석기법 6) 을사용하여판넬라인공정을분석한후이를바탕으로 PPR(Product, Process, Resource) 모델을구축하였다. Fig. 3은 Resource 모델인판넬라인의각설비에대한객체모델의일부를보여주고있다. 또한판넬라인의각공정에서요구되는물량정보와작업장의조건에따라생기는제약요소들을고려하여물량처리상황및 작업시간을표시할수있는 Process 모델을구축하였다. 시뮬레이션구현기법으로는작업장별로독립적으로구동되는객체지향이산사건시뮬레이션 (Object-based discrete event simulation) 7) 을이용하여용접설비의변경과같은각작업장의변화를용이하게반영이될수있도록하였다. 본연구를통해개발된 Fig.4 의판넬라인시뮬레이터는웹기반의프로그래밍이용이한 C# 언어로개발되어일반 PC에서도빠른속도로운용되며웹기반의시스템이어서인터넷을통해장소의제약없이운용될수있도록되어있다. 판넬라인의공정들은각공정마다독립적인시뮬레이션로직을가지며이로직에따라시뮬레이션모델이구동하게되어있다. 생산관리자들은웹상에서시뮬레이터에접속하여투입물량정보를입력한후시뮬레이션을수행하면각작업장별가동률이나작업시간과같은결과물을얻을수있다. 개발된시뮬레이터의결과값을검증하기위해 23일간의작업물량에대해매일 08~18시까지 9시간작업을기준으로측정한실제작업시간과시뮬레이터모델의작업시간을비교해본결과 ±5% 이내에서일치하여본시뮬레이터의결과가충분한정확도를갖고있음을알수있었다. Table 2는 23일간작업시간의평균을나타낸것이다. 개발시뮬레이터에서는용접장비의헤드수를늘리거나, 용접속도를변경하는등생산설비의증설이나개선, 공법을변경할수있는기능이있다. 따라서현장에서생산성의향상을위해설비증설이나공법을개선하고자할경우본시뮬레이터를활용하여해당작업장은물론전체판넬라인의생산성에미치는효과를사전에검증할수있어많은도움이될것으로생각된다. Fig. 3 An example of resource model for welding facilities in the panel line 3. 최적생산계획수립을위한부하평준화기법적용과설비및공법개선 판넬라인에서는용량에따라차이가있으나대형조선소의경우보통하루평균 9~12개의평블럭을생산한다. 본연구에서는실제의작업물량을대상으로부경우생산성에미치는효과에대해개발시뮬레이터를적용하여조사하였다. 이때적용된데이터는정상적인일주일간의물량이었으며시뮬레이션의결과와실제현 Table 2 Comparison of estimated work time to actual work time 1. Actual time measured 9 hr 2. Estimated time by simulator 9.1 hr Fig. 4 Panel line simulator Difference (2-1) 0.1 hr 412 Journal of KWS, Vol. 24, No. 5, October, 2006

4 조선소판넬라인의최적생산계획수립을위한생산시뮬레이션연구 65 장데이터를비교하는방법으로생산성효과를조사였다. 3.1 부하평준화기법 판넬라인의마지막 3공정인보강재용접작업은작업량이타공정보다많아 A, B의 2개의라인에서수행된다. 즉, 절단이완료된부재들은버퍼에서대기하였다가상황에따라 A 또는 B 라인으로분배된다. 이때물량이두라인으로적절히분배되지못하면양쪽라인의작업량에불균형이생겨전체생산성을저하시키는결과를야기하게된다. 하지만현재까지는작업자의경험과작업장의상황에따라임기응변적으로물량배분이이루어져종종한쪽라인의적체가발생하는경우가생기고있다. 본연구에서는 Fig. 5의흐름도에서나타낸바와같이 2개라인의부하평준화를위해절단공정을기준으로그이후의공정인 2개라인의 Fit-up, Stiffener welding, Finishing 공정에머물러있는물량들의작업시간을파악하고, 현재작업중인물량의남아있는작업시간과대기물량의전체작업시간을계산하여작업시간이적은라인으로배분하는 SRPT 룰 8,9) 을사용하였다. SRPT 룰을적용하여시뮬레이션을수행한결과를 Table 3에나타내었으며 Table 3은경험적인방법보다는 SPRT rule을적용할때두라인에서모두작업시간이단축될뿐만아니라두라인사이의평균작업시간의차이도 14,152sec 에서 10,221sec 로줄어들어 Table 3 Result of work-load balancing using SPRT rule (sec) Line Method Fit-up A B Diff. (A-B) Stiffener welding Finishing Average Empirical SPRT rule Empirical SPRT rule Empirical SPRT rule 두라인에대한물량배분이평준화됨을보여주고있다. Table 3의결과값을자세히관찰해보면두라인의 3개의각세부공정에서 SPRT rule을적용할때 A 라인의각세부공정에서의작업시간이 B 라인보다많이단축되나특히 Stiffener welding stage에서작업시간이긴 A라인에서작업시간의단축이 8,387sec로크고 B 라인에서는 1,048sec로상대적으로적게줄어들어병목공정에서양라인에대한물량배분의평준화효과가크게작용했음을알수있다. 이러한부하평준화는판넬라인의전체작업시간에도긍정적영향을미쳐 SPRT 룰을적용하지않은경우의일주일분물량에대한작업시간은 263,250sec이었으나 SRPT Rule 적용후에는 256,410sec로 6,840sec의작업시간의단축효과를가져왔다. 이수치는일주일물량에대한것이므로월또는분기별물량을대상으로하면생산성의향상효과가상당히큼을알수있다. 3.2 설비및공법개선을통한생산성의향상효과 Fig. 5 Work-load balancing using SPRT rule 설비및공법개선은막대한자금이소요되며생산라인의중단으로인한손실이엄청난반면이를통한생산성향상은실제적으로적용하지않는한확신하기어렵다. 그러나시뮬레이션은가상환경에서설비나공법개선에따른생산성효과를정확히추정할수있게하므로설비및공법개선의시행을결정하는도구가된다. 본연구에서는부하가큰공정인보강재필릿용접장비를증설한경우와용접속도를증가시킨경우에대한생산성의변화를조사하였다. 현재의용접장비는갠트리크레인에 5개의헤드가달려있고각헤드에는양쪽으로 3개씩총6 개의 FACW 토치가부착되어있다. 2 개의토치는텐덤토치이며나머지하나는가접용토치이다. 이갠트리크레인의헤드수를 5개에서 7개로늘렸을때, 즉토치수가 10개에서 14개로늘렸을때와현재 110cpm의 200cpm으로증가시켰을때동일한물량에대한시뮬레이션의결과를조사하여전체작업시간이얼마나감소하는지를조사하였다. 大韓熔接學會誌第 24 卷第 5 號, 2006 年 10 月 413

5 66 박주용 김세환 최우현 시뮬레이션은 SRPT 룰을적용하며현재의조건과헤드수를 5개에서 7개로증설한경우와용접속도를 110cpm에서 200cpm으로증가시킨경우, 두가지경우를모두적용한경우로나누어수행하였고그결과를 Table 4에나타내었다. Table 4의결과를살펴보면헤드수를증가시키는것과용접속도를향상하는방법모두현재의조건과비교하면당연한결과로전체작업시간이단축됨을알수있었다. 하지만 Case 3과같이용접헤드수를증가시키고용접속도를높이면작업처리속도가더욱높아져전체작업시간이더욱단축될것으로기대되지만결과는오히려어느한쪽만변경한경우보다오히려작업시간이더걸림을확인할수있었다. 이는단일작업장에서의작업처리속도는증가하는반면에후공정에서이를적절히처리하지못해물량이많이적치됨으로써결과적으로작업시간이더지연되어생기는현상이다. 즉이결과는생산라인의물류흐름특성상특정작업장의생산성이증가해도선 후공정에서처리할능력이부족하면오히려전체생산성을떨어뜨릴수도있다는것을보여준다. 한편헤드수만늘린경우와용접속도만증가시킨경우는작업시간단축효과가거의유사하였다. 따라서비용이나시간을고려했을때헤드수를늘리는것보다는용접속도를현재 110cpm에서 200cpm로증가시키는것이가장효과가크다는것을알수있다. 200cpm의용접속도는현재사용되고있는직경 1.2mm 의용접와이어로는무리가있으나와이어를 1.4mm 또는 1.6mm 로변경시킨다면품질에문제가없이적용할수있을것으로생각된다. Table 4 Changes of total work time according to change of welding facility and condition Case Current condition: 5Head, 110cpm Case 1: 7Head, 110cpm Case 2: 5Head, 200cpm Case 3: 7Head, 200cpm 4. 결론및활용방안 본연구에서는조선소의판넬라인공정을대상으로객체지향기법으로공정분석을시행하고, 모델링하여웹기반의판넬라인시뮬레이터를개발하였다. 최적의생산계획수립이가능하도록부하평준화기법을적용하여생산성의향상효과를입증하였고또한용접장비의헤드수를증설한경우와용접속도를증가시켰을때, 둘다적용했을때의생산성향상의정도를조사한 Total work time 256,410sec (71.2hr) 253,620sec (70.4hr) 253,600sec (70.4hr) 254,610sec (70.7hr) 결과용접장비의증설이나용접속도의증가는비슷한생산성향성결과를보여주었으나둘다적용한경우는후공정의수용능력부족으로오히려생산성이나빠지는결과를보여주었다. 또한한두공정의생산성향상을위한조처가때로는전체생산성향상에악영향을미칠수도있으므로시뮬레이션기술을활용하여다각적인측면에서생산성향상효과를검증한후시행하여야함을알수있었다. 생산성향상을위한최적의생산계획의수립은물량배분의평준화와함께생산설비증설, 공법개선등의다양한조처를통해이루어질수있으나이는시뮬레이션에의해반드시사전검증이이루어져야하며생산설비변경및공법변경시경영진이나의사결정권자를설득하고자할때에도시뮬레이션기술이유력한수단이될것으로사료된다. 후 기 본연구는 고부가가치선박개발용디지털통합건조공법개발 의일환으로수행되었으며, 산업자원부 정보통신부의연구비지원에감사드립니다. 참고문헌 1. Shin Jong Gye et. al. : Introduction of Digital Shipbuilding, The Society of Naval Architecture, 38-1(2001), 54-62(in Korean) 2. Ho Rim Jung et. al. : Construction of a Verified Virtual NC Simulator for the Cutting Machines at Shipyard Using the Digital Manufacturing Technology, Journal of SNAK, 42-1(2005), 64-72(in Korean) 3. Shin Jong Gye et. al. : A Framework of Plant Simulation for a Construction of a Digital Shipyard, The Society of Naval Architecture, 춘계 학술대회 논문집 (2005), (in Korean) 4. Jong Hun Woo et. al. : Simulation Modeling Methodology and Simulation Framework for a Construction of a Digital Shipyard, Journal of SNAK, 42-4(2005), (in Korean) 5. Gary J. Colquhoun, Ray W. Baines and Roger Crossley : A state of the art review of IDEF0, International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 6-4(1993), Gary B. Shelly and Thomas J. Cashman and Harry J. Rosenblatt: Systems Analysis and Design, Thomson, 2005, 98, 584, Kim Tak Gon : The Magazine of the IEEK, , 19th(1992), (in Korean) 8. 이상범 : 현대생산 운영관리, 명경사, 2005, (in Korean) 9. Wallace J. Hopp and Mark L. Spearman : Factory Physics : Foundations of Manufacturing Management, McGraw Hill College, 2000, , Journal of KWS, Vol. 24, No. 5, October, 2006

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