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1 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 4 권제 2 호 2009년 10월 Korean J UTII Vol. 4, No. 2, October 2009 종설 Genital Human Papillomavirus 의감염관리 건국대학교의학전문대학원비뇨기과학교실양상국 [Abstract] Management of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection Sang-Kuk Yang From the Department of Urology, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, Korea More than 100 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified based on DNA homology, and more than 40 types of them can infect the anogenital area. HPV infections can cause genital warts, and high-risk genotypes are associated with penile and cervical cancer. The majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic, unrecognized, or subclinical. HPV high-risk genotype 16, 18, 35, 51, 58 are reported to the common causes of cervical cancer in Korea. Diagnosis of genital warts can be easily made by visual inspection, and the primary treatment goal is the removal of the warts. Although several treatment modalities for genital warts show similar effectiveness, 20 50% of patients will experience recurrences of warts after therapy within 3-6 months. Although several well-designed studies have examined the association between male circumcision and HPV infection, results are still inconsistent. To date, the two first-generation vaccines (Gardasil, Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, USA; Cervarix, GSK Biologicals, Belgium) have been used for prevention of cervical cancer, and both vaccines have been approved for use in women only, despite men being known to be the responsible vector. Currently there are no published data demonstrating that the vaccine can protect men from getting genital warts or HPV-related penile cancer. The increasing incidence of HPV infection and genital warts highlights the need for an clinical trials conducted in men to reveal the reduction rate of the HPV vaccines. (Korean J UTII 2009;4: ) Key Words: Human papillomavirus, Warts, Circumcision, Sexually transmitted diseases 교신저자 : 양상국, 건국대학교의학전문대학원비뇨기과학교실충북충주시교현 2 동 우 Tel: , Fax: , yskurol@kku.ac.kr 177
2 178 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 4 권제 2 호 2009 년 10 월 서론사람유두종바이러스 (Human papillomavirus, HPV) 는세계적으로여성암발생률의 2위를차지하는자궁경부암의직접적인원인병원체로알려져있고근래 HPV 예방백신이개발되어관심이높아지고있다. 남성의경우제3군법정전염병인성병중뾰족콘딜로마 (condyloma accumainatum) 의원인병원체이며, 성접촉부위에사마귀의형태로발현되기전까지대부분무증상이고국내의유병율에대한신뢰할만한통계자료는아직보고된바없다. 하지만미국에서매년 6백만명이상의 HPV 감염자가새로발생할정도로매우흔한성전파성감염질환 (sexual transmitted infection; STI) 으로보고되고있어, 이의예방에남성의포경수술의역할에대한관심도높아지고있다. HPV는신체어느부위에나존재할수있는흔한바이러스로대부분질병을유발하지않고자가소실되며, 주로성접촉에의해전염되지만수직감염이나비생체접촉매개물 (fomite) 을통한감염경로도가능한것으로알려져있다. HPV의감염후대부분증상이없어감염여부를본인이알기힘든경우가많다. 성기주위사마귀의발생은주로 HPV-6형또는 11형과관련되어있다고알려져있고자궁경부암은주로고위험 HPV 종인 16, 18, 31, 45형과관련이있다고보고된다. 1 성생활을하고있는 50세여성의 80% 가 HPV에이미감염되어있다고추정된다. 특히자궁경부암의고위험병원체인 HPV-16은성인의 20% 가감염된것으로알려져있고, 이들감염자중일부가암으로진행되고있어 HPV 백신개발과더불어발암기전에대한연구가활발히이루어지고있는실정이다. 남성의 HPV 감염률에대한연구는부족하나여성과유사할것으로추정된다. HPV의유병율은미국의정상성인인구의약 1% 로추정되고있다. 2 이에저자는 2006년미국질병관리본부 STI 지침 3 을바탕으로성기사마귀의치료와포경수술과감염율의관계및최근개발되어임상에서사용되고있는 HPV 백신에대하여알아보고자한다. 본론 1. 인간유두종바이러스 (Human papillomavirus, HPV) HPV는 Papovaviridae과에속하는이중나선 DNA 바이러스로서현재약 120종이상의유전자형이알려지고있나 L1 capsid (surface) 의염기서열이 10% 이상차이를보이면다른아형으로분류되어매년새로운유전자형이보고된다. 감염부위에따라항문-성기-구강형 (anogenital/oral type) 과피부형 (cutaneous type) 으로대별되는데 40여종이상의아형이성기감염의원인이된다. 성기및항문주위 HPV 감염은 high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) 을유발하는고위험군인 HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52형과성기사마귀와 low grade SIL을유발하는저위험군인 HPV-6, 11, 42, 43, 44형으로나뉜다. 고위험군 HPV 아형에감염되어도대부분자궁경부암으로직접진행하지않는다. 자궁경부암으로의진행은 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia의단계가높을수록증가된다. 즉 grade 1은 1%, grade 2는 5%, grade 3 은 12% 에서자궁경부암으로진행되어자궁경부세포의이형성증 (dysplasia) 정도가중요하다. 정상성인에서 HPV은일시적인성기감염을일으키나대부분무증상이므로조기진단이어렵다. HPV 감염은 16 20세에가장빈번하게일어나며 viral DNA 측정으로추정한감염지속기간은 6 8개월로알려져있다. 하지만점막표면에 HPV가검출되지않는이유가완전히점막에서소실되었기때문인지또는기저세포에잠복해있기때문인지확실하지않다. 성기사마귀의잠복기는 3주에서수개월로추정되고, 자궁경부의 SIL은수개월에서수년으로추정된다. HPV 감염및유전자형분포양상은북미와유럽의경우 HPV-16, 18, 45형등이많았으나국내의경우는다른아시아지역과같이 HPV-16, 18, 35, 51, 58형의빈도가높다고보고된다. 4 국내에서시행된역학조사의 HPV 감염률은일반여성
3 양상국 : Genital Human Papillomavirus 의감염관리 179 Table 1. Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence rate in Korea Study population No. of sample HPV prevalence (%) Published articles Female General population Int J Cancer, General population 3, Korean J Gynecol Oncol Colposc, University student Int J Infect Dis, Commercial sex worker J Med Virol, Cervical cancer Korean J Obstet Gynecol, Cervical cancer Korean J Obstet Gynecol, Male University student Int J Infect Dis, 은 15% 이하이나, 성매매여성은 46%, 자궁경부암여성은 85% 이상으로높게관찰되었다 (Table 1) 남성을대상으로시행한국내의역학조사는 1편만보고되었는데표본수가적지만 10% 미만으로보고되었다. 7 HPV 감염은음경이나자궁경부등의심되는병변의조직을긁어서떨어져나온세포에서 HPV의 DNA를동정하여확진한다. Pap 검사는상피이형증을진단할목적으로시행되며 HPV의진단검사로사용되지못하지만, 상피세포의변화를관찰하여 HPV 감염을의심할수있다. HPV 감염으로부터자궁경부암의발생까지는상당한시간이소요되므로 Pap 검사에서조기에암전구병변을진단하여치료하면자궁경부암의발생을예방할수있다. 2. 성기사마귀 (Genital warts) 성기사마귀는미국에서 140만명이이환되어있으며 20대에호발하며성인인구의일생중 10% 에서감염을경험하는것으로알려져있다. 한국에서성기사마귀의유병율은조사된바없으나성개방의사회적경향에따라선진국과같이증가추세에있다고판단된다. 성기사마귀는자궁경부암과달리생명에위협을주는질환이아니지만빈번한재발, 성파트너의전파, 자궁경부암과음경암의가능성때문에상당한심리적위축을초래한다. 성기사마귀의진단시혹은전에 HPV 6형또는 11형이흔 하게발견되나, 성기사마귀의진단을위한 HPV 검사는권장되지않는다. 성기사마귀는일반적으로성기점막에서평편상, 구진상, 유경성으로성장한다. 진단은대부분밝은빛에서육안적관찰을통하여가능하며조직검사로확진한다. 3 5% 아세틱산을 HPV에감염된성기의점막에도포하면흰색으로변하는 acetowhitening 현상이진단에도움을줄수있지만검사의민감도및특이도가낮아선별검사에적합하지않다. 아세틱산검사는평편상성기사마귀의진단에도움을줄수있으나이전의손상이나염증부위에서위양성을보일수있기때문이다. 외성기에관찰되는경결, 하부조직과유착된병변, 지속되는궤양이나출혈, 적절한치료에도반응하지않는경우나색소침착이된병변은감별진단을위해조직검사가필요한경우도있다. 성기사마귀는외성기외에도자궁경부, 질, 요도, 항문, 구강내에발생할수있다. 또한 HPV-6, 11형은결막, 비강, 후두사마귀와도관련이있다. 성기사마귀는일반적으로증상이없으나, 크기및위치에따라통증, 소양증을유발하기도한다. HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35형도종종성기사마귀에서발견되고, 외성기의 squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma in situ, Bowenoid papulosis, Erythroplasia of Queyrat, Bowen's disease of genitalia) 및질, 항문, 자궁경부등의편평상피세포함 (squamous cell carcinoma) 과관련이있다.
4 180 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 4 권제 2 호 2009 년 10 월 1) 치료성기사마귀치료의일차목표는육안으로확인된사마귀의완전한제거이다. 치료되지않은사마귀는이후에자연치유되거나, 크기의변화없이유지되거나수및크기가증가될수있다. 현재까지의성기사마귀의치료로 HPV 전염력을감소시키기는하나완전히소멸시키지못한다. 2006년미국질병관리본부지침에의하면현재까지연구에서성기사마귀의치료에있어하나의치료법이다른방법보다더우수하다는증거는없다. 2006년미국질병관리본부에서제시하는성기사마귀치료법을표 2에정리하였다. 한가지치료방법을모든환 자에서일률적으로적용하기어렵기때문에환자의자가적용이가능한연고나용액또는겔 (gel) 의국소도포나 cryotherapy, podophyllin도포, 수술적제거등의치료방법을고려하여환자에맞는개별적인접근이필요하다. 5-fluorouracil은부작용때문에더이상추천되지않으며국내에서는주로전기소작을포함한수술적제거와 phodophyllin 도포방법이적용된다. 치료효과는성기사마귀의크기, 개수, 위치및유병기간에따라영향을받으며, 임신이나 HIV 감염등개인의면역상태에영향을받는다. 성기사마귀병변의 10 30% 는치료하지않아도자연소실되기때문에크기가작고증상이나불편감이없는성기사마귀는추적관찰만으로충분하 Table 2. Recommended and alternative regimens for external genital warts Recommended regimen Patient-applied Podofilox 0.5 solution or gel - apply twice a day for 3 days, followed by 4 days of no therapy - this cycle may be repeated, as necessary, for up to four cycle - the total wart area treated should not exceed 10cm 2 Imiquinod 5% cream Provider-administered Cryotherapy Alternative regimen Podophyllin resin 10~25% Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or Bichloroacetic acid (BCA) 80~90% Surgical removal Intralesional interferon Laser surgery - the total volume of podofilox should be limited to 0.5mL per day - apply once daily at bedtime - three times a week for up to 16 weeks - the treatment area should be washed with soap and water 6~10 hours after application - liquid nitrogen or cryoprobe - repeat applications every 1~2 weeks - a small amount applied to each wart and allowed to air dry - repeated weekly, if necessary - a small amount applied to each wart and allowed to dry, at which time a white "frosting" develops - repeated weekly, if necessary - if an excess amount of acid is applied, the treated area should be powdered with sodium bicarbonate - by tangential scissor excision, tangential shave excision, curettage, or electrosurgery - not recommended for routine use because of inconvenient routs of injection and systemic side effects - costly but effective for very large and otherwise difficult to treat warts
5 양상국 : Genital Human Papillomavirus 의감염관리 181 다. 치료에반응하지않거나 3개월이경과해도지속되는병변은조직검사로감별진단을시행한다. 2) 상담 (Counseling) 성기사마귀환자의치료에있어교육과상담은다른 STI와같이중요하므로환자에게다음의사항을주지시켜야한다. 첫째, 성기사마귀는 HPV의특수아형에서발생하며, 자궁경부암이나성기및항문의악성종양을유발하는 HPV의아형과차이가있다. 둘째, HPV의감염후성기사마귀가발생할수있으나나타나지않을수있다. 성기사마귀발생에있어일부에서는 HPV의감염여부가명확하지않은경우가있는데이는개인의면역력이중요한역할을할것으로생각한다. 셋째, 성기사마귀는보통은양성종양이나치료후재발되는경우가흔하다. 즉치료후 3 6개월이경과하면 20 50% 에서재발될수있고 6개월까지재발되지않으면재발가능성은드물기때문에이시기까지의추적관찰이필요하다. 성기사마귀를치료하는경우 HPV 감염력은감소하나감소한감염력이배우자에게감염위험성을낮추는가에대한확실한자료는없는실정이고, 사마귀치료후감염가능한기간도불명확하다. 넷째, 콘돔의사용은 HPV을포함한 STI의감염위험성을감소시키지만콘돔을사용하여도콘돔에의하여가려지지않는음낭, 항문주위등을통한감염위험성은있다. 다섯째, 성기사마귀가존재시 HPV의확인이꼭필요한것은아니며, 여성에서질경검사및 Pap 검사를더자주시행할필요는없다. 여섯째, 성기사마귀환자의배우자에게 HPV의확인을위한검사는권장되지않는다. 3) 치료후추적관찰육안으로확인된성기사마귀의제거후추적관찰은중요한치료과정이다. 특히환자에게치료후첫 3개월에자주재발한다는점을주지시켜야한다. 확인되지않는미세한성기사마귀가진행될수있으므로치료후환자의추적관찰을통하여성기사마귀의완치또는재발여부와치료합병증발생여부를확인할수있으며환자에게교육및상담 의기회가될수있다. 4) 배우자의관리 HPV 재감염이성기사마귀의재발에중요한역할을한다는연구결과는없으며, 성기사마귀환자의치료시배우자에대한 HPV 검사는권장되지않는다. 그러나성기사마귀환자의배우자에대한상담및사마귀존재여부, 다른 STI 에대한평가는필요할수있다. 배우자의상담은 HPV 감염이쉽게발생한다는점과 STI에대한검사및 Pap 검사등의필요성을교육할수있다. 5) 임신시의성기사마귀치료성기사마귀는증식하는질환이며, 임신동안쉽게번질수있고, HPV-6, 11형은유아및소아에서호흡기내유두종증 (papillomatosis) 을유발할수있으므로대부분의의사들은임신중일차적인제거를권장하고있다. 11 그러나치료법으로 imiquimod, podophyllin, podofilox 등은권장되지않는다. 현재까지 HPV의임신중태반을통한감염이나산욕기감염에대해서는알려진바가적다. 또한제왕절개술이호흡기내유두종증의발생을막을수있는가에대한연구도없다. 제왕절개술은성기사마귀가있으면서골반출구폐쇄를유발하거나혹은다량의출혈이의심되는경우시행을고려하나단순하게 HPV의감염을막기위해시행하지는않는다. 3. 포경수술 (Circumcision) 포경수술이인간면역결핍바이러스 (Human immuno-deficiency virus: HIV) 의유병율이매우높은아프리카지역에서분명한 HIV 감염예방의효과가있는것으로최근무작위대조연구를통하여보고되고있다. 12,13 포경수술을시행하지않은경우각질층이없는포피안쪽점막이바이러스의침투가용이한조건을제공하기때문에, 성기접촉시감염원에쉽게노출되기때문으로추정하고있다. 하지만유병율이높지않는지역에서포경수술이 HIV 감염, 매독, 요도염등의 STI를포함하여성기 HPV 감염에미치는영향에대해서는아직까지논란이
6 182 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 4 권제 2 호 2009 년 10 월 많다. HIV 감염은지속적인 HPV 감염의위험성을증가시키므로포경수술로 HIV 감염을감소시킬수있다면 HPV의감염도감소될것으로추정할수있다. 최근 Auvert 등 14 은 18 24세의남성 1,264명을대상으로연속적으로요도면봉검사 (urethral swab) 를통한 HPV 감염여부를조사하였다. HPV 감염은포경수술군이 14.8%, 대조군이 22.3% 로의미있는차이를보여, 포경수술이 HPV의감염을감소시킨다고하였다. 또한 Tobian 등 15 은 5,534명을대상으로한무작위연구결과에서포경수술은 HIV 감염발생률을감소시킬뿐만아니라 HPV의감염발생을유의하게감소시킨다고하였다. 또한여성배우자의질트리코모나스증, 세균성질염의감소, 성기의궤양등남성및여성의 STI의발생률을감소시키므로포경수술의시행이공공보건에도움이되고정책수립이필요하다고하였다. 그러나포경수술에따라 HPV의감염위치에만차이가있을뿐포경수술과 HPV 감염과는차이를보이지않는다는보고도있다 음경의표본세포채취를여러부위에서시행하여 HPV의감염을검사하였을때포경수술을시행하지않은군에서는 65% 가음경귀두, 53% 가음경간에서발견되었으나, 포경수술을시행한경우 48% 가음경귀두, 77% 가음경간에서발견되었다. 16 최근에보고된이러한결과들을바탕으로포경수술이 HPV의감염예방에도움이될것으로추정되나연구대상군의특성과표본채취방법과부위에대한논란의여지가있어더많은연구가필요한실정이다. 4. HPV 백신 (Vaccines) HPV 백신은여성의자궁경부암예방을목적으로개발되어 2006년 Gardasil R (Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, USA) 이미국식약청의승인을받은후상용화되고있다. Gardasil R 은자궁경부암과가장관계가높은 HPV 16형과 18형에 6형과 11형의백신주를추가한 4가백신이며 2008년승인을받은 Cervarix R (GSK Biologicals, Belgium) 은 HPV 16형과 18형의백신주를사용한 2가백신이다. 따라서 Cervarix R 는 HPV 6, 11, 16, 18형에의해발생되는 성기사마귀에대한예방효과가전혀없으며 Gadasil R 은성기사마귀에대하여 98.9% 의예방효과가기대된다. 남성에서 HPV 백신이성기사마귀또는음경암의발생을감소시킨다는논문은아직없는실정이고미국식약청에서도남성에대한 HPV 6, 11, 16, 18형의백신이승인되지않았다. 하지만현재진행중인 16 26세의남성 4,000여명을대상으로한 phase III 무작위위약대조연구 (29개월추적관찰 ) 에서백신군에서성기사마귀, 음경암의현저한감소를보여고무적인결과가기대된다. 20 HPV 백신의예방효과의기간, HPV 백신을접종받은남성이여성에게 HPV 전파가능성을어느정도감소시키는지에대해서는알려진바없다. 또한국내에서도 HPV-16, 18형의빈도가높으나비백신주인 HPV-35, 51, 58형도국내에유행하고있으므로이들 HPV 유행주에대한맞춤백신개발에대한관심도필요하다. 결론 HPV는우리나라법정전염병인뾰족콘딜로마의원인체이며, 감염후대부분증상이없어감염여부를본인이알기힘든경우가많다. HPV에의하여발생하는성기사마귀치료의일차목표는관찰된모든사마귀의제거이다. 치료되지않은사마귀는자연치유되거나, 크기의변화없이유지되거나혹은수및크기의증가가나타나기도한다. 성기사마귀의치료로는 HPV 전염력을감소시키기는하나완전히소멸시키지못한다. 포경수술과백신은 HPV의감염을감소시킬것으로추정되나더많은연구가필요하다. 남성에서 HPV 백신이성기사마귀또는음경암의발생을감소시킨다는보고는아직없으나현재임상연구가진행중에있다. 우리나라에주로분포하는 HPV 유전자아형에부합되는 HPV 예방백신을개발하려면, 다양한인구집단을대상으로 HPV 유전자형분포에대한역학조사가선행되어야할것으로생각한다. REFERENCES 1. Agosti JM and Goldie SJ. Introducing HPV vaccine in
7 양상국 : Genital Human Papillomavirus 의감염관리 183 developing countries. N Eng J Med 2007;356: Hoy T, Singhal PK, Willey VJ, Insinga RP. Assessing incidence and economic burden of genital warts with data from a US commercially insured population. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. HPV infection and genital warts. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55: Choi BS, Kim SS, Yun H, Jang DH, Lee JS. Distinctive distribution of HPV16 E6 D25E and E7 N29S intratypic Asian variants in Korean commercial sex workers. J Med Virol 2007;79: Shin HR, Lee DH, Herrero R, Smith JS, Vaccarella S, Hong SH, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in Busan, South Korea. Int J Cancer 2003;103: Joo WD, Kim SH, Kim DY, Suh DS, Kim JH, Kim YM, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in Korean women: Risks of abnormal pap smear and cervical neoplasia. Korean J Gynecol Oncol Colposc 2004;15: Shin HR, Franceschi S, Vaccarella S, Roh JW, Ju YH, Oh JK, et al. Prevalence and determinants of genital infection with papillomavirus, in female and male university students in Busan, South Korea. J Infect Dis 2004;190: Choi BS, Kim O, Park MS, Kim KS, Jeong JK, Lee JS. Genital human papillomavirus genotyping by HPV oligonucleotide microarray in Korean commercial sex workers. J Med Virol 2003;71: Kim YB, Jeon YT, Seo SS, Kim JW, Park NH, Song YS, et al. Prevalence and genotypes of HPV in cervical cancer of Korean women. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2003;46: Kim YT. Natural history of HPV and carcinogenesis of cervical cancer. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2007;50: Silverberg MJ, Thorsen P, Lindeberg H, Grant LA, Shah KV. Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101: Bailey RC, Moses S, Parker CB, Agot K, Maclean I, Krieger JN. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;369: Gray RH, Kigozi G, Serwadda D, Makumbi F, Watya S, Nalugoda F. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial. Lancet 2007;369: Auvert B, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Cutler E, Nieuwoudt M, Lissouba P, Puren A, et al. Effect of male circumcision on the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in young men: results of a randomized controlled trial conducted in Orange Farm, South Africa. J Infect Dis 2009;199: Tobian AA, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, Kigozi G, Gravitt PE, Laeyendecker O, et al. Male circumcision for the prevention of HSV-2 and HPV infections and syphilis. N Engl J Med 2009;360: Weaver BA, Feng Q, Holmes KK, Kiviat N, Lee SK, Meyer C, et al. Evaluation of genital sites and sampling techniques for detection of human papillomavirus DNA in men. J Infect Dis 2004;189: Hernandez BY, Wilkens LR, Zhu X, McDuffie K, Thompson P, Shvetsov YB, et al. Circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: a site-specific comparison. J Infect Dis 2008;197: Nielson CM, Schiaffino MK, Dunne EF, Salemi JL, Giuliano AR. Associations between male anogenital human papillomavirus infection and circumcision by anatomic site sampled and lifetime number of female sex partners. J Infect Dis 2009;199: Dickson NP, Ryding J, van Roode T, Paul C, Herbison P, Dillner J, et al. Male circumcision and serologically determined human papillomavirus infection in a birth cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18: Hsueh PR. Human papillomavirus, genital warts, and vaccines. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2009;42:101-6
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