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1 Journal of Korea TAPPI Vol. 49. No. 3, 2017, p ISSN (Print): Printed in Korea 셀룰로오스나노섬유를이용한금속이온흡착필터개발 이지영 김은혜 1 박태웅 1 조해민 2 김철환 전준표 3 접수일 (2017 년 6 월 17 일 ), 수정일 (2017 년 6 월 21 일 ), 채택일 (2017 년 6 월 22 일 ) Development of Metal Ion Absorbing Filter Using Cellulose Nanofibrils Ji Young Lee, Eun Hea Kim 1, Tae Ung Park 1, Hae Min Jo 2, Chul Hwan Kim and Joon Pyo Jeun 3 Received June 17, 2017; Received in revised form June 21, 2017; Accepted June 22, 2017 ABSTRACT Many studies have shown that CNFs are useful for the production of sheet-type materials, including film, filters, and so on. There are many advantages to the use of CNFs in the filter industry, however, filters made from only CNFs cannot be widely used as water treatment filters, due to their hydrophilic behavior. As a result, a new design of CNF water treatment filters must be developed. In this study, we made a metal ion adsorbing filter made from two types of CNFs: chemically untreated CNF and carboxymethylated CNF. The new CNF filter was composed of two layers; the top layer was made from CNF with PAE, and the bottom layer was made from carboxymethylated CNF. The role of the top layer of the CNF filter was to improve the wet strength of the CNF filter and the bottom layer was designed to adsorb metal ions due to the high negative zeta-potential of carboxymethylation. The CNF filter was produced by vacuum filtration and the use of two types of CNF slurries. Also, the capacity to remove Fe ions from water was analyzed by high pressure filtration experiments with a 1,000 ppm concentration of the Fe standard solution. The CNF filter removed Fe ions in the water by adsorbing them, and it did not break during the high pressure filtration experiments. Therefore, we concluded that the new CNF filter can be used as a filter for the removal of heavy metal ions in water. Keywords: Cellulose nanofibril, filter, carboxymethylation, metal ion, filtration 경상대학교환경재료과학과 / 농업생명과학연구원 (Department of Environmental Materials Science/IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea) 1 경상대학교임산공학과 (Department of Forest Products, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea) 2 경상대학교환경재료과학과 (Department of Environmental Materials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea) 3 한국원자력연구원첨단방사선연구소 (Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea) 교신저자 (Corresponding Author): jameskim@gnu.ac.kr J. of Korea TAPPI Vol.49 No.3 May-Jun
2 셀룰로오스나노섬유를이용한금속이온흡착필터개발 1. 서론 셀룰로오스의경우자연에서얻을수있는풍부한자원이며친환경적인물질이다. 또한재생가능한물질인동시에무독성의특성을가지고있다. 1) 현재셀룰로오스섬유의폭을나노수준으로분화시킨나노셀룰로오스 (nano-cellulose) 를제조하여인체조직을대체하거나건축자재, 식품포장, 체내약물전달등에응용되어다양한산업분야에서활용되어지고있다. 2,3) 본연구에서는이러한셀룰로오스나노섬유를활용해수처리필터로제조하여가능성을평가하고자하였다. 특히향후물부족국가로예상되는우리나라의경우양질의수자원확보와유지관리가필요하며 4) 공정개선과소재개선에관한활발한연구들이나와야될필요가있다고판단된다. 현재수처리공정에서핵심이라할수있는막여과공정 (membrane filtration) 에대한연구가활발히이루어지고있으며멤브레인필터의소재를재생가능하며친환경적인소재인다당류를기반으로하여막여과에사용되는 polysulfone, polyimide, polyethylene 등의합성고분자를대체하는연구사례들이나오고있다. 5,6) 또한나노셀룰로오스를활용한다양한연구들이소개되고있는데셀룰로오스나노피브릴혹은나노섬유 (cellulose nanofibril, CNF) 와셀룰로오스나노크리스탈 (cellulose nanocrystal, CNC) 로제조하여중금속이온들의흡착제로제조해셀룰로오스표면에강한음이온기를부여하여이온, 염료, 질산염등을흡착시켰으며 7-9) CNF와 CNC를이용해필터로제조하여오염수의내의중금속이온을흡착시켜 10) 친환경멤브레인소재를제조해상용화가능성을확인하였다. 그러나 CNF는친수성을지니고있기때문에수처리공정에서멤브레인소재가파괴될가능성이높다. 따라서 CNF를이용한금속이온흡착소재를개발하기위해서는습윤강도하락을방지할수있는기술이적용되어야할것으로판단된다. 본연구에서는금속이온흡착필터를제조하기위해서표백크라프트펄프를이용하여펄프종류및화학적전처리여부에따라 4종류의 CNF를제조하였고 CNF 현탁액을적층시켜 CNF 필터를제조하였다. 이후 Fe 표준용액을이용하여 CNF 필터여과후 Fe 용액농도변화를측정하여제조된흡착필터의활용가능성을파악하고자하였다. 2. 재료및방법 2.1 공시재료본연구에서는활엽수표백크라프트펄프 (HwBKP) 와침엽수표백크라프트펄프 (SwBKP) 를사용했으며 CNF 를제조하였다. 카르복시메틸화 (carboxymethylation, CM) 처리를위해클로로아세트산 (ClCH 2 COOH, 99.0%, YAKURI PURE CHEMICALS), 수산화나트륨 (NaOH, 98.0%, Samchun), 탄산수소나트륨 (NaOCO 3,99.8%, YAKURI PURE CHEMICALS), 이소프로판올 (CH 3 CHOHCH 3, 99.5%, Duksan Reagents), 에탄올 (CH 3 CH 2 OH, 99.9%, Duksan Reagents), 메탄올 (CH 3 OH, 99.9% Fisher Scientific) 을사용하였다. CNF 필터제조시습윤지력증강제인 PAE(Poly-(aminiamide)-epichlorohydrin) 를사용하였고 CNF 필터금속이온흡착성능을확인하기위해 Fe 표준용액 (1,000 ppm, VHG VABS, USA) 을 500 ppm로희석하여사용하였다. 2.2 실험방법 셀룰로오스나노섬유 (CNF) 제조본연구에서는기계적처리만으로제조된 CNF와 CM 처리이후기계적처리된두종류의 CNF를제조하였다. 기계적처리와 CM 처리이전에실험실용밸리비터 (valley beater) 를이용하여 HwBKP와 SwBKP를각각여수도 450 mlcsf와 100 mlcsf로고해를실시하였다. 이후 CNF를제조하기위해 CM 처리된섬유와 CM 처리되지않는섬유모두마이크로그라인더 (Super Masscolloider, Masuko Sangyo Co., Ltd., Japan) 를이용하여그라인딩을실시하였다. 이때펄프의농도는 1% 로희석하였고 1,500 rpm, 스톤간격 -150 μm의운전조건에서그라인딩을실시하였다. 본연구에서제조된 CNF를 Table 1에나타냈다 표백크라프트펄프의카르복실화 (CM) 처리방법 일정한여수도로고해된 HwBKP와 SwBKP에각각전건섬유 50 g를채취하여에탄올로용매를치환시킨후 5 g의클로로아세트산과메탄올 500 ml에투입하여 30분간침지를시켰다. 그후 NaOH 8 g, 메탄올 250 ml, 이소프로판올 1,000 ml가혼합된용액에투입하여 65 C 항온수조에서 1시간동안반응을실시하였다. 반응실시 96 펄프 종이기술 49(3) 2017
3 이지영 김은혜 박태웅 조해민 김철환 전준표 Table 1. CNFs made from BKPs using pretreatment and grinding CNF Pulp Freeness Carboxymethylation Grinding HwCNF HwBKP 450 mlcsf CM-HwCNF SwCNF SwBKP 100 mlcsf CM-SwCNF 후펄프를증류수로감압여과를실시한후초산을이용하여 ph를 7로맞춘후증류수로세척을실시하였다. 그후나트륨염형태를만들기위해 4% 의탄산수소나트륨용액에 1시간동안침지시킨후증류수로감압여과를실시해실험을종료하였다 셀룰로오스나노섬유의특성분석 400 mesh로분급한지료의미세분을이용해제타포텐셜 (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern, UK) 를이용하여카르복실기도입여부를확인하였다. 또한입도분석기 (Mastersizer2000, Malvern, UK) 를이용하여셀룰로오스나노섬유의평균입도를측정하였고 Brookfield viscometer(dv-ip, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, USA) 를사용하여저전단점도를측정하였다 셀룰로오스나노섬유를이용한 CNF 필터제조 CNF 필터를제조하기위해기계적처리와 CM 처리를통해제조된 CNF를 0.5% 로희석하여사용하였다. 이때 CM 처리되지않은 CNF와 CM 처리된 CNF를사용하여적층형태로 CNF 필터를제조하였다. 이는각층마다역할을달리하기위함이었는데 CM 처리되지않은 CNF층은 CNF 필터의습윤강도를향상시키는역할을하고 CM처리된 CNF층은높은음이온성관능기에의해금속이온을흡착시키고자하였다. 따라서 CNF 필터의습윤강도를유지하기위해 CM 처리되지않은 CNF층에 PAE를전건섬유대비 0.3% 로투입하였다. 카르복실메틸화에따른금속이온흡착을비교하기위해대조군으로 CM 처리되지않은 CNF층을형성시켜 control를제조하였다. 적층을위해우선감압기에 CM 처리된 CNF 현탁액을투입해패드를형성시키고약 90% 수준으로패드가형성된후 CNF와 PAE가혼합된현탁액을투입하여두층으로구성된 CNF 필터를제조하였다. 상세한 CNF 필터제조방법을 Fig. 1 에도시하였고제조된 CNF 필터조건을 Table 2에나타냈다 CNF 필터의 Fe 여과기능성평가 1,000 ppm 농도의 Fe 표준용액을 500 ppm으로희석한후 30 ml를가압탈수장치 (QRCOM AI103, Quro, Korea) 에투입하여하중 2,625 N 조건에서여과를시켜여액을채취하였다. 이후 20배로희석을실시하였고유도결합플라즈마분광계 (OPTIMA 5300DV, Perkin Elmer, USA) 를이용하여 Fe의농도를측정하였다. 이때필터의앞뒤종류가다르게적층되어있기때문에 PAE가투입된면과 CNF와 CM-CNF로투입된면을각각다르게가압탈수장치에두고실험하여방향에따른여과정도를확인하였다. 여과이후필터의파괴여부를육안으로관찰하였다. 또한나노셀룰로오스로제조된필터의 Fe 흡착정도를확인하기위해전계방출형주사전자현미경 (JSM-7610F, JEOL, Japan) 을이용해 EDS(Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope) 로필터의표면면분석을실시하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1 CM 처리와그라인딩을통해제조된 CNF 의특성분석 Fig. 2에카르복실화전처리에따른카르복실기도입여부를확인하기위해제타포텐셜을측정한결과미처리펄프보다카르복실화전처리된펄프의제타전위가향상되는것을확인할수있었다. 또한각각의수종별로비교하면 HwBKP에카르복실기가더도입된것으로나타났다. Fig. 3에전처리를실시한후수종별 CNF를제조한후입도분석결과수종과관계없이 μm를나타냈으며 CM 처리를할수록평균입도가감소하는것 J. of Korea TAPPI Vol.49 No.3 May-Jun
4 셀룰로오스나노섬유를이용한금속이온흡착필터개발 Fig. 1. Flow diagram of CNF filter manufacture. Table 2. Structure of CNF filters CNF Filer Top layer Bottom layer HwF_con HwCNF+PAE HwCNF HwF_cm HwCNF+PAE CM-HwCNF SwF_con SwCNF+PAE SwCNF SwF_cm SwCNF+PAE CM-SwCNF 으로나타났다. Fig. 4의점도의경우에도제조된 CNF 모두 1,500 cps를넘는것을확인할수있었으며 CM처리를할수록점도가상승하는것을확인할수있었다. CM 처리에의해음이온기가도입되어섬유의단리화를촉진시켜평균입도가감소하였으며점도의경우 CM 처리에의해수화가촉진되기때문에 CM 처리가될수록점도가상승한것으로판단된다. Fig. 2. Effect of carboxymethylation and pulp type on the zeta-potential of cellulose nanofibrils. Fig. 3. Effect of carboxymethylation and pulp type on the particle size of cellulose nanofibrils. 98 펄프 종이기술 49(3) 2017
5 이지영 김은혜 박태웅 조해민 김철환 전준표 Fig. 4. Effect of carboxymethylation and pulp type on the viscosity of cellulose nanofibrils. Fig. 5. Effect of the conditions of manufacture and filtration on the Fe concentration filtrated by CNF filters made from HwCNFs. 3.2 CNF 필터의흡착성능평가가압탈수장치를이용하여 Fe 표준용액을여과하였고 ICP 분석을통해 Fe 농도를측정하였는데 Figs. 5와 6 에서볼수있듯이모든조건에서 500 ppm 투입대비 Fe의함량이감소되는것을확인할수있었다. 활엽수 CNF의필터의경우 control 조건에서 PAE면을윗면으로한조건이 CNF를윗면으로한조건보다 Fe의함량이더낮은것으로나타났다. CM 조건역시 PAE 조건이 CM 조건보다 Fe의함량이감소된것으로나타났다. 또한 control 조건보다 CM 조건필터의여과성능이더높은것으로나타났다. 침엽수 CNF 필터역시모든조건에서 Fe의함량이감소되었다. Control 조건에서 PAE 조건이 CNF의조건보다 Fe의함량이낮은것으로나타났다. 또한 CM 조건에서도 PAE 조건의 Fe 함량이더낮은것으로나타났다. 침엽수필터역시 CM 조건필터의여과성능이더높은것으로나타났다. PAE 면을위쪽으로하여여과를실시하였을때더높은여과성능을나타낸원인은여과시필터의표면에서많은흡착이일어나는것이아니라적층된필터내에 CM 조건층에서 Fe 이온이더많이흡착되어더높은여과성능을나타낸것으로판단된다. PAE가함유되어있는층에서는 PAE의흡착에의해 CNF의음이온성이감소하기때문에 Fe 흡착이낮은것으로판단된다. 또한침엽수 CM 조건필터의여과성능이가장높은이유에대해서는추가적인조사가필요한것으로사료된다. Fig. 7에가압탈수장치를이용한여과전후 CNF 필터 Fig. 6. Effect of the conditions of manufacture and filtration on the Fe concentration filtrated by CNF filters made from SwCNFs. 이미지를나타냈는데강한하중으로여과를시켰음에도불구하고모든조건에서필터의터짐이나찢어지는현상이나타나지않았다. 이는 PAE의투입에의해습윤강도가향상되어강도를보완해준것으로판단된다. 3.3 여과된 CNF 필터의 EDS 분석여과액의 Fe 농도변화가 Fe 흡착에기인하는지를파악하기위해여과이후 CNF 필터의 Fe 분포를파악하기위해 EDS SEM 분석을실시하였다. Figs. 8과 9에서는여과이후 CNF 필터 2종류의면분석결과를도시하였다. 전체적으로살펴보면여과필터아래층에서 Fe 함량이높 J. of Korea TAPPI Vol.49 No.3 May-Jun
6 셀룰로오스나노섬유를이용한금속이온흡착필터개발 게나타났다. 이는금속이온함유액을여과할때필터의아래층에서함유액의체류시간이증가하기때문이라고판단된다. Fig. 8에서 HwCNF+PAE의필터보다 CM- HwCNF의필터에많은 Fe가흡착된것을확인할수있었다. Fig. 9에서도 SwCNF+PAE의필터보다 CM- SwCNF의필터가많은 Fe흡착이된것을확인했다. 4. 결론 Fig. 7. Images of (a, c) filter made from HwCNF without carboxymethylation and (b, d) filter made from carboxymethylated HwCNF before and after filtration experiments. 본연구에서는셀룰로오스나노섬유를이용하여금속이온흡착필터를제조하고금속이온흡착성능을분석하였다. 활엽수와침엽수표백크라프트펄프로미처리된 CNF와 CM 조건 CNF를각각제조하였고미처리된 CNF와습윤지력증강제인 PAE로구성된층과 CM 조건 CNF로구성된층을적층하여최종적으로 CNF 필터를 Fig. 8. EDS imags of CNF filters made from HwCNF after filtration experiments. Fig. 9. EDS imags of CNF filters made from SwCNF after filtration experiments. 100 펄프 종이기술 49(3) 2017
7 이지영 김은혜 박태웅 조해민 김철환 전준표 제조하였다. 또한 CNF 필터의흡착성능을평가하기위해 Fe 표준용액으로가압탈수실험을실시하였고여과실험이후 CNF 필터의단면을 EDS 분석을통해 Fe의흡착여부를정성적으로분석하였다. 펄프종류및 CM 처리여부에따라제조된 4종류의 CNF 필터모두 Fe 흡착성능을보여주었다. HwBKP보다는 SwBKP로제조된 CNF 필터조건에서 Fe의흡착이더많이일어났으며 CNF 필터에서미처리된 CNF와 PAE로구성된층이위로향하고 CM 조건 CNF층이아래로향하게여과할때 Fe의흡착이증가하는것으로나타났다. 이는수용액여과시음이온성이높은 CM-CNF 층에수용액의체류시간이높아 Fe 이온흡착이더많이나타났기때문이라고판단된다. 추후연구를통해 PAE의투입량과카르복실기함량을달리해필터를제조해여과성능을개선함으로써상용화필터로써의제조가능성을제시할수있을것으로판단된다. 사사 본연구는한국원자력연구원기관고유사업연구비지원에의하여수행되었으며이에감사드립니다. Literature Cited 1. Sangeetha, C., Unnikrishnan, G., Sujith, A., Thomas, S., and Francis, T., Cellulose nanoparticles from Pandanus: viscometric and crystallographic studies, Cellulose 20(1): (2013). 2. Qing, W., Wang, Y., Zhao, D., Liu, X., and Zhu, J., The modified nanocrystalline cellulose for hydrophobic drug delivery, Applied Surface Science 366(5): (2016). 3. Klemm, D., Kramer, F., Moritz, S., Lindstrom, T., Ankerfors, M., Gray, D., and Dorris, A., Nanocelluloses: A new family of nature-based materials, Angewandte Chemie 50(24): (2011). 4. Cho, J. I., Kim, G. T., and Ahn, Y. C., A study on characteristics of filters for domestic household water purifier, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 37(5) (2016). 5. Ravanchi, M. T., Kaghazchi, T., and Kargari, A., Application of membrane separation processes in petrochemical industry: a review, Desalination 235(1-3): (2009). 6. Rekika, S. B., Gassarab, S., Bouaziza, J., Deratanib, A., and Bakloutic, S., Development and characterization of porous membranes based on kaolin/chitosan composite, Applied Clay Science 143(4):1-9 (2017). 7. Hakkanen, S., Repo, E., and Sillanpaa, M., Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by succinic anhydride modified mercerized nanocellulose, Chemical Engineering Journal 223(3):40-47 (2013). 8. Wanga, N., Jina, A. M., and Ouyang, X. K., Adsorption of Pb(II) from fish sauce using carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal: Isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 102(2): (2017). 9. Mautner, A., Maples, H. A., Kobkeatthawin, T., Kokol, V., Li, K., and Bismarck, A., Phosphorylated nanocellulose papers for copper adsorption from aqueous solutions, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 13(8): (2016). 10. Karim, Z., Claudpierre, S., Grahn, M., Oksman, K., and Mathew, A., Nanocellulose based functional membranes for water cleaning: Tailoring of mechanical properties, porosity and metal ion capture, Journal of Membrane Science 514(1): (2016). J. of Korea TAPPI Vol.49 No.3 May-Jun
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