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65 연구논문 Nd:YAG 레이저를이용한알루미늄도금강판의용접성 (Ⅰ) - 알루미늄도금부착량이용접부강도에미치는영향 - 김종도 * 이정한 ** 김기철 *** * 한국해양대학교기관시스템공학부 ** 한국해양대학교대학원 *** 포항산업과학연구원용접센터 Welding Characteristics of Aluminized Steel Sheet by Nd:YAG Laser(Ⅰ) - Effects of Al Coating Weight on Weld Strength - Jong-Do Kim*, Jung-Han Lee** and Ki-Chol Kim*** *Division of Marine Engineering System, Korea Marine University, Busan 66-791, Korea **Graduated school, Korea Marine University, Busan 66-791, Korea ***Welding research center, RIST, Pohang 79-33, Korea Abstract Laser weldability of the aluminized steel for the full penetration welding will be described in this paper. We focused on the effect of Al coating conditions on weld strength. For these objectives, aluminized steel sheets that have various thickness and coating weight were prepared for laser welding. And then, tensile-shear and hardness test were carried out. At the same time, Al contents in weld after laser welding were analyzed and their correlations with mechanical properties were investigated. Besides, as removing partially coating layer, weldability has been investigated according to the position of coating layer. As a result of this study, tensile-shear strength was decreased with increasing Al contents in weld, and Al of coating layer caused grain growth. *Corresponding author : jdkim@hhu.ac.kr (Received June 11, 7) Key Words : Aluminized steel sheet, Laser welding, Al coating weight, Tensile-shear strength, Hardness 1. 서론 철강제품은대량생산에의해경제성이뛰어나고기계적성질도매우우수한재로로써자동차, 조선, 건설등제반산업분야에서널리사용되고있다. 반면, 여기에사용되고있는철강제품은스테인리스강과같은일부특수강을제외하고는부식환경에취약한약점을가지고있으며이를해결하기위해각종표면처리강판이사용되고있다. 현재표면처리강판의주류를이루고있는것은아연계도금강판이며, 보다고내식성이요구되는곳에는알루미늄도금강판이사용되고있다. 아연도금강판은알루 리늄도금강판에비해제조가용이하고제작원가가저렴하다는장점이있는반면, 아연의융점 ( 약 419 C) 이낮아서고온에서는사용이곤란하며알루미늄도금강판에비해서내식성이다소저하된다는한계를지니고있다. 따라서자동차배기계및연료탱크, 고온용주방기기 ( 전기밥솥, 전기및가스오븐, 전자레인지등 ) 그리고보일러등과같이고온 ( 약 55 C까지 ) 에서의내식성이요구되거나, 건물외벽과같이고내식성을요구하는부분에서는알루미늄도금강판을사용하고있다. 한편, 이와같은표면처리강판은일반적으로냉연강판에비해용접성이크게문제시되어왔다. 특히저항용접을실시했을때, 도금층과모재의융점차및전기전도도의차이에의해소정의너깃 (nugget) 직경을얻기위한 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 25 卷第 4 號, 7 年 8 月 43

66 김종도 이정한 김기철 적정용접전류범위가상승하고, 도금층과전극이반응하여생성된화합물이전극소모를촉진시키기때문에전극의교환ㆍ드레싱없이연속용접하는경우에용접점수가현저하게저하하는등의문제가있었다 1). 더불어선진국을중심으로실용화가진행되고있는레이저용접 2-3) 의경우에는겹치기이음부가많기때문에아연도금강판의사용시다량의스패터가발생하여용접지그나부재를오염시키고광학계가오손되는등의용접가공상의문제및용접결함을일으켜접합강도가저하하는등의문제를유발한다고보고 4-5) 되고있다. 이러한결함을일으키는주된원인은아연의낮은비점 (96 C) 때문이며, 이를해결하기위해겹침부에간극을두거나하이브리드용접을실시하는등많은연구가진행되고있다 6-8). 이에반해알루미늄도금강판의경우에는알루미늄의비점 (2,45 ) 이철의비점 (3,) 과상대적으로큰차이가없기때문에아연도금강판에비해건전한접합부를얻을수있다는보고 9) 가있으나, 이에대한연구가많이부족한실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는 CW Nd:YAG 레이저를사용하여알루미늄도금강판의용접시도금층의알루미늄이용접부로혼입되면서기계적특성에미치는영향및도금층위치에따른용접성을평가하였다. 2.1 사용재료 Table 1 Chemical compositions of aluminized steel Thick -ness (mm).4.6 1.2 1.5 2. 사용재료및실험방법 본연구에서는도금층내에알루미늄이외약 1% 의규소 (Si) 가함유된알루미늄도금강판을사용하여겹치기용접을실시하였다. Table 1에시험편의두께, 도금부착량및그화학적조성을나타내며탄소함량의차이가적기때문에도금부착량에따른용접부의기계적특성 Al coating Chemical compositions(wt%) weight (g/m 2 ) C Si Mn P S Fe 8.2..11.13.5 bal. 12.3.1.8.12.8 bal. 8.24.1.9.12.7 bal. 12.2..9.15.7 bal. 16.16.2.8.12.5 bal. 4.2..19.1.7 bal. 8.26.2.9.12.7 bal. 12.26.2.9.12.7 bal. 8.3..8.8.9 bal. 12.25.2.8.9.6 bal. 을평가하는데적합한소재라할수있다. 한편도금부착량은양면도금량을뜻하는것으로써 8g/m 2 은시험편의상부와하부에각각 4g/m 2 의알루미늄이용융도금되어있는것을뜻한다. 2.2 실험방법 시험편은 CW Nd:YAG 레이저를이용하여완전용입의조건으로겹치기용접을실시하였으며용접공정변수로는레이저출력과용접속도로한정하였다. Table 2에그용접조건을나타낸다. 용접이완료된시험편은알루미늄도금부착량에따른기계적인특성을평가하기위해서인장전단시험과경도시험을실시하였다. 인장전단시험편은용접부의접합강도를평가하기위해시험편좌ㆍ우를가공하였으며 Fig. 1에시험편의형상및치수를나타낸다. 또한용접시도금층에서용접부로혼입되는알루미늄의정량분석을위해면적계산법과습식분석을실시하였다. 면적계산법은도금층의알루미늄이모두용접부로혼입된다는가정하에 용접부단면적당혼입된알루미늄량 을 2차원적으로평가한것으로써 Fig. 2의모식도에서나타내는것처럼상부비드폭 (W f ), 접합부폭 (W j ), 하부비드폭 (W b) 을광학현미경으로측정하여용접부단면적을구했으며, 알루미늄도금층의면적은도금두께와비드폭의곱으로구했다. 습식분석은 Fig. 3에서나타내는것처럼용접부만을채취하여 ICP장비로정량분석을실시하였으며면적계산법으로구한정량값과비교 분석하였다. 도금층위치에따른용접성을평가하기위해서는용접전에 Fig. 4에서나타내는것처럼도금층조건을변화시켜용접을실시하였다. 알루미늄도금층제거에는 8% 염산수용액을이용하였으며상부도금층만제거한경우 (Sample 2), 겹침부의도금층만제거한경우 (Sample 3) 그리고양면도금을모두제거한경우 (Sample 4) 의 3가지시험편을양면도금이되어있는시험편 (Sample 1) 과비교ㆍ분석하였다. Table 2 Laser welding conditions Welding parameters Conditions Laser power, P(kW) 1.5~2 Welding speed, v(m/min).6~6 Gap of lap joint, G(mm) Defocused distance, f d(mm) Shield gas Ar Flow rate of shield gas, Q(l/min) 15 44 Journal of KWJS, Vol. 25, No. 4, August, 7

Nd:YAG 레이저를이용한알루미늄도금강판의용접성 (Ⅰ)- 알루미늄도금부착량이용접부강도에미치는영향 - 67 125 t 125 125 25 35 (mm) Fig. 1 Specimens for tensile-shear test 6 5 4 Weld(8g/m2) 2 ) Weld(12g/m2 25 ) 2 ) Base Base metal metal W f.2.4.6.8 1. 1.2 1.4 1.6 W j W b A B Thickness of specimen (mm) Fig. 5 Variation of tensile-shear strength with thickne ss of specimen A: weld square B: Al coating square (B/A) =(Al coating square/weld square) Thickness Appearance.6mm 1.2mm Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of weld Remove Fracture appearance Fracture pattern Fig. 3 Preparation of ICP specimens Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Fig. 6 Appearance of fracture and its pattern Thickness.6mm 1.2mm Cross-section Fig. 4 Schematic of surface treatment before welding Schematic illustration A B A B 3. 실험결과및고찰 3.1 도금부착량이용접부의기계적특성에미치는영향 Position A 3.1.1 도금부착량과접합강도의관계인장전단시험결과, 시험편두께증가에따른접합강도의변화를 Fig. 5에나타내며용접부의접합강도와모재의강도를비교하였다. 그래프에서알수있듯이모재의강도는시험편두께가증가함에따라비례하여증가하는반면, 용접부의접합강도는시험편두께 1.2mm를기점으로그증가폭이감소하는경향이있었으며이는인장전단시험편의파단형상과관련이있다고사료된다. Fig. 6 및 Fig. 7은파단면의외관형상및단면사진을나타낸것이다. Position B Fig. 7 Cross-section of fracture 시험편두께 1mm를기점으로파단형상을달리하였으며.6mm 에서는 HAZ에서파단이일어났고,.4mm도동일한경향을보였다. 반면두께 1.2mm 는겹치기용접부에서파단이일어났으며, 1.5mm도동일한위치에서파단이일어났다. 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 25 卷第 4 號, 7 年 8 月 45

68 김종도 이정한 김기철 이는시험편두께대비접합부폭의관계 (W j/t) 에서도확인할수있는데 Fig. 8에서나타내듯이.4mm 와.6mm의경우에는 W j/t값이큰것에반해, 1.2mm와 1.5mm는 W j/t 값이작다. 따라서파단형상차이는용접부형상과관련이있다고사료되며, 부수적으로도금층에서혼입된알루미늄이용접부강도에영향을미친다고판단된다. Fig. 9는도금부착량 8g/m 2 과 12g/m 2 을대상으로용접부내혼입된알루미늄량과접합강도의관계를유추한것이다. Fig. 9(a) 의모식도에서알수있듯이시험편전체두께 (t s) 대비도금층전체두께 (t c) 가증가할수록, 즉도금부착량이증가할수록알루미늄혼입량은증가한다고판단된다. Fig. 9(b) 는 (t c/t s) 의백분율과접합강도와의관계를도시한것으로써그래프에서알수있듯이시험편두께 W j /t 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1..8.6.4.2 W j t 25 15 5 4 8 12 16 6 5 4 Al coating weight ( g/m 2 ) (a).6mm t aluminized steel Base metal 2kW, 4.5m/min (266J/cm) 1.5kW, 2.7m/min (333J/cm) Base metal 2kW, 2m/min (6J/cm) 1.5kW, 1.2m/min (75J/cm) 4 8 12 16 Al coating weight ( g/m 2 )..2.4.6 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Thickness of specimen (mm) Fig. 8 Variation of Wj/t with thickness of specimen 35 25 15 t c (a) Definition of ts and t c 1.2mm ț 1.5mmt.4mm ț t.6mm 2 4 6 8 1 12 (t c / t s )x t s 8g/m 2 2 12g/m (b) Correlation of tensile-shear strength and t c/t s Fig. 9 Variation of tensile-shear strength with t c/t s (b) 1.2mm t aluminized steel Fig. 1 Comparison of tensile-shear strength 대비도금층두께가두꺼워질수록접합강도는감소하는경향을보였으며 1.2mm 와 1.5mm 의시험편이알루미늄의영향을많이받고있음을확인할수있었다. 또한시험편두께.6mm와 1.2mm 를대상으로입열량과접합강도의관계를도시한 Fig. 1을보면도금부착량에관계없이입열량증가에따라접합강도또한다소증가하는사실을알수있다. 이는알루미늄이기지인 Fe와혼합될수있는시간이다소나마증가했기때문으로판단되며.6mm 의경우, 모재대비약 8% 의접합강도를, 1.2mm 의경우는모재대비약 55% 의접합강도를얻었다. 이또한파단형상과관련이있다고생각된다. 3.1.2 도금부착량과경도의관계알루미늄도금강판의용접시혼입된알루미늄이용접부의기계적특성에미치는영향을파악하기위해인장전단시험외에경도시험을실시하였다. 시험에사용된비커스경도 (vickers hardness) 의하중은.3kgf 이며 46 Journal of KWJS, Vol. 25, No. 4, August, 7

Nd:YAG 레이저를이용한알루미늄도금강판의용접성 (Ⅰ)- 알루미늄도금부착량이용접부강도에미치는영향 - 69 상부시험편의가운데지점에서.2mm 간격으로측정하였다. 대표적인시험편두께.6mm 의경도분포를 Fig. 11에나타내었으며용접부 (weld), 열영향부 (HAZ) 및모재 (Base metal) 의평균경도값을병행하여도시하였다. 그결과용접부의경도값은 15.7Hv, 열영향부의경도값은 112.5Hv 그리고모재는 96.3Hv를기록하였다. 또한도금부착량 12g/m 2 시험편의두께별용접부경도값을나타낸 Fig. 12에서알수있듯이시험편두께가.4mm에서 1.5mm 로증가할수록용접부의경도값이하락하는경향이확인되었다. 이는용접부에혼입되는알루미늄과연관이있다고판단된다. 즉시험편의두께가증가할수록용접부내혼입되는알루미늄량은감소하게되며, 상대적으로높은알루미늄혼입율을나타내는.4mm와.6mm 시험편의경도값이높다는것을고려하여볼때, 혼입된알루미늄이용접부를경화시키는원인으로사료된다. Hardness ( Hv,.3kgf) 18 16 14 12 8 6 4 2 Welding conditions; P=1.5kW,v=2.7m/min, f d=, Ar(15l/min) Basemetal HAZ Weld HAZ Measured line -2. -1.5-1. -.5..5 1. 1.5 2. Distance from the weld center (mm) 8g/m 2 12g/m 2 16g/m 2 Basemetal Fig. 11 Hardness distribution of aluminized steel sheet Weld hardness (.3kgf) 3.2 용접부내혼입된알루미늄의정량분석 175 17 165 16 155 15 145.2.4.6.8 1. 1.2 1.4 1.6 Thickness of specimen (mm) 12g/m 2 Fig. 12 Variation of weld hardness with thickness of spec imen The content of Al in weld (wt%) 4. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. ICP analysis value Theoretical value 1.5 6 8 12 14 16 18 Al coating weight ( g/m 2 ) Fig. 13 Comparison of ICP and theoretical value with Al content in weld 알루미늄도금강판의용접시도금층의알루미늄이용접부로혼입되면서용접부강도및경도와같은기계적특성에영향을미치는것으로판단되어본연구에서는용접부내혼입된알루미늄의정량평가를위해두가지방법으로접근을하였다. 그중하나인면적계산법은도금층이순수알루미늄만으로구성되어있으며도금층의알루미늄이모두용접부로혼입된다는가정하에 용접부단면적당혼입된알루미늄량 을이론적으로평가하였다. 다른하나는면적계산법을비교 검증하기위한방법으로두께.6mm 시험편을대상으로 ICP분석을실시하였으며면적계산법으로구한정량값과비교하였다. 그결과를 Fig. 13에나타내었다. 도금부착량이적을수록오차가적기때문에 8g/m 2 의시험편을기준으로두실험값들을비교하면도금부착량이 8g/m 2 인시험편은 3.8%, 12g/m 2 은 22.3% 그리고 16g/m 2 은 22.8% 의차이가발생하였다. 이는 ICP분석시료를채취하는과정 (Fig. 3참조 ) 에서발생하는오차때문이라고판단된다. 또한알루미늄도금강판의용접부내에기공이없다는것은증발되어소모되는알루미늄량또한크지않다는것을나타내므로, 면적계산법을통해용접부로혼입된알루미늄량의개략적인평가를할수있다고판단된다. Fig. 14는면적계산법으로구한용접부내알루미늄의정량값과접합강도의관계를도시한것이다. 용접부내알루미늄의양이증가할수록접합강도가감소하는사실을확인할수있으며시험편두께대비도금층두께와접합강도를비교한 Fig. 9와좋은대응관계를나타내었다. 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 25 卷第 4 號, 7 年 8 月 47

7 김종도 이정한 김기철 35 25 15 1.2mm t, 1.5mm t.4mm t,.6mm t 8g/m 2 12g/m 2 1 2 3 4 5 Specimen conditions;.6mm t, 12g/m 2 Welding conditions; P=1.5kW, υ=2.7m/min Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Al content in weld (wt%) Fig. 14 Variation of tensile-shear strength on Al content in weld 3.3 도금층위치에따른용접부의변화 도금층의알루미늄이용접부로혼입되면서용접부의접합강도를떨어뜨린다는사실을앞서확인할수있었다. 본항에서는알루미늄도금강판의겹치기레이저용접시도금층위치에따른알루미늄의영향을평가하기위해도금층을부위별로제거한후용접을실시하였으며 Fig. 15에그결과를나타내었다. 단면조직을관찰하여보면양면도금이되어있는시험편과상부및겹침부의도금층을제거한시험편에서는조직적인차이를발견할수없었다. 그러나양면도금을모두제거한시험편와비교하면용접부조직은큰차이를보였다. 즉알루미늄이도금되어있는강판의용접부조직은조대하고용접부와열영향부의경계가뚜렷한데반해, 양면도금을제거한강판의경우는용접조직이미세하고그경계가불분명하였다. 따라서도금층의알루미늄이용접부조직을조대화시키는원인이라는것을알수있다. 이와같은알루미늄의효과에관해알루미늄이탈산제및페라이트생성원소로써페라이트조직을조대화시킨다는보고 1) 가있으며조대한용접부조직으로인해접합강도가 저하된다고판단된다. Fig. 16은도금층을부위별로제거한후, 용접한시험편의접합부폭 (W j ) 변화를도시한것이다. 양면도금층을갖는시험편과상부도금층을제거한시험편은겹침부와양면도금층을제거한경우에비해접합부의폭이작다는사실을확인할수있다. 이는겹침부사이의알루미늄도금층이용접시접합부의열을빠르게외부로전달하기때문으로판단되며도금부착량차이에따른특별한경향은확인되지않았다. 따라서접합부의도금층을제거하거나편면도금강판을사용하여겹치기용접을실시하면강도에영향을미치는접합부폭을증가시킬수있을것으로사료된다. Fig. 15 Joint width, W j ( μm ) 8 6 4 4 μm Weld cross-section of surface pre-treated speci mens 8g/m 2 12g/m 2 16g/m 2 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Coating conditions Fig. 16 Effect of coating conditions on formation of joint width 4. 결론 알루미늄도금강판의용접시도금층의알루미늄이용접부로혼입되면서기계적인강도에미치는영향을평가하였으며다음과같은결론을얻었다. 1) 인장전단시험결과, 용접부강도에가장큰영향을미치는인자는용접부형상이었으며시험편두께에따라파단형상을달리하였다. 2) 두께별용접부의경도값을비교하여보았을때, 혼입된알루미늄이용접부를경화시키는원인으로판단되었다. 3) 용접부내알루미늄의정량분석결과, 알루미늄혼 48 Journal of KWJS, Vol. 25, No. 4, August, 7

Nd:YAG 레이저를이용한알루미늄도금강판의용접성 (Ⅰ)- 알루미늄도금부착량이용접부강도에미치는영향 - 71 입량이증가할수록접합강도는하락하였다. 4) 도금층을각부위별로제거한시험편과양면도금강판의용접부를비교하여보았을때, 알루미늄이용접부조직조대화의원인이라는것을확인할수있었다. 참고문헌 1. Matsuda Hiroshi and Ono Moriaki : Spot and Laser Weldability of Coated Steel Sheets, Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 73-3 (4), 32-38 2. R.Imhoff, E.Beyer and K.Behler : Car Body Welding with Laser Radiation, International Symposium on Automotive Technology & Automation (2th.)(1989), 2253-2261 3. Taishi Tarui : Trend of Laser Application for Car Body in European Automotive Industry, The 61th Laser Matreials Processing Conference (4), 152-157 4. Moriaki Ono, Tohru Kaizu, Masanori Ohmura : Laser Welding of Zinc Coated Steel Sheets, Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 15-3 (1997), 438-444 Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 15-3 (1997), 438-444 5. R. Akhter, Steen et al. : Laser welding of zinc coated steel, Proc. 5th Conf. Laser in manufacturing (1988), 195-26 6. Hongping Gu : A new method of lap welding of zinc-coated steel sheet, Section C-ICALEO (), 1-6 7. Claus Bagger, Isamu Miymoto, Flemming OSEN : Process Behaviour during High Power CO 2 Laser Welding of Zinc Coated Steel, Proceedings of LAMP(1992), 553-558 8. M.M.S. Gualini, F. Grassi : Experimental result of laser welding of zinc coated steel sheets with a new method, International Congress on Applications of Laser & Electro-Optics(3) 9. Ki Chol Kim, Joon Ho Cha : Effect of Coating Weight on the Laser Weldability in the Welding of Aluminized Steels, Korean Journal of Materials Research, 14-1 (4), 1-8 1. Japan Pat, No. 2-1372() 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 25 卷第 4 號, 7 年 8 月 49