Part I 1Chapter
2 Introduction V E amperes a m p s Example, SELF-TEST R, (electron) 4,,, ( ) [ j o u l s / s e c ] 1-1, 107 (element) (atom), 107,,, 1-1 - 1, (particle) 1 10 12, (white fuzzy ball) 1913 Neils Bohr, 1-2 (subatomic), Bohr Lord Rutherford (1871 1937) Max Planck (1858 1947) Albert Einstein(1879 1955) (proton), ( n e u t r o n )
1-1 3 1-1 (a) :, (b) : (electron)3 1-2 (nucleus), 1-1 ( a t o m i c number) 2,000 1-1, 1-3(a) 1 2 2 1-3 (b) (atomic weight) 4, 2 2, 1-4 (a) 1 6 : 4( ) : 9( ) 1-4 (a) TIME LINE Jean B a p t i s t e P e r r i n ( 1 8 7 0 1 9 4 2 ) 1-2
4 1-1 K L M N O P Q 1-3 (a), (b)
1-1 5 1-1 ( ) K L M N O P Q 1-4(a) 3, 1-4(b) 2 (balanced atom),, 1-5 29 29 29
6 (Be) 1-4 1-5
1-1 7 1-6 (shell) (band), K, L, M, N, O, P Q 1-6 7, (valence band) (ring), (valence electrons) 1 N,, 1-1, 1-1 - 2, (subatomic particle) 1-7 1 ( ) 1-7 (a), (b), (c)
8 2 ( ),, (free electron) 1-1 - 3, (compound), (molecule) 1-8, (H 2 O) 1-8 (a) (b)
1-2 9, SELF-TEST 1? 2 3? 3? 4 1-2 (electrical current), (positive ion), (negative ion) 1-9 2, 1-10, 2 1-10, 2 ( ) 1-9
10 TIME LINE Charles A de Coulomb ( 1736 1806 ), Henry Cavendish Cavendish C o u l o m b 1879 J a m e s Clerk MaxwellC a v e n d i s h, 100 C a v e n d i s h, 1-10 1-10(a) (negative charge) 1-10(b),,, 1-10(c)
1-2 11 1-11 (a) 1 C, (b) 2 C (electric current),,, Amperes a m p s, 1-2 - 1 1-11 1 ( 624 10 18 coulomb(q ) 1 6 24 1 0 18 (n), Q 624 10 18, Q E x a m p l e 375 10 19 coulomb(c)? S o l u t i o n, 6C CA L C U L A T O R SE Q U E N C E Display Step Keypad Entry Response 1 ( E x p o n e n t ) 3 75 E 19 2 3 6 24 E 18 4 6 0 96
12 1-2-2 Coulomb (static), (I ) ( A ) 624 10 18 (1 C) 1 1 A TIME LINE (Q) (I) (t) A n d r e 1 A 1 1C, 1A 1C 1s Ampere (1775 1835), 1 A 1 1C, A Hans Orestad E x a m p l e 2 5 10 19 4s [A]? S o l u t i o n I Q/t CA L C U L A T O R SE Q U E N C E Display Step Keypad Entry Response 1 ( e x p o n e n t ) 5 E 19 2 3 6 24 E 18 4 8 01 2 5 6 2 0 3 7 2 0 3,,, 2 A 1248 10 19 (2 C) 1-2 - 3 ma A 1A 1-2, 1 m A 1A 1 / 1, 000, 1A 1, 000 1 1, 000 1
1-2 13 1-2 E x a m p l e a0003 A b007ma ma c7333 ma A d1275 A ma S o l u t i o n A a 0003 A ma 0003 A ma 10 3 1,000, 1,000, 3 0003 10 0 3 10 3 0003 10 0 10 3 0003 A 3 10 3 A 3 ma b007ma A ma(10 3 ) A(10 6 )
14 1,000, 1,000 007mA 70 A c 7333mA A ma A 1,000 1,000 7333mA 7333 A d1275 A ma A ma 1,000 1,000 1275 A = 1275mA 1-2 - 4 1-12 (electron flow) 17, 8 1-13 (conventional electron flow),,, 1-12
1-3 15 L u i g i G a l v a n i(1737 1 7 9 8 ) g a l v a n i s m TIME LINE 1-13 1-2 - 5 (Ammeter) 1-14 1-14 ON/OFF ON OFF SELF-TEST 1? 2 Coulomb 3? 4? 1-3 (voltage) 1-15(a), (b), 1-15(a), 1-15(b)
1 6 1-1 4
1-3 17 TIME LINE V Alexandro Volta ( 1745 1827 ) 1 801 N a p o l e o n 1-15 (a), (b),, (electron moving force) (electromotive force : emf), 2 (potential difference: PD) 1-15(a), 1-15(b),,, V volt, V, 5V TIME LINE Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790 )1 8 F r a n k l i n
18 V 5 V V voltage volt 1 volt 5 volt E E 5V (V) 1-3 - 1 1-16(a) ( b a t t e r y ) ( ) 1-16(b) 1-17(a) 1-17(b), 9 V, 1-17(b) 1 2 1-16 - (a), (b)
1-3 19 1-17 (a), (b)
20 1-3 1-3 - 2 volt[v] kv 1-3 E x a m p l e a 3000 V kv b 014 V mv c 1500 kv MV S o l u t i o n a 3000 V 3 kv 3 10 3 volts ( 1000, 1000) b 014 V 140mV 140 10 3 volts ( 1000), 1000) c 1500 kv 15 MV 15 10 6 volts ( 1000, 1000) 1-3 - 3 (voltage meter), 1-18 kv, V, 1-19(a), (b) mv 1-19 ( a ) L 1, 1-19(b) L 2
1-3 21 1-18
22 1-19 (a) L1, (b) L2 1-3 - 4 2 1-20(a), 1 2, 1-20(b),
1-3 23 1-20,,,, 1-3 - 5 1-20, () ()
24 1-21 (a), (b), 1-21, (I ) (V ), (I ) (V ), (I ) ( ) (I V), I V I V ( ) SELF-TEST 1? 2 3 MV kv 3? 4? 1-4,, (conductor), K, L, M, N, O, P Q 7
1-4 25 (parent atom) (source), 1, 2 3,,, 1 2 3 TIME LINE S t e p h e n Gray(1693 1736), 1-4- 1 (conductance) ( G) ( s i e m e n s : S) 1 (G) (R),, G S, R,,, G 1 R( ), (R ), (G ),
26 TIME LINE E x a m p l e Stephen Gray 25 Charles de Fay S o l u t i o n 1 G 1 1 004 S R 25 40mS (millisiemens), 1 1-4 1 1-4 1 000 0 945 0 652 0 575 0 297 0 015 E x a m p l e? CA L C U L A T O R SE Q U E N C E Display Step Keypad Entry Response 1 0 29 7 2 3 0 94 5 4 0 31 4 S o l u t i o n 0297, 0945 0297 0945 0314 E x a m p l e?
1-5 27 S o l u t i o n 1000, 0945 1000 0945 1058 SELF-TEST 1 : 2? 3 35 1-5 (insulator),, (break-down) (break-down voltage) K, L (dielectrics), (dielectric strength) 1-5 2000 900 600 500 275 151 145 70 30
28 1-5 1 cm kv, 1cm 500kV E x a m p l e 16,000 V (mica)? CA L C U L A T O R SE Q U E N C E Display Step Keypad Entry Response 1 ( e x p o n e n t ) 16 E 3 2 3 (or 2000 E3) 2 E 6 4 0 0 8 S o l u t i o n 2,000kV/cm 16,000 V 0008cm 2000kV/cm E x a m p l e 1 mm? S o l u t i o n 30,000V/cm 3,000V/mm SELF-TEST 1 : 2? 3? 4? 1-6 1-6- 1 1-22 () () (open circuit)
1-6 29 1-22 (a), (b) 1-6- 2 1-23, 1-6- 3 1-24 (closed circuit) () () 1-6- 4 (short circuit), 1-25(a) 1-25(b), 1-23 (a), (b)
30 1-24 (a), (b) 1-25 (a), (b) SELF-TEST 1? 2? 3? 4?
31 11? a b c d 12? a b c d 13? a b c d 14 a b c d 15 a b c d 16 1C ( ) a 6 2 4 1 0 1 8 b 6 2 4 1 0 8 c 1 0 1 8 1 0 1 2 d 6 2 4 1 0 8 1 17 14 C 7? a 2A b 9 8A c 2 1 A d 7A 18 16 C? a 9 9 8 1 0 1 9 b 1 4 c 16 d 1 0 7 3 1 0 1 9 19? a Volts c Ohms 10? a Amperes c Siemens b C o u l o m b s / s e c d S i e m e n s b O h m s d V o l t s 11? a c b d 12 ( ) a c b d 13? a Siemens c Current 14? b V o l t s d O h m s a b c d e 15? a b c d ( a ) ( c ) 16 100? 17 6 5 C? 18 3C 4? 19 a 0 0 1 4 A b 1 3 7 4 A c 0 7 7 6 A d 0 9 1m A m A k A n A 20 a 1 4 7 3m V b 7 1 4 3 V c 0 1 3 9k V d 0 3 9 0M V V k V V A k V 21? 22 24, 000 V? 23 10V 750k V / c m? 24 a 2 0 0 0k V / c m b 2 5 0k V / c m m m m 25 35m m?