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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 18, No. 6 pp. 8-12, ISSN / eissn 자가발전용휴대폰케이스에관한연구 김진호 1*, 박창형 1, 한승철 2 1 영남대학교기계공학과, 2 영남이공대학교자동차과 Study on the mobile phone case for self-power generation Jin Ho Kim 1*, Chang Hyung Park 1, Seung Chul Han 2 1 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 2 Dept. of Automobiles Yeungnam College University 요약본논문에서는휴대폰의배터리방전시에도비상전화나문자메시지의사용을가능하게해주는자가발전기에관한연구를진행하여휴대폰케이스를통한휴대폰의재충전방법을제시한다. 사용자가스마트폰케이스를흔들게되면전자기코일과발전기의영구자석의상호작용을통해리튬이온배터리를충전하며전기에너지가생성된다. 이때생성된전기에너지는사용자가몇분의통화또는문자메시지를사용할수있는전력을제공해준다. 또한사람이걸을때위상의변화에의해 2 ~ 3 Hz 주파수의진동에너지가발생하는데, 이를획득하는에너지하베스팅과정을통해배터리를충전한다. 그리고발전량을분석하는것은상용전자기해석프로그램인 MAXWELL을사용하여모델링후시뮬레이션하였다. 마지막으로분석한결과를바탕으로자가발전을위한휴대폰케이스의프로토타입을구축하고그측정값과시뮬레이션값을비교함으로써프로토타입의성능을검증하였다. Abstract This paper presents the mobile phone case for self-power generation and recharge for emergency calls or text messages at the discharge of a battery. If the user shakes his smart phone case, the interaction of electromagnetic coil and permanent magnet in an electric generator produces electric energy, which charges the lithium-ion battery. Thisenables the user to give a few calls or text messages. In addition, the vibration energy from humans walking at a frequency of 2 ~ 3Hz charges the battery. The electric generator was simulated using MAXWELL, a commercial electromagnetic analysis program, to analyze the electric power generation. Finally a prototype of the mobile phone case for self-power generation was built based on the analysis and its performance wasverified. Keywords : Energy harvesting, Linear generator, MAXWELL, Mobile phone case, Self-Power generation 1. 서론최근스마트폰의발전에따라다양한부가기능의사용으로배터리전력소모량이비약적으로증가하고있다. 따라서배터리가방전되어긴급시에전화나문자등을통한긴급통신기능을사용하지못하는문제발생하고있다. 특히, 군사활동이나, 산악지역의레져활동시에는위급상황시스마트폰의긴급충전을위한자가발전이매우중요하다. 본연구에서는기계적진동을이용한에 너지하베스팅을통해자가발전하는방법에관한연구를진행하였고, 특히획득가능한에너지의밀도가높고기후환경에영향을받지않을뿐만아니라공간제약도적은편인진동에너지하베스팅에관해중점을맞춰연구하였다 [1]. 진동에너지하베스팅의종류에는정전기, 전자기, 압전효과를사용하는방법이있는데, 정전기이용방식은에너지변환효율이낮고, 압전효과를이용하는방식은세라믹을사용하기때문에비용이비싸고크랙이쉽게발생하여유지보수가어렵다 [2-3]. 반면, 전자기 본논문은영남대학교연구과제로수행되었음. * Corresponding Author : Jin Ho Kim(Yeungnam Univ.) Tel: jinho@ynu.ac.kr Received March 15, 2017 Accepted June 9, 2017 Revised (1st May 29, 2017, 2nd June 2, 2017) Published June 30,

2 자가발전용휴대폰케이스에관한연구 기반하베스팅은상대적으로단가가저렴하고수명이길고또한, 효율이높다는장점이있다. [4-5]. 본논문에서는스마트폰사용자가보행할때발생되는진동에너지를하베스팅하여휴대폰을충전할수있는자가발전용휴대폰케이스를연구하였다. 스마트폰케이스에소형정밀자가발전시스템을일체형으로결합하여별도로소지시발생하는불편함을없애고배터리사용시간을증가시킴으로써잦은충전을줄이는동시에휴대성을높일수있도록하였다. 또한, 위급한상황이발생하였을때스마트폰방전으로인한긴급통신기능을해야할경우스마트폰을흔들어주는행위만으로도긴급통신을할수있다. 상용전자기해석프로그램인 MAXWELL을기반으로발전기를설계및발전량시뮬레이션하고, 실제발전기시제품을제작및발전량을측정하여비교분석하였다. Fig. 1. Design for generation parts 2. 본론 2.1 발전기의구조 Fig. 1 은휴대폰충전을위한리니어전자기발전기의발전부분의구조를개략도로나타낸것이다. 리니어전자기발전기는크게 3가지부분으로구성되는데, 아마추어 (Armature) 와고정자 (Stator) 그리고, 케이스 (Case) 로나누어진다. 아마추어는사람의걷는모션에서진동에너지를받아상하로수직운동을하는부분이다. 또한영구자석 (Permanent magnet, PM), 축 (Shaft) 으로구성되어있다. 영구자석의경우 Nd-Fe(Neodymium-Ferrite) 자석을사용하였는데, 네오디움자석은높은자기특성을갖고, 가격이저렴하고가공이용이하다는기계적특징이있어서다른 Ferrite, SmCo보다우수하기때문이다. 또한축은아마추어의수직운동을위해비자성체물질인 Stainless steel을사용하였고스프링또한아마추어의수직운동이가능하도록압축및인장스프링을사용하였다. 고정자는전자기코일 (Coil) 로구성되고, 케이스는아마추어가정상적인범위에서수직운동을바르게할수있도록운동범위를제한시켜준다. 2.2 발전기의원리사람이발생시키는모션을통해발생하는진동에너지를리니어전자기발전기에적용하면사람이걸어다닐 때약 2Hz, 직접흔들때약 3~4Hz의주파수진동이발생한다. 즉, 발전기의아마추어부분이수직방향으로상하운동을하면서고정자인코일에기전력 (Electro- Motive Force, EMF) 이발생되어전기에너지를생성하게된다. 이렇게생성된기전력은 Faraday의법칙에의해식 (1) 과같이나타낼수있다 [6-7]. 이식에서 은코일의감은횟수, Φ는단위시간 동안코일에통과하게되는 flux의수, 는단위시간당수직운동을하는변위로써수직운동속도를나타낸다. 따라서기전력을증가시키기위해서는기전력과비례관계를갖는변수인, Φ, 를증가시켜야한다. (1) 3. 발전기모델링및발전량시뮬레이션 소형선형발전기의전자기적특성을분석하기위해상용전자기유한요소해석프로그램인 (commercial electromagnetic finite element analysis program) MAXWELL을사용하였으며, 소형선형발전기의기초모델인축대칭모델을형성하였다. Fig. 2는소형발전기축대칭모델을보여준다. 휴대성을고려하여전체 Case 의길이는 77mm, 두께는 30mm 로제한하였다. 또한 9

3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 6 호, 2017 Case 내부의아마추어의직경은 15mm, 아마추어가이동스트로크는 40mm이다. 스트로크를이와같이설정한이유는사람의걷는모션을통해얻을수있는진폭이 2Hz 주파수에약 40mm이기때문이다. 이러한기준을통해발전기를설계하였고이를모델링하였다. 발전기의모델링스펙은 Table 1. 와같이자석의높이는 25.23mm, 자석의두께는 8.525mm, 코일의높이는 24.5mm, 코일의두께는 5.035mm, 에어갭은 2.5mm로설정하였다. 또한물성치는 Table 2. 와같이설정하였는데, 영구자석은 NdFe_35, 코일은 Copper 재질, 감은횟수는 6000Turns, 저항은 537, 코일의직경은 0.15mm, 외부로드는약 68 이다. 아마추어의변위와진동수는앞서언급한바와같이 ±20mm, 2Hz로입력하였다. 상용전자기해석프로그램인 MAXWELL을통해소형선형발전기의발전량을계산하기위해시간에따라설계된모델을시뮬레이션을진행하는 Transient 해석으로진행하였으며, 해석시간은 0.3s 동안 0.5ms의 Time step으로해석을진행하였다. Fig. 3와 Fig. 4는각각해석된발전기에대한 Node Voltage와 Branch Current 의그래프를보여준다. 각각의 RMS값은 V, A이고발전량 ( 전력 ) 은 1.89W이다. Table 2. Properties of generator Name Figure[mm] Height of Magnet Thickness of Magnet Height of Coil 24.5 Thickness of Coil Air-gap 2.5 Fig. 3. Node voltage of generator Fig. 2. Axisymmetric modeling of linear generators Table 1. Modeling specifications on generator Magnet NdFe_35 Coil Copper Coil number AWG 35 Load( ) 68 Number of turns 6000 Resistance( ) 537 Coil diameter[mm] 0.15 Fig. 4. Branch current of generator 10

4 자가발전용휴대폰케이스에관한연구 4. 발전기제작및측정 앞서진행한전자기해석의신뢰성을검증하기위해 MAXWELL 프로그램을이용하여휴대폰충전에사용되는자가발전기를 3D 모델링하고, 모델링을바탕으로시제품을제작하였다. Fig. 5는발전기제작을위한부품개요도를나타낸것이다. 또한부품개요도를바탕으로 Fig. 6과같이시제품을제작하였다. 총 5가지부품으로나누어제작하여조립하였는데, 각각의부품들은제작과조립의용이함을위해위아래로나누어진케이스와, 진동에너지를통해전기에너지로하베스팅된기전력의사용여부를결정할수있는 on/off 외부스위치, 회로와발전기 ( 아마추어 ) 로구성되어있다. 또한선형발전기형태를채택하였는데, 리니어발전기가회전식발전기보다사람의걷는모션에서발생하는상하진동을전기에너지로잘변환하기때문이다. 이때발생하는진동수는앞서언급했던바와같이약 2Hz, 사람이직접흔들때에는약 3~4Hz의주파수진동이발생한다. 발전기의기전력측정방식은전압 / 전류측정기를통해 Stator의코일과연결된부분의전압및전류를측정하여전력을구하였다. 측정실험은바닥에서부터성인의엉덩이높이까지인약100cm에서발전기를들고측정하였다. 실험결과는 Table. 3. 와같이나타났다. 시제품의출력전력은 1.626W, 출력전압은 9.765V로측정되었다. 오차율은각각 13.90%, 13.97% 로분석되었다. Fig 5. Parts drawing for generator production (a) (b) No. Part Name Image 1 Top cover 2 Bottom cover 3 Switch 4 PCB (c) (d) Fig 6. A prototype of Smartphone self-generator case (a) Generator (b) Rectifier circuit (c) Assembly of generator and case (d) Final prototype 5 Generator system 11

5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 6 호, 2017 Table 3. Result of voltage and power Program Analysis Result Experimental measurement Analysis Error ratio(%) Output voltage[v] Output power[p] 결론 본논문에서는사람의걷는모션에서발생되는진동에너지를에너지하베스팅방식을통해휴대폰용휴대용발전기를제작하는과정을서술하였다. 먼저, 상용전자기해석프로그램인 MAXWELL 을사용하여발전기의모델링과해석을수행하였고, 이를통해생산가능한발전량을측정하였다. 먼저해석프로그램을사용하여생산가능한발전량을예측하였을때는 1.89W라는결과값을얻을수있었다. 또한발전기시제품을제작하여얻은발전량은 1.626W로측정되었다. 따라서프로그램해석과시제품의오차는약 13% 로나타났다. 본논문에서제안한스마트폰자가발전기는최대 1W 가량의출력전력을생산하므로긴급시스마트폰의충전의가능성을보여주었다. [7] Nave, Carl R. "Faraday's Law," HyperPhysics, Georgia State University. Retrieved 29 Aug 김진호 (JIN HO KIM) [ 정회원 ] 1999년 2월 : 한양대학교공학사 ( 기계설계전공 ) 2002년 2월 : 미 ) U.C. Berkeley 공학석사 ( 기계공학전공 ) 2002년 9월 ~ 2005년 9월 : 미 ) U.C. Berkeley 공학 Ph.D.( 기계공학전공 ) 2007년 9월 ~ 현재 : 영남대학교기계공학부부교수 초정밀모터및액츄에이터설계 박창형 (Chang Hyung Park) [ 준회원 ] 2012 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 영남대학교기계공학부 ( 첨단기계전공 ) References [1] Francesco Cottone, Introduction to Vibration energy Harvesting, NiPS Energy Harvesting Summer School, [2] Dibin Zhu, Michael J Tudor, Stephen P Beeby, Strategies for increasing the operating frequency range of vibration energy harvesters: a review, Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 21, pp. 1-29, [3] Lars-Cyril Julin Blystad, Piezoelectric MEMS Energy Harvesting Systems Driven by Harmonic and Random Vibrations, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, vol. 57, no. 4, DOI: [4] S P Beeby, M J tudor and N M White, Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications, Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 17, pp , DOI: [5] S. Roundy, E, S. Leland, J. Baker, E. Carleton, E. Reilly, E. Lai, b. Otis, J. M. Rabaey, P. K. Wright, v. Sundararajan, Improving power output for vibration-based energy scavengers, Pervasive Computing, IEEE, vol. 4, issue 1, pp , DOI: [6] Whelan, P. M.; Hodgeson, M. J., Essential Principles of Physics (2nd ed.), 초정밀모터및액츄에이터설계 한승철 (Seung-Chul Han) [ 정회원 ] 자동화, 제어공학 2000 년 2 월 : 영남대학교기계공학과 ( 기계공학석사 ) 2007 년 2 월 : 영남대학교기계공학과 ( 기계공학박사 ) 2007 년 4 월 ~ 현재 : 영남이공대학교자동차과부교수 12

<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>

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