ๆญฏ์ 1์ฅ.PDF
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1 1 11 (slope stability analyses) (landslide), ( ) (Cruden, 1991) ( ),,, (potential landslide hazards) (appropriate countermeasures),, - 1 -
2 ,,,,, , 3 4, 5, 6, 7 12,, (socioeconomic) - 2 -
3 (multiple-hazard disasters) (triggering process), ( ),,, ( ) (, avoidance), (, prevention), (, control), (, warning), ( ) (, repair), (, reconstruction and remediation) 121,, 21,, - 3 -
4 ,,,,, ( ) ( ), ( ),, (El Niño) (California), (Colorado), (Nevada), (Utah), (Washington)(, (greenhouse effect), 1980, - 4 -
5 , 122 (direct), (indirect) (repair), (replacement), (maintenance),,,,, ( ),,,,, private (, public) (Fleming and Taylor, 1980), - 5 -
6 ,,,, (,,,,,,,, 10,,,,,
7
8 , , ,,, 10, 13 16,,, ,, - 8 -
9
10
11 10,, % 96 25% 132, 5 (600 ) ,300 km 65 4 (785 ), 16 (1270 (Walkinshaw, 1992)
12
13 ( : ) (Walkinshaw, 1992)
14 20 (24 ) Eisbacher Clague (Eisbacher and Clague, 1984), Vaiont 260m 100m ,
15 (, 1983)
16 (Eisbacher and Clague, 1984)
17 13 ( )
18 143 ( : : 6505 mm (694) : 6720 mm (520) : 7935 mm (525) ( ) : 5981 mm : 2260 mm 144,,, ,,,,
19 14 4, ( ) , , ( 4km ) ( 1km ) ( 4km ) 25 ( 25km )
20 (natural pipe),, 2, 70mm/hr (Premchitt, 1986),,,
21 , ( ), (1) ( ) (2) 2m-3m ( ) 1m,
22 1:2: ( ) 3: 4: m, 5m 67m, 3m 111,
23
24 15km (3) ( ) 5km , 150m 45m 40m, 10m, 80m (flow) (1),
25
26 (2) 114, m, 4 (,,, ), 25m, 800m
27
28 (3) 116 (4),, 117 (5) ( 40m) ( ) 118, ( 300mm) ( 119 )
29 116,, (6)
30 1: 2: 3: m, 50m
31
32 120 (7) Y Y 30m, 10m, 50m
33 121 (8) 122 (9) X 10m
34 1: 2: 3: 47 ( ) 122 X V , A, B B A
35 123 A 124 X
36 123 A 124 X X X B 20m, A 10m, X 40m, B 20m, A 30m 350m (10) ( ) m, 15m, 40m (11) ( ) 126 Y ( )
37
38 (1),, 127 (2) m (3) 25 4km 60m 20m, 50m V 129 (4) 25 1km
39 1: 2: 25 3: 25 4: m, 50m (5) 25 25km
40 (
41 100m (6) 37 4km 10m 20m, 15m ( 130) V ,,,, 623%, 249% 132,,,,,,
42 130 (
43 %,, 188%, 136%, 121%,,, 134,,,,
44
45 ,,,,, ( ),
46 , (flow)
47
48 park
49 2 21 (,, (consistency)) (,,, ),, ,,,,,,,, (piping) ( ), ( ),,,,,,
50 ,,,,,, (perched water table),,,,
51 - 51 -,, 22,,,,,
52 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (fall), (slide), (flow)3 Curden Varnes 21 (fall), (topple), (slide), (spread), (flow) (Curden and Varnes, 1992) (Fall) 21 (topple)
53 (fall) (topple) (slide) (spread) (flow) 21 (Curden and Varnes, 1992)
54 (slide) 21, (spread) Cruden Varnes (flow), (debris flow)
55 computer simulation ( ) (5 1 ) PC STABL 5M (Carpenter, 1986)
56 ,, 205m, 45m ( 22) ( 23) o φ = 38, o φ = 33 γ = 19t / m 3 t γ = 185t / m 3 t, c = 0,, c = 0, Bishop (4 )
57 22 23 ( )
58 γ = 185t / m 3, 2 c = 13t / m o, φ = 0 Bishop t
59
60 233 Janbu ,, computer simulation
61
62 park
63 3 31 (investigation) ( ) ( ) (field investigation), 4, (Osterberg, 1979)
64 ,,, 3 (Dowding, 1979),, 1,,,,, (Clayton et al, 1982), Johnson DeGraff 5 (Johnson and DeGraff, 1988)
65 31 (Clayton et al, 1982) Sower Royster (Sower and Royster, 1978) 32,,
66 32 (Sower and Royster, 1978)
67 (vulnerability),, 321 (hazard zonation),,,,,, (direct mapping methodology) (indirect mapping methodology),,,,
68 , 1996 TRB 33 5 (accuracy) (reliability) Model,, ,,
69 33 (TRB, 1996)
70 34 (, 1998),,, 323 (GIS),
71 database 33 ( ),,
72 ,,,, mapping 1984 Crozier 35 (Crozier, 1984),,,,,,, GPS (Global Positioning System)
73 35 (Crozier, 1984)
74 ,,,,,,,, 1 34,,,
75 ,,,,,,,, CPT (Cone Penetration Test),,,,,
76 - 76 -, 4,
77 36 (TRB, 1996) (Sounding) (SPT) (CPT) 31,
78 31 (Kovacs et al, 1981)
79 32 (Baldi et al, 1988)
80 342, , ,,
81 (a) (b) Source Receivers (c) Borehole s (d) 33 : (a) direct crosshole using two holes, (b) interval crosshole using three holes, (c) uphole, and (d) downhole
82 37 4 (TRB, 1996)
83 Normal Force Sledgehammer Direct wave receiver Reflected wave Refracted wave 38 (dilatometer), (vane)
84 ( )
85 ,, 35,,, (field observation) (accuracy) (precision) (repeatability) (sensitivity) (reliability),,,, (transducer)
86 , (Bourdon gage) (manometer) U (pressure cell)-, - (arching) (stress redistribution), (tip) (hydrostatic time lag),, (Air entry value) (suction) (negative pore water pressure)
87 351 Geotechnical Control Office (GCO, 1979) 38 Dunnicliff 25 (Dunnicliff, 1988) a) (mechanism) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p),,,, q) r) s) t), u) v)
88 38 (GCO, 1979) 1, 2 3 < >,,,, < >,,, < >, < > < >,,, < >, < >,, / < >, < >,,,
89 w) x) y) % 3% (Cording et al, 1975) Peck (1988)GCO (1979),, a) b) c) d) (cross check)
90 39 (Cording et al, 1975) 1 5%,,,, 10 20% 25 50%,,, 2 5%, 20 30%, 20 40% e) f) g) h) (drift) (background noise level),, i) j)
91 k) l) m) n) (probe-type instruments) o) p) q) r) s) t) u),
92 NATM(New Austrian Tunneling Machine), ,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, 1987) (,, 1993)
93 , 310, 35,,,, (Hong, 1991)
94 310 (Dunnicliff, 1988),, 1), - 2), - 3) -,, (Tiltmeter) (Inclinometer),, 4) -, (shear plane indicator), Multiple deflectometer 5) - 35 (Dunnicliff, 1988)
95 (suction) (tensiometer) kpa (Brand, 1987) (cavitation) 1 (psychrometer) (inclinometer),,
96 (, 1989) (3 5m), (,, ), ( ) 20 ( )
97 36 (Brand, 1987)
98 park
99 4 41, ,,,, 412,
100 ,,,,,, (,, ), (,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 413,,
101 ,,,,,,,,,,,, 414, PC STABL 5M SLOPE/W,
102 42, PC STABL 5M (Carpenter, 1986) Bishop Fellenius, Morgenstern 10 SLOPE/W 421 s = c u + σ tan φ : u : s = c + σ tan φ 0 φ =
103 , c' φ ', 3 c' φ'
104 , Chowdury (1978),,,
105 ,,, Fellenius Janbu wedge sliding block Fellenius Bishop, Janbu, Janbu, Spencer, Morgenstern and Price, Fredlund and Krahn GLE
106 423 1,,,, PC STABL 5M SLOPE/W PC STABL 5M Siegel (1975) STABL Spencer 2 Bishop, Janbu, Spencer
107 Tieback,, SLOPE/W PC-SLOPE GEO-SLOPE MS Windows Fellenious Bishop Janbu Spencer Morgenstern-Peice Corps of Enginners Lowe-Karafiath GLE(General Limit Equilibrium) Finite Element Stress
108 , r u contour, Block,,,, Geo-fabric, 424,,
109 (displacement method),, 425 (limit equilibrium analysis), (limit analysis),,, Coulomb - =0 Skempton(1948), 0, ( : 0, :r, : L a ) 41 (a) τ ) ( m τ τ m m = = F c u F (41), F O
110 41 φ = 0 (, 1986) c W d = u F L a r (42) c L r F = u a W d (43) 41(b) ( L a ) Taylor(1937, 1948) 42 ( 0, r ) c u, φu τ ) ( m
111 42 (, 1986) τm 1 τ m = = ( cu + σ tan φu ) = cm + σ tanφm (44) F F, F, c c m m = (45) F c tan φ tanφ = u m (46) F φ
112 45 46 F F c = F φ = ab l, ab, ab : σl c : ml σ l tan φ : m ( c ml )AB 0 AB C = c ml L c (47), Lc AB CAB c ) C O ( ml C O r c Crc = rσc ml (48) c m Lc rc = rcmla (49), L a : L c :,
113 r c = L L a c r (410), 43 N = σ(l 1) = σl (411) N φm = N tanφ m = σl tanφ m (412) R = ( σl) 2 + ( σltanφ m ) 2 (413) O, r sin φ m φ - r sin φ m, (W)C R W, CR F φ 46 φ m 43 C C c c m =, Fc = L c c u m (414) F φ, Fφ 3 F F φ, F c Fφ F = Fc = F φ c
114 43 φ - (, 1986) ( ) O r AC ABCD 44 b (slice) α, h
115 44 (, 1986) F = τ τ f m (415), 1 : W = rbh
116 2 N, (N ), N ( = αl) (ul ) 3 ( ) : T = τ l 4 E, : 1 E 2 5 X, : 1 X 2 m,,, E T, O, ABC (T) (W), r sin α, ΣT r = ΣW r sin α (416) τ, T = τ l f m = l F τ Σ f l = ΣW sin α F (417) Στ l F = f (418) ΣWsin α τ = c + σ tan φ f
117 Σ(c + σ tanφ )l F = (419) ΣWsin α c L + tanφ ΣN F = a (420) ΣW sin α L a : ABC ΣN 419, (F )Σ N (1) Felleinus Felleinus (1927,1936)Ordinary method of slice Swedish method ( ΣE i, ΣX i ) i 0 ( ) N N = W cos α ul (421), 420 c L + tanφ Σ(Wcosα ul) F = a (422) ΣW sin α Fellenius
118 , 5~20% Fellenius l,, c,, u (, u=0) (2) Bishop, X 0 X1 2 =
119 ( T ) 1 T = ( c l + N tanφ ) (423) F, c l N W = N cos α + ulcosα + sin α + tanφ sin α (424) F F c l W sin α ulcos α F N = (425) tanφ sin α cosα + F l = b sec α, secα F = Σ [c b + (W ub) tanφ ] (426) ΣWsin α tanφ tanα 1 + F, ( ) r u u r u = (427) rh r r b sat
120 u r u = W / b (428), secα F = Σ [c b + W(1 ru ) tanφ ] (429) ΣWsin α tanφ tanα 1+ F 1 1 F = Σ [c b + (W ub) tanφ ] (430) ΣWsin α M( α ) tan φ tan α, M ( α) = cosα 1 + F 429 F, ( c, φ, u) α 429 ( F) Bishop )Fellenius Fellenius l b
121 F ma 429 F, 45, (1) Janbu Janbu Bishop 45 ht, N cos θ = W + S T sin θ (431) ( W + S) sec θ T θ N = sin (432) E = N sin θ T cos θ (433)
122 45 Janbu (, 1986) ( W + S) tan θ T sin θ E = (434) x 0 S x = E x tanδ + h E S = E tan δ + h t E x t, (435)
123 Σ E = 0 (436) ( + S) tan θ ΣT sec θ Σ W (437) c xsecθ + N tan φ T = (438) F 437 ( c xsecθ + N tanφ) Σ( W + S) tanθ Σ secθ F = (439) { c xsecθ + [(W + S)secθ T tanφ]tanφ} Σ( W + S) tanθ Σ secθ F = (440) S = F F T, T 440 F T 434 E E E E ht 435 S
124 S S 1 ) (2) Morgenstern Price s 46 0 dx 0 (2 ) de S = y dx d dx (Ey t ) (441) N ( W + S)cos θ + E sin θ (442) T = ( W + S) sin θ E cosθ (443) Mohr-Coulomb c xsecθ + N(tanφ) T = F (444) 442, 443,
125 46 Morgenstern Price's (, 1986) de tanφ 1+ dx F dy dx + ds dx tan φ dy = F dx c F dy 1+ dx 2 dw dx tanφ F dy dx (445) S = λf x) ( E (446) f :, λ :, (x)
126 F (3) Spencer Spencer (1967, 1973, 1981) (F ) (δ ) 2 Morgenstern Price 47, δ ( z z ) ( δ θ) T = W sin θ cos (447) ( z z ) ( δ θ) N = W cos θ sin (448) Mohr-Coulomb c xsecθ + N tanφ T = F (449) c x secθ + N tanφ = W sin θ + F ( z z ) cos( δ θ) 2 1 (450), N z 2 c x secθ FWsin θ + W cosθ tanφ 2 = z + (451) cos z 1 ( δ θ) [ F tan( δ θ) tanφ]
127 47 Spencer (, 1986), x x x x 1 cosδ h1 tan θ + z1 sin δ + z2 sin δ = z2 cos δ h + tan θ (452) z 2 h 2 z ( ) = 1 x z h + δ θ h1 tan tan 1 (453) z2 2 z2, z 1 h 1, z 2 h 2,
128 0 F δ z1 h z 2 h 2 h z 2 2 z 2 h 2 z 2 h 2 F δ ) 48 ad bc ( ) ( P ) ( ) abcd W bc P, ad, Rankine P (trial wedge method), de A S m Sm = PA cos( βa θ) PP cos( βp θ) + W sin θ (454), S [ W cos θ + P sin ( β θ) P sin( β θ) ] φ S = c L + A A P P tan (455), L : dc
129 48 (, 1986) ( ), F F = S S m c L + = [ W cosθ + PA sin ( βa θ) PP sin( βp θ) ] P cos( β θ) P cos( β θ) + W sin θ A A P P tanφ (456), abcd
130 2 3 (1) W 1, W 2 : U 1, U 2 T 1, T 2 : N,, 1 N 2 :, : U : AB,, 12 P 12 : Ab α T 1 T 2 CL = F N + T tan φ F (457) CL = F N + T tan φ F (458) α F P P 12, F 2 α = 0 AB F φ α = 12 ( )
131 49 2 (, 1986) (2) α 1,α 2 F P P ( ) F 3 ( )
132 410 3 (, 1986) (Logarithmic Spiral Method) 411 π + φ O i 2 ( ) R
133 411 (, 1986) R = [ T cosφ Nsin φ] = + cosφ ( N + ul) i c l Ntanφ F F sin φ i (459) φ, tanφ = tan F c l R = ultanφ cosφ F i 1 = F [( c l ultanφ ) cosφ] i (460) O R r O i
134 i = n i= 1 1 F i = n [( c l ul tanφ ) cosφ] r [ W x] i i λ= 1 i = 0 (461) n [ ( c l ultan φ ) cos φ] i= 1 F = (462) n [ W x] λ= 1 i i r i r = r e i o ϑ tanφ N N i tan φ / F O N, i O X E, i, E i X i i i 412, β z, mz (0 < m < 1),,, ( ) τ R
135 412 (, 1986) ( σ u) tan φ τ f = c + (463) σ,τ,u [( 1 m ) r + mr ] z β N = W cos β = sat cos N σ = = secβ 2 [( 1 m) r + mr ] zcos β sat (464) [( 1 m) r + mr ] z β T = W sin β = sat sin I τ = = [( 1 m) r + mrsat ] zsin β cosβ (465) secβ
136 u = mzr 2 w cos β (466) ( σ u) τ c + tanφ F = f = (467) τ τ, ( ) c = 0, m = 0 F tan φ F = (468) tan β,, c = 0, m = 1 F = γ tanφ γ tanβ sat (469) (Gnerral Limit Equilibrium :GLE) 413 (fictional center of Rotation) ( ) F F 2 m ( ) f
137 413 GLE (, 1997) 413 σ, τ, u s ( σ u ) φ s = c + tan (470) s τ =, F F, P = σl, l T = τ, 1 T = { c l + ( p ul) tanφ } (471) F
138 P cos ( ) α + T sin α = W X R X L (472) P 1 1 P = W ( XR XL ) ( c lsin α ul tanφ sin α) F (473) m a tan φ m a = cosα 1 + tanα F T cos α P sin α + ER E L = 0 (474) ( ), Σ E E 0 Σ X X R L = F ( ) 0 R L = ( c l + ( P ul) tanφ ) Σ cosα F = (474) ΣPsin α,
139 43,,, (stereo graphic projection),,,,,
140 , (1) (Water Pressure),, (2) (Weathering),,,,,,
141 (3), (Joint): (Fault): (Fracture zone): (Fissure): (Bedding plane): (Schistosity): (Lamination, foliation): (lamination) (foliation),,,, (number of joint): (random),
142 (orientation): 414 (strike) (dip direction) (joint spacing):, cm m (joint roughness):,, (joint weathering):, (filling material):
143 414 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) (1) (2)
144 (2) (3),, (4)
145 (5) (Schmidt hammer) (6) 5 (6) (7)
146 Barton (Tilt test) (JRC, Joint Roughness Cofficient) Barton φ JRC = Log p φ r ( JCS/ σ ) n (475) p tan -1 (/n ), r, JCS, n 433 (Limite Equilibrium Analysis),, (1)
147 ( 415a ) ( 415b ) 416 (sliding) Zw 423 W( ), U( ), V( )
148 (a) (b) (c) 415 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) 416 (Hoek and Bray, 1981)
149 2 F = ca + ( W cos φ U V sin φ ) p W sin φ p + Vcos φ p p tanφ (476) c : A : = (Hz)cosec p : p : U : V : W : UV U = 1 2 r w z H z cosecφ w ( ) p (477) V = 1 2 r w z 2 w (478) (2)
150 , 417 fi > i > fi :, i :, : 417 F = ( R + R ) A B tanφ W sin φ i (479) R A, R B 418 A, B R A, R B 1 1 R A sin β ξ = R B sin β + ξ (480) 2 2 R A 1 cos β ξ R 2 B cos β ξ = W cos φ i (481) R A R B
151 417 (Hoek and Bray, 1981)
152 418 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) W cos φ sin β R + R = i A B (482) 1 sin ξ sin β tanφ F = 1 tanφ sin ξ i 2 (483) F = K w F p (484) F w F p fi i K 483 ( (
153 (3),,,, = c +tan c
154 F = (4), (flexural toppling), (block toppling) (block-flexural toppling) ( 419 ) (tan available ) T (tan required ), tan φ F = tanφ available required
155 419 (Hoek and Bray, 1981) 434 (Stereo Graphic Projection)
156 ( 420 (Great circle): (Pole): 90 (Lower reference hemisphere) :, (Hoek and Bray, 1981)
157 421 (Hoek and Bray, 1981)
158 park
159 Norris Wilbur 5 (Norris and Wilbur, 1960),,,,,, (slope) (sliding) (factor of safety), - (,,, ) (
160 ,,,,, -, (Sharp et al, 1981; Bowles and Ko, 1984),,,, 1,
161 ,,,,,, 512,, (External Loads),
162 ,,,,,,, (earthquake acceleration) (AASHTO) % (limit-equilibrium), pseudostatic force, (continuous force) vibratory force
163 , 1998 (shallow soil slide) Keefer (Keefer et al, 1987), (,, 1990), (Schuster et al, 1987) pipeline (coarse material)
164 ,, 513 joint ( ), (mass properties),
165 ,,,,,,, RQD (drill-core Rock Quality Designation),,,,,,,, 2,,,, subsoil profile, 514, (100% ),
166 ,,, 20 50, 100, (dual-level design) (design conservatism), 15 (,, 515,,,,
167 ,,,,,,, (51-53),,,,
168 51 I (, 1996) ( : ) 5m 1:15 1:15 1:15 1:15 5m 1:12 1:12 1:12 1:12 5m 1:12 5m 1:10 1:07 1:10 1:10 5m 1:10 5m 1:08 1:05 1:05 1:05 5m 1:08 5m 1:05 : 1:1534, 1:1240, 1:0851, 1:0755, 1: II (, 1996) TCR(%) RQD(%) : 12 5m : 15 5% 0% 1 : 10 H=5m 1m 10 20% 0% 1 : 08 30%10 20%1 : 07 50% 30% 1 : 05 H=10m 1 2m H=20m 3m
169 53 6m 1 : 18 1 : m 1 : 15 1 : m 1 : m 1 : 15-6m, 1 : 20, 3 6m 1 : 18, 0 3m : 15 6m, 3 6m 1 : m 1 : 18 ( ),,,
170 ,, ,, ,,
171 54, -,, ( ) Anchor Anchor - anchor, micropile, nail ( )
172 ,,
173 ,, shotcrete,,,,
174 51 (, 1997) (crack),, (mortar), 52,,,, PVC, 2m 2030m
175 52 (, 1997) 53 (, 1997)
176 54 55, (boring) 5060m, 510m 56, 1820m 1km 57,,,
177 54 55,
178 56 (, 1997) 57 (, 1997)
179 , 30-35m 2-4 (Arutjunyan, 1988) PVC (Gress, 1992),,,,,,, YehGilmore (1992)EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) Colorado EPS 02kN/m ,
180 ,,,,,, 58, (overturning) (sliding), (bearing failure of foundation),,, (precast) 1 : 1, 59 1 : 1,
181 58 59 (, 1997)
182 510 (, 1997),,, 1 : ,,,,
183 511 (, 1997),,,,,,
184 T L U 512 (, 1994)
185 T L T T, U, U (active earth pressure) (earth pressure at rest)
186 ,,
187 (, 1997), 514,,
188 514 (, 1997), (pile), 515,,,
189 515 (, 1997),,,,, H,
190 In Situ In Situ - timber - precast concrete - sheet piles - soldier pils - masonry - concrete - cantilever - counterfort - metallic, polymeric and organic strips and grids - soil nailing - reticulated micropiles - soil doweling - cast in situ - gabion - anchored - slurry walls - crib earth - secant pile - bin - tangent pils - cellular - bored-in-place cofferdam -soil-cement Braced Tied-Back - closs-lot - augured - tailed gabion - soil - rakers - belled - tailed masonry - - pressure - concrete injected - EPS 516 (O'Rourke and Jones, 1990)
191 517 (O'Rourke and Jones, 1990), strip, sheet,,, soil nailing,, soil anchor 518 soil nail anchor
192 Nails Anchors 518, soil nail, anchor, ( ) < >
193 < > ( ), (porous),,,,,,,, (gun),,,,,, (fiber),,,,,,
194 ,,,,,,, ( 50cm ) 15cm 3cm,, ( 50cm), 15%,
195 ,,,,,, Rock Bolts,,,,,,, Rock Bolts Tieback Wall Shotcrete,,,,, (grout)
196 519 (TRB, 1996)
197 ,,,, RC (wedge),,, V (stopper) 1 2, (polyester), (epoxy) , (overhang) 520 1,
198 520 (TRB, 1996)
199 520 2 (overhang) (shotcrete) 534, 2-3m 521 CRSP (Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program) 07m, 313 kg 1963 Richie
200 521 CRSP (Colorado Rockfall Simulation Program) (Pfeiffer and Bowen, 1989), 522, 75,
201 522 (Richie, 1963)
202 (gabion) block 1m 075m,,,,, 523,,,,,
203 523 (, 1994)
204 524 (, 1994) (the flex-post fence), 525 5m 1m
205 525 (Hearn, 1991), (door type)
206 526 (, 1994) 527 (TRB, 1996)
207 park
208 6 61,,,, 4 (Kockelman, 1986) (,,, % (Schuster and Leighton, 1988)
209 ,,,,,, 62 database,,, 2,, (GIS), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) WP/WLI (Working Party on the World Landslide Inventory) FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Colorado
210 , NLIC (National Landslide Information Center), IUFRO (International Union of Forestry Research Organization),, 63,,,,,,,
211 3,,,,,, ) 631,,
212 , 632,,,,,,,,
213 ,,,,,, 1% (, 1998) " " " " ,,, extensometer, tiltmeter, piesometer,, trip wire, TV,,, vibration
214 meter data (real-time),,,,, TV, GCO (Geotechnical Control Office),,, 64, (Schuster and Fleming, 1986),,, 1990) (Olshansky and Rogers, 1987; Olshansky,
215 , 1944 " (Earthquake and War Damage Act)" " (the Housing and Urban Development Act)" (National Flood Insurance Program; NFIP) NFIP FEMA (Olshansky and Rogers, 1987) " (adverse selection)" (Olshansky, 1990),,
216 ,, 65,,,,, (Swanston and Schuster, 1989),,,,,, (,
217 , (,,,, ( ),
218 park
219 7 71 (socioeconomic) (multiple-hazard disasters) ( ),,, 10,,,,, (15 ),
220 ( 322, 623%, 249%,,,,, (flow)
221 ,, computer simulation ( ) ( ) (landslide investigation) 3, 4,,, 5,,,
222 72,, 3,, (GIS),,,,,,,,,, 5,,,,,,
223 ,,,,,,,,,,
224 ,,,,,, data (real-time),,,,,,,,,,,,,
225 ,,,,,,,,,,,, (,,,,, ( ),,,
226 park
ๆญฏ์ 3์ฅ.PDF
3 3.1 ( ) ( ).....,.,..,,... Schuster,, 4 2 18 ).. 2 5 9 )...,. - 49 - 3.2 3.2.1 Schuster 2 18 ) (Drainage), (Slope modification ), (Earth butresses ) (Earth retention systems ) 4. 25 9 ) ( ) ( ).....
ๆญฏ๋ ผ๋ฌธ์๊ท๋ง.PDF
3 3.1 (Lim it Equilibrium M eth od ),,, Coulom b,..,... = 0, F elleniu s, Bishop, Janbu, Spencer, M org en stern and Price, (GLE ),,,. 4.(Dun can & W right, 1980) 1) F., F = S (3.1), S = (Sh ear Stren
1 n dn dt = f v = 4 ฯ m 2kT 3/ 2 v 2 mv exp 2kT 2 f v dfv = 0 v = 0, v = /// fv = max = 0 dv 2kT v p = m 1/ 2 vfvdv 0 2 2kT = = vav = v f dv ฯ m
n dn dt f v 4 ฯ m kt 3/ v mv exp kt f v dfv 0 v 0, v /// fv max 0 dv kt v p m / vfvdv 0 kt vav. 8v f dv ฯ m k m 0 v / R0 4 T vav.45 0 cm / sec M M p v v fvdv 0 3 fvdv 0 kt m / 3kT v v. 5 m rms v p n dn
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Mathematics 4 Statistics / 6. 89 Chapter 6 ( ), ( /) (Euclid geometry ( ), (( + )* /).? Archimedes,... (standard normal distriution, Gaussian distriution) X (..) (a, ). = ep{ } ฯ ฯ a 6. f ( F ( = F( f
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์ ํํฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ Earthquake Disaster Mitigation and Management in Korea: Current Status and Suggestions for Future Improvement 2008 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ฑ
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