04)한국산(칼라)

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1 KOREAN JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY, Vol. 25, No. 4, , December 2013 ISSN: (Print), (Online) Received: December 4, 2013 Revised: December 15, 2013 Accepted: December 25, 2013 한국산수수미꾸리 Kichulchoia multifasciata 의생식주기 김재구 박종영 * 전북대학교자연과학대학생명과학과, 전북대학교생물다양성연구소 Reproductive Cycle of the Korean loach, Kichulchoia multifasciata (Pisces: Cobitidae) by Jae Goo Kim and Jong Young Park* (Department of Biological Science and Institute for Biodiversity Research, College of Natural Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju , Korea) ABSTRACT Histological study and gonadosomatic index (GSI) to investigate an exact reproductive cycle of Korean loach Kichulchoia multifasciata, were conducted throughout a year from December 2011 to December The stage of ovarian and testicular development was divided into four phases: a growing phase (November to March the following year), a spawning phase (April~May), a degeneration phase (May~June), a resting phase (June to November). The peak of the spawning period in male and female appears between April to May, having water temperature 12.7 C and day length over 13 hours. These results were consistent well with a histological study. Key words : Kichulchoia multifasciata, reproductive cycle, spawning phase, histological study, GSI 서 론 재료및방법 수수미꾸리 Kicuhlchoia multifasciata는미꾸리과에속하며낙동강수계에서만서식하는한국고유종으로맑은물의유속이빠르고큰자갈이많은곳에서주로부착조류를먹고산다. 또한이종의산란시기는 11월부터그다음해 1 월까지로국내미꾸리과어류뿐아니라다른담수어류보다빠른산란시기를가지고있는것으로알려져있다 ( 김과이, 1995; 김과박, 2002). 지금까지수수미꾸리에관한연구는수수미꾸리초기발생에관한연구 ( 김과이, 1995), Niwaella속 2종의난막구조에관한연구 (Park and Kim, 2001) 및수수미꾸리의난자형성과정과난막의구조 ( 김등, 2011) 등이진행되어왔다. 그러나최근이종에대한생태조사를수행하는과정에서기존의보고된산란시기와차이가있는바, 정확한생식주기를확인하기위해생식소중량지수 (Gonadosomatic index, GSI) 의변화, 조직학적연구들을수행하였다. 수수미꾸리는 2011년 12월부터 2012년 12월까지 ( 매월 1 회, 20일경 ) 경상남도함양군유림면임천에서족대 (4 4 mm) 와투망 (7 7 mm) 을이용하여채집하였고 ( 전체 60개체 ), 생식소중량지수및조직학적관찰을수행하였다. 수온및기온은채집장소에서봉상온도계를이용하여측정하였다. 또한월별일장시간은한국천문연구원의관측자료를인용하였다. 1. 생식소중량지수의측정 (Gonadosomatic index, GSI) 매월채집된개체는실험실내로옮겨계수및계측하였고체중은 0.01 g까지측정하였으며생식소를적출하여정량한후 10% 포르말린으로고정하였다. 성성숙도를나타내는생식소중량지수는 GSI (%)= 생식소중량 100/ 체중으로계산하였으며개체간의평균값을사용하였다. 2. 조직학적관찰 *Corresponding author: Jong Young Park Tel: Fax: , park7877@jbnu.ac.kr 생식세포발달과정및성숙도를조사하기위해정량이끝난생식소를적출하여 4 C 의 10% formalin에 12시간고 216

2 수수미꾸리의생식주기 217 Table 1. Monthly variations in Gonadosomatic index of K. multifasciata (%) Sex (2011)Dec. (2012)Jan. Mar. Apr. May. Jul. Sep. Female Male 정한후 12시간수세하였다. 일반적인 ethanol 탈수법으로탈수한다음 xylene으로치환하였으며 paraffin으로포매하였고 block을제작하였다. Block은 microtome (Leica-820, Germany) 으로 5 μm 간격으로절단하여 hematoxylin과 eosin으로이중염색하였다. 제작된슬라이드표본을성숙시기별로광학현미경 (Carl zeiss, AX10, Germany) 을이용하여관찰하였으며생식소의발달단계는박 (1996) 에따랐다. Temperature ( C) (A) Water Temp. Temp. Day length Day length (hr) 결 과 -5 (2011)Dec.(2012)Jan. Mar. Apr. May Jul. Sep. Months 0 1. 생식소의외부형태와생식소중량지수 (Gonadosomatic index, GSI) 수수미꾸리의생식소는체강의등쪽에좌우한쌍이였으며체강의길이와비슷하게길게신장된형태를보였다. 성숙한암컷의생식소는체강의대부분공간을차지하였다. 각월별생식소중량지수는차이를보였으며그중 4월의암수모두생식소 ( 암컷 GSI 18.6%, 수컷 GSI 9.7%) 가가장크게나타났고산란을마친 9월의생식소 ( 암컷 GSI 0.9%, 수컷 GSI 0.1%) 크기가가장작게나타났다. 암컷의생식소중량지수는 2011년 12월에 5.4% 로어느정도성숙하기시작하여 2012년 1월 (11.3%) 부터급격히증가하기시작하였고 2012년 4월에는연중최대값인 18.1% 로나타났다. 이시기는일장시간이 13시간이상으로증가하기시작하고수온역시12.7 C 로크게증가하기시작하였다 (Fig. 1). 산란직후인 5월부터 GSI 값은 1.1% 로급격히낮아져 9월에는연중최소값인 0.9% 이며이시기의일장시간은 11시간으로줄어들었고수온은 20.5 C 를나타내었다. 수컷의생식소중량지수는 2011년 12월에 2.1% 로나타났으며 1월까지는전월과비슷한수준인 2% 로유지하다가 3 월 (5.6%) 부터급격히증가하기시작하여 4월에연중최대값인 9.7% 로나타났다. 이후 5월부터 2.6% 로감소하기시작하여 9월에는연중최소값인 0.1% 로나타났다. 수수미꾸리는암컷의생식소가수컷보다먼저성숙하기시작하여산란직후급격히감소하는양상을보였으며수컷은암컷보다다소완만하게감소하였다 (Table 1, Fig. 1). 2. 생식소의조직학적변화광학현미경을이용하여수수미꾸리생식소의조직학적변화를조사하였다. 암컷과수컷모두휴지기, 성숙기, 산란 GSI of K. multifasciata (%) (B) Fig. 1. Monthly variations in temperature, water temperature, day length (A) and Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male and female K. multifasciata (B). 기, 퇴화기등의단계로구분할수있었다. 1) 휴지기 (resting phase) 산란이끝난 6월부터 11월까지의기간은휴지기로서난소내에는 73.9~167.8 μm 범위의염색인기 (chromatin nucleolus stage) 와초기주변인기 (early perinucleolus stage) 의난모세포들로구성되어있었다. 핵내에는크기가다양한인들이산재하였으며전체적으로 hematoxylin에강하게염색되었다 (Fig. 2A). 휴지기의난소는산란을마친후퇴화기가끝나는 6월부터 11월까지의개체에서계속적으로관찰되었다. 휴지기수컷의정소내에는세포의크기가비교적크고핵과세포질의구분이뚜렷한정원세포가주로존재하였다 (Fig. 3A). 2) 성숙기 (growing phase) Female Male (2011)Dec.(2012)Jan. Mar. Apr. May Jul. Sep. Months 암컷은 12월부터이듬해 3월까지서서히성숙기에접어들어난자형성과정에진입하게된다. 난자형성과정중가장많은단계의세포가나타나는시기이며난소내에는 912.3

3 218 김재구 박종영 Fig. 2. Light micrographs of ovarian developemental stage in female Kichulchoia multifasciata. (A) Peri-nucleolus stage of resting phase (Bar=200 μm); (B) Ovarian cells with various development stages of growing phase (Bar=500 μm); (C) Mature stage of spawning phase (Bar= 500 μm); (D) Degenerating phase (Bar=500 μm); (E) Egg envelope of degenerating phase (Bar=100 μm). Fc: follicle cell layer, N: nucleus, OG: oogonia, PO: primary oocyte, YG: yolk granule, YV: yolk vesicles, arrow: egg envelope, arrowhead: flow out of yolk, asterisk: pore canal. ~ μm 범위의난모세포들이주를이루었으며일부주변인기에해당하는난모세포도존재하였다 (Fig. 2B). 이시기의난모세포에는난막이형성되고난막안쪽으로형성된난황포와난황물질을축적하고있었다. 성숙기수컷의정소 는정자형성과정 (spermatogenesis) 중가장많은단계의세포가관찰되는시기로서제1정모세포 (primary spermatocyte) 와그보다작은크기의제2정모세포 (secondary spermatocyte) 가관찰되었으며염색체가응축하여 hematoxylin에강

4 수수미꾸리의생식주기 219 Fig. 3. Light micrographs of testicular developmental stage in male Kichulchoia multifasciata. (A) Resting phase (Bar=50 μm); (B) Growing phase (Bar=50 μm); (C) Mature stage of spawning phase (Bar=50 μm); (D) Degenerating phase (Bar=50 μm). PS: primary spermatocyte, S: sperm, SG: spermatogonium, SS: secondary spermatocyte, ST: spermatid. 하게염색되는구형의정세포 (spermatid) 가확인되었다 (Fig. 3B). 3) 산란기 (spawning phase) 4월의수수미꾸리난소는대부분의난에서핵의크기가작아지는반면난황물질로가득한완전히성숙된난모세포가관찰되었으며난소내에는 ~ μm 범위의난모세포들로구성되어있었다 (Fig. 2C). 이시기의난모세포에는두꺼워진방사대 (zona radiata) 가발달하여난막이뚜렷하게나타났다. 수컷의정소는일부남겨진정원세포와제1정모세포를제외하고대부분정세포로구성되어있었다 (Fig. 3C). 5월이지나면서산란이끝난후에도수컷의정소는이와비슷한양상이계속관찰되다가 6월이후완전히퇴화기에접어들었다. 4) 퇴화기 (degenerating phase) 산란이끝난 5월부터 6월까지기간의수수미꾸리암컷생식소에는산란이되지못한 475.1~ μm 범위의난모세포들을가지고있었으며이시기의가장큰특징으로난모세포내의난황물질들이난막의 pore canal을통해다시체내로이동하는현상이관찰되었다 (Fig. 2D, E). 수컷은암컷보다다소늦게퇴화기가시작되는데 6월부터 7월까지의정소내에는방정이완전히되지못한일부정자 (spermatozoa) 가남아있었으며산란기에그수가적게보이던정원세포가증가하여나타났다 (Fig. 3D). 고찰수수미꾸리의생식소는체강의앞쪽에서부터좌우한쌍

5 220 김재구 박종영 으로나타나며산란시기의수수미꾸리암컷은체강의대부분공간에성숙된난이자리하고있었다. 또한항문부근에서융합된형태로나타나같은미꾸리과어류인 Iksookimia 속과 Cobitis속, Misgurnus속그리고 Nemacheilus속과는유사하게나타났으나한쌍이각각분리된쌀미꾸리의난소형태와는다소차이가있었다 (Park and Kim, 2001a, b). 수수미꾸리의각월별생식소중량지수를확인한결과, 4 월에서암수모두생식소중량지수 ( 암컷 GSI 18.6%, 수컷 GSI 9.7%) 가가장크게나타났고산란을마친 9월의생식소중량지수 ( 암컷 GSI 0.9%, 수컷 GSI 0.1%) 가크기가가장작게나타났다. 이시기의일장시간이 13시간이상, 수온은 12.7 C 로나타났으며수온이서서히증가하기시작하고일장시간이늘어나는시기에산란하는것으로판단된다 (Table 1, Fig. 1). 또한조직학적관찰을통해확인한결과, GSI값이높게나타난 4월이가장성숙한암수의생식소를나타냈다 (Figs. 2, 3). 수수미꾸리의생식주기를월별생식소중량지수와조직학적관찰을통해정리하면암컷이성숙기 (11~ 이듬해 3월 ), 산란기 (4~5월), 퇴화기 (5~6월), 휴지기 (6~11월) 로구분되었으며수컷의경우성숙기 (11~ 이듬해 4월 ), 산란기 (4~6월), 퇴화기 (6~7월), 휴지기 (7~11월) 로구분되었다. 따라서수수미꾸리의산란시기는 4월에서 5 월까지인것으로추정된다. 이러한결과는 5월 ~8월까지의산란시기를갖는줄종개 ( 김등, 2006), 북방종개 ( 최와변, 2009) 에비해일찍산란하는것으로나타났으며, 5월에서 6 월까지가산란시기인얼룩새코미꾸리 ( 홍등, 2011) 참종개 ( 김, 1978), 왕종개 ( 김과고, 2005) 보다도이른것으로나타났다. 또한 5월이산란시기로알려진새코미꾸리 ( 변, 2007) 와부안종개 ( 김과이, 1984) 와비슷하였지만수수미꾸리는 4월부터시작되는산란시기로국내미꾸리과어류중가장이른시기에산란하는것으로나타났다. 김과이 (1995) 는수수미꾸리의산란추정시기를 11월 ~1 월사이로보고한바있다. 김과이 (1995) 의보고는본연구결과수수미꾸리가다소긴성숙기를보유하고있어 11 월의수수미꾸리난소내에서도난원세포, 제1난모세포및제2난모세포등분화단계가다양한생식세포들로구성되어있었던것을산란시기로추정하였을것으로사료되며, 산란유도를위한실내사육기간차이에의한것으로판단된다. 본연구의 GSI값중수컷의 1월지수가다소낮아진것은산란에참여하지않는어린개체의측정치유입으로생각된다 (Fig. 1). 이러한산란시기의차이는각종마다다른환경적요인에의한것으로사료되며본연구의경우수온이 12.7 C, 일장시간이 13시간이상이되는시기 (4월 ~5월 ) 가산란최적기로나타나본종의산란을위한환경적요인은일장시간이길어짐에따른수온상승에의한것으로생각한다 (Smith et al., 1990; Aida, 1991; Rosenblum, 1991; 양등, 1994; 안, 1995; Serge et al., 1997; 염등, 2000). 특히수수미꾸리의생식주기중퇴화기의난소에는산란되지못한난을보유하고있었으며난막이얇아지기시작하여난막의 pore canal을통해난황물질이재흡수되는현상을보이는데이는산란시기의기아보상에일환으로여겨지며새로운영양물질의섭이보다효율적으로영양균형에유리하도록진화한것으로판단된다. 이러한현상에대해서는추가적인생리학적연구가필요할것으로보인다. 요 2011년 12월부터 2012년 12월까지수수미꾸리의생식주기를생식소중량지수와조직학적방법을이용하여조사하였다. 수수미꾸리암컷과수컷의생식주기는성숙기 (growing phase, 11~ 이듬해 3월 ), 산란기 (spawning phase, 4~5 월 ), 퇴화기 (degeneration phase, 5~6월 ), 휴지기 (resting phase, 6~11월 ) 등 4단계로구분되었다. 암컷과수컷의최적수온이 12.7 C, 일장시간이 13시간이상으로증가하기시작하는 4월에서 5월사이인것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는조직학적실험결과와잘일치하였다. 약 인용문헌 김익수 전주천참종개 Cobitis koreensis 의생태. 한국생태학회지, 2: 김익수 고명훈 섬진강에서식하는왕종개 Iksookimia longicorpa (Cobitidae) 의생태. 한국어류학회지, 17: 김익수 고명훈 박종영 줄종개 Cobitis tetralineata (Pisces; Cobitidae) 의개체군생태. 한국생태학회지, 29: 김익수 박종영 한국의민물고기. 교학사, 서울, pp. 김익수 이완옥 백천에서식하는참종개 Cobitis koreensis KIM 개체군의형태와생태. 한국생태학회지 7: 김익수 이은희 수수미꾸리의초기발생에관한연구. 한국하천호수학회지, 28: 김치홍 김재구 박종영 수수미꾸리 Kichulchoia multifasciata 의난자형성과정과난막의구조. 한국전자현미경학회지, 41: 박종영 한국산미꾸리과 (Cobitidae) 어류의생식소에관한형태학적연구전북대학교대학원박사학위논문, 158pp. 변화근 내린천에서식하는새코미꾸리 Koreocobitis rotundicaudata (Cobitidae) 의생태. 한국어류학회지, 19: 안철민 각시붕어, Rhodeus uyekii 의생식주기. 한국어류학회지, 7: 양상근 이영돈 편충규 자주복, Takifugu rubripes 의성성숙과호르몬처리에의한인공채란에관한연구. 한국양식학회지, 7: 염동혁 이성규 최신석 왜몰개, Aphyocypris chinensis 의

6 수수미꾸리의생식주기 221 생식주기. 한국하천호수학회지, 33: 최준길 변화근 연곡천에서식하는북방종개 Cobitis pacifica (Cobitidae) 의생태적특성. 한국하천호수학회지, 42: 홍양기 양현 방인철 자호천에서식하는멸종위기어류얼룩새코미꾸리 Koreocobitis naktongensis (Cobitidae) 의서식환경과번식, 섭식생태. 한국어류학회지 23: 한국천문연구원 (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) 측정자료함양군 < (2012). Aida, K Environmental regulation of reproductive rhythms in teleosts. Bull. Inst. Zool. Academia Sinica. Monograph., 16: Park, J.Y. and I.S. Kim. 2001a. Fine structure of oocyte envelopes of the related cobitid species in the genus Iksookimia (Cobitidae), Ichthyological Res., 48: Park, J.Y. and I.S. Kim. 2001b. Ultrastructure of the external egg envelopes in two Cobitid fishes (Cobitidae). Korean J. Ichthyol., 13: Rosenblum, P.M., H.H. Chatterjee and T.M. Brandt Influence of diet on ovarian steroidogenesis in largemouth bass. In: Scott, A.R., J.R. Sumpter, D.E. Kime and Rolfe, M.S. (eds.), Reproductive Physiology of Fish. University of Sheffield Press, Sheffield, pp Serge, I.D., G.P. Moberg and J.P. Van Eenennaam Observations on the reproductive cycle of cultured white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Environ. Biol. Fish., 48: Smith, R.L., A.J. Paul and J.M. Paul Seasonal changes in energy and the energy cost of spawning in Glf of Alaska Pacific cod. J. Fish. Biol., 36:

한국고유종북방종개의연령및산란기특징 73 Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of the total length of Iksookimia pacifica in the Bukcheon (stream), Ganseong-eup, Gangwon-do, Ko

한국고유종북방종개의연령및산란기특징 73 Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of the total length of Iksookimia pacifica in the Bukcheon (stream), Ganseong-eup, Gangwon-do, Ko 72 Korean 고명훈 Journal 원용진of Ichthyology, Vol. 28, No. 2, 72-78, June 2016 ISSN: 1225-8598 (Print), 2288-3371 (Online) Received: June 11, 2016 Revised: June 22, 2016 Accepted: June 27, 2016 한국고유종북방종개 Iksookimia

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