42(2)-05(정재인).fm
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1 86 w t œwz J. Kor. Inst. Surf. Eng. Vol. 42, No. 2, < > NdFeB 영구자석에의 Al/Al 2 다층막코팅및부식특성 정재인, 양지훈 sw w y Preparation of Al/Al 2 Multilayer Coatings on NdFeB Permanent Magnet and their Corrosion Characteristics J. I. Jeong, J. H. Yang Facility & Automation Research Division, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology, Pohang City, Gyoung-buk , Korea (Received March 30, 2009 ; revised April 29, 2009 ; accepted April 30, 2009) Abstract Various types of multilayer coatings including Al/Al 2 structure have been prepared on Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet to modify the morphology of the coating and to enhance the corrosion resistance of the magnet. Magnetron sputtering has been employed to make the multilayer coatings. Al 2 sputtering conditions were optimized in reactive sputtering by varying the deposition parameters. The formation of Al 2 film was confirmed from the binding energy shift measured by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. 3 types of coating structures were designed and prepared by magnetron sputtering. The coating structures consist of (1) single Al coating, (2) modified coatings having oxide or plasma treated layer in the middle of coating structure, and (3) Al/Al 2 multilayer coatings. Surface and cross-sectional morphologies showed that Al/ Al 2 multilayer grew as a layered structure, and that very compact Zone 3 like structure were formed. X- ray diffraction peak showed that the crystal orientations of multilayer coatings were similar to that of the bulk powder pattern. Hardness increased drastically when the Al thickness was around 1ìm in the Al/Al 2 multilayer. From the salt spray test and pressure cooker test, it has been shown that the multilayer coatings showed good corrosion resistance compared to Al single or modified layer coatings. Keywords: Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet, Multilayer coating, Reactive magnetron sputtering, Aluminum and Al 2 film, Physical vapor deposition 1. 서론» l l, l, vf,»»,»» s š w. ƒ Ferrite, Alnico(Aluminum, Nickel, Cobalt w ), Sm-Co, š R-Fe-B(R: Rare earth metal). R-Fe-B yw Nd ƒ Nd-Fe-B ( w Nd ) 1983 ty x Corresponding author. jijeong@rist.re.kr ƒ š 1-2). Nd w w yw ƒ w Nd 2 Fe 14 B yw ƒ. Nd Ferrite w 2~3 ƒ š (Maximum energy product) w 5 10 ¾ 1). w wš Nd i (Curie temperature)ƒ û ƒ ûš» ƒ š 3-5). w wš p w w» w ƒ ã w š 6,7). Nd w j
2 87 /w t œwz 42 (2009) ƒ w ƒ w š. wù Nd ƒ g w jš w 8-11), w ù Nd t w t ww 12-14). Nd t f» 15) ù w š s v gq 16),, š 12) œgq. ù š z l xy š y w t ü ü wì w gqd k w w ƒ. ww w œ swwš y ey œ š. w w» w ù š v» w œg q» ( yw ) w ƒ y y, d gqw Nd ü w jš w, d gq «y š š 17,18). gq» p ùš ü w» ƒ w. 19) Metallizing ƒ ü w 20-22) wì w Ÿw t23) v w wš. w w 24) ƒ n š 25). œ w Nd gqw v ü w Pore w w ü xw w. w w» w m 10~20 µm Ë gq wš z mw ü y wš ù» Ni w w. Nd ü w jš y w» w p r l w Nd» w w xk gqd x g p y d w gqd y v y d w š x mw gq ü y w. 2. 실험장치및방법 x Front-door x p rl l x e 1 ùkü. e œ» rl œ e,»q r, z ƒ w»qy,»qƒ l š ƒ e. œ» 600 mm š ƒ 800 mm l mx š, x» ü w 100 mm. œ rv 10 6 Torr w» œ» w Diffusion rv Booster rv š Rotary rv. rl 4'' j» x p DC Pulse š RF eƒ v ã w.»qy z ƒ w ƒw œ».»qy 1,000V¾ ƒƒ ƒ w r w w»q w.»qy w w lƒ e»q š 300 C¾ ƒ w o, w d ƒ ƒ w. rl š ƒ y w ƒ wš w» w MFC (Mass flow controller) ew w. œ»ü ƒ w yw» w»» œ 2ª10 6 Torr wƒ w.»q 15 mm š ü 8mm ̃ 2mm Ring xk Nd»qy š w Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental system.
3 /w t œwz 42 (2009) Fig. 2. Experimental procedure for multilayer coating and analysis. z j gqw. 2 w x w. r gq š Ásƒ ww. Nd» Grit blasting w ³ w w m g w q w š œ» w z r w 800V 30 w v w. gq r 3ƒ xk» gqd k w š gq r w sƒ w. w gq r SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) ESCA(Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) š XRD (X-ray Diffraction) w š, Scratch tester (REVTEST; CSM Instruments) w d w x(sst; Salt Spray Test) ƒ ü x(pct; Pressure Cooker Test) e w ü s ƒw. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1 y (Al 2 ) gq d w rl w Al 2 w. rl w Al 2 w» w ƒ k - p w. 3 k ƒ 1.3 kw Fig. 3. Hysteresis curve of pressure according to the oxygen flow rate during Al 2 sputtering. w w k ƒ»ü œ y ùkü v. Ar ƒ 60SCCM š w»q k 12 cm. ƒ ƒw (Metallic mode) 13SCCM ¾ j yƒ ƒ 14SCCM ƒw z ƒw š. 50SCCM l ƒ y(reactive mode) 8SCCM¾ x w ƒ 7SCCM û» k ƒ rl x Hysteresis š š. w Hysteresis š ùkù ƒ ƒ gƒ k t y š y w ƒ ƒw ƒ ƒ ùƒ y ƒ w y k t û». 4 3 w ƒ k ( 4 (a)) ( 4 (b)) ùkü v. ƒ ƒw 14SCCM» w 15SCCM 260V w w. ƒ w rl ù kƒ. 15SCCM z j w w. ƒ 50SCCM l û ƒ 8SCCM¾ û., ƒ Hysteresisƒ ùkùš. wr, 4 (b) w
4 89 /w t œwz 42 (2009) Fig. 4. Hysteresis curve of target voltage (a) and deposition rate (b) according to the oxygen flow rate during Al 2 sputtering. Hysteresisƒ ùkû. 3 4 k ƒƒ 10SCCM 15SCCM y r wš v yw ESCA w w. 5 g Wafer y v wš ESCA w t w Al 2p vj w y ùkü v. (a) ƒ 10SCCM w w š (b) ƒ 15SCCM w v w. w l v z t w š w t 5nm rl w t w z d w w. ƒ 10SCCM vjƒ wù 15SCCM Al 2 y vj y w. 3.2 d p w x k gqd Design ww. 6 gqd š w» j 3ƒ w ùkü., d» wš gqd x w xd(modified layer) w š gq wš w Al 2 d w 3ƒ gqd w. 6» gq k x w 6ƒ r w ƒƒ r w Layer t 1 ùkü. 15 µm Ì ƒ d r 1 Modified layer x k 3 r, š Al/Al 2» Fig. 5. Change of Al 2p binding energy according to the oxygen flow rate.
5 /w t œwz 42 (2009) Fig. 6. Basic design of coating structures for multilayer coating. d 2 r 6 gq r w. 2 r Ì 7.5 µmwš Al 2 w gqw 7.5 µm gqw 3 4 r 2 r w Al 2 gq Ar ƒ w v 1 w (3 ) Ar O 2 yww k v w (4 ). 5 r 2.5 µm gqwš Al(2.5 µm)/al 2 (30 gq) d 5z w gqw r 6 5µm gqwš Al(1 µm)/al 2 (30 g q) d 10z w gqw r. t 2 d ƒƒ œ ùkü.»q 200 C š w š o rl»q 12 cm w»q z 3RPM w.» q j w Pulse w š 740 ç/min w š, y 60 ç/min w. Modified layer Al 2 v w wì r w Ar Ar+O 2 ƒ» v w w. v Pulse DC 800V, 200 ma š š 4:1 š w. 3.3 d sƒ gqw r w t x SEM wš gqd EPMA w w. Table 1. Coated samples and their layer structures 5CORNG0Q 0WODGTQH#N.C[GT 6QVCN#N6JKEMPGUU 0QOKPCN.C[GT5VTWEVWTGCPF6JKEMPGUU.GHV6QR.C[GT µo #NµO5WD5WDUVTCVG µo #NµO#N 1 JT#NµO5WD µo #NµO#T2NCUOCJT#NµO5WD µo #NµO#T1 2NCUOCJT#NµO5WD µo [Al(2.5 µm)/al 2 (30 min)]ª5/al(2.5 µm)/sub. µo [Al(1 µm)/al 2 (30 min)]ª10/al(5 µm)/sub. Table 2. Process parameters and their conditions for multilayer coatings 2CTCOGVGTU 8CTKCDNGUCPF8CNWGU 4GOCTMU 5WDUVTCVG2CTCOGVGTU +PUKVW%NGCPKPI #N5RWVVGTKPI #N 1 5RWVVGTKPI #T2NCUOC6TGCVOGPV #T1 2NCUOC6TGCVOGPV 6GORGTCVWTG Q % &KUVCPEGEO 4QVCVKQP5RGGF42/ Ar Pressure: 6ª10 2 Torr Pulse Power: 800V, 200 ma #T2TGUUWTGª 6QTT 2QYGTM9`8` # #T1 (NQY4CVG5%%/ª 6QTT 2QYGTM9`8` # #T2TGUUWTGª 6QTT 2WNUG2QYGT8O# #T1 (NQY4CVG5%%/ª 6QTT 2WNUG2QYGT8O# #TE5WRRTGUUKQP 740 /min OKP /QFKHKGF.C[GT /QFKHKGF.C[GT
6 정재인 외 한국표면공학회 91 / 42 (2009) Fig. 7. Surface morphologies of multilayer coatings. Fig. 8. Cross-sectional morphologies of multilayer coatings. 그림 7과 8은 코팅 시편의 표면과 단면의 형상을 보여주는 SEM 사진이다. 표면의 형상은 시편에 따 라 큰 차이를 보이지 않으며 덩어리 형태의 조직이 뭉쳐진 형상을 보이고 있다. 다만 아르곤 또는 아 르곤과 산소 가스를 이용하여 중간에 플라즈마 처 리를 실시한 Modified 코팅 시편은 다른 시편에 비 해 기공 형태의 형상이 더 많이 관찰되고 있다. 단면은 매우 치밀하며 부분적으로 재결정화가 일 어난 Zone 3 구조를 보이고 있다. 코팅층의 두께는 설계한대로 대략 15 µm가 코팅되어 있음을 알 수 있다. 계면 또한 치밀하며 기판과 연속적으로 밀착 해 있고 계면 들뜸 현상이나 Pore 등은 관찰되지 않고 있다. 중간층으로 Al O 를 코팅한 시편은 단 면의 중간에 줄무늬 형태의 불연속 층이 보이고 있 으나 아르곤 또는 아르곤과 산소 가스를 이용하여 플라즈마 처리를 실시한 3번과 4번 시편에서는 중 간층의 구분은 뚜렷이 드러나지 않았다. 아르곤 플 라즈마 처리를 실시한 시편의 경우 결정이 매우 크 게 성장하였고 따라서 결정과 결정 사이에 큰 간격 (Pore)이 나타나고 있는데 이는 그림 7의 표면형상 에서도 관찰할 수 있다. 알루미늄과 산화알루미늄을 다층으로 제조한 5번 과 6번 시편은 다층의 구조가 뚜렷하게 나타나고 있으며 코팅층이 Layer 형태로 성장하고 있음을 볼 수 있다. 이러한 성장으로 인해 두께 방향으로의 Pore는 거의 관찰되지 않고 있다. EPMA를 이용하여 코팅층 단면의 성분을 분석한 결과 알루미늄만으로 이루어진 코팅 시편의 경우 산소가 7 at.% 미만으로 검출되었고, 산화알루미늄 을 다층으로 제조한 시편의 경우 대략 16 at.% 정 도가 검출되었다. 알루미늄 코팅 시편의 경우 산소 는 주로 계면에서 검출되었다. 그림 9는 코팅층의 성장조직 및 우선 배향을 XRD 를 통해 분석한 그래프이다. 코팅층 설계를 대표하 는 3가지 즉, 알루미늄 단일층 시편 (No.1)과 플라 즈마 처리층이 포함된 시편 (No.4) 그리고 다층막 시편 (No.6)의 3종류를 나타내었다. 피크의 위치나 개수 등에서는 큰 차이를 보이고 있지 않으며 다만, 피크 강도비에서 조건에 따라 다 소 차이를 보이고 있다. 그림의 그래프에서 Sub.는 기판에서 나온 피크를 의미한다. 알루미늄을 제외 2 3 Fig. 9. X-ray diffraction profiles of multilayer coatings (No.1, No.4, and No.6).
7 /w t œwz 42 (2009) Fig. 10. Intensity ratio of diffraction peak of (200)/(111) and (311)/(111). w vj x p y d w 6 r y vj x d. x w y v y k gq w. 10 gqd, w y w» w vj, Al(111)» w Al(200)/Al(111) Al(311)/Al(111) vj wš JCPDS e (#4-0787) ùkù ASTM Powder diffraction w. œ v (200) (111) w ww w, gqw d r(1 r) (200) ww wš. ù Modified layer sww r ù d gq r Power diffraction ql w w š., Al(311)/Al(111) vj Powder diffraction w û ùkùš. gqd Powder diffraction w ùkù gqd mw Bulk w w w SEM k w ww. gq r gqd y w» w j f w d w. w 50 g š w gq d w. 11 gq r s³ ùkü v. d Bulk w û ùkü š r Fig. 11. Hardness change of multilayer coatings. Solid line means the hardness value of bulk aluminum. w ù( 60 Hv, ) š. p 6 r ƒ 100 d r w 2 š. 6 r Al/Al 2 d 10d gq y d ƒ» w q. wr, 5 r 6 r w d ƒ š ù ƒ j w l ƒ ƒw» w Al/Al 2 gqd ̃ w q w., 1 µm d ƒ j wù 2.5 µm y w ƒ z ƒ j. gqd sƒwš w» w CSM Instruments Scratch tester w w (Critical load) d w r w j e x wš Normal load ƒ Tangential force Friction coefficient š AE(Acoustic emission) y d w v. AE y v L c1 L c2 ƒƒ gqd q gqd»q q y w yƒ w w, w ùkü. w AE y w wì j e y l d. gqd q ù L c1 20N ùkù L c2 47N ùkù w y w. xr Ni gq 15N ƒ w. w r w gq
8 93 정재인 외 한국표면공학회 / 42 (2009) Fig. 12. Scratch test result for No.5 coated sample. 없이 비슷한 값을 나타내었으며 현미경으로 관찰한 코팅층 파괴 모습도 유사한 형태로 관찰되었다. 그 러나 Ar 플라즈마 처리를 실시한 3번 시편의 경우 는 다른 시편에 비해 임계하중이 다소 크게 나타났 는데 이는 Ar 플라즈마가 코팅층의 응력완화에 도 움을 주어 밀착력을 향상시켰기 때문인 것으로 판 단된다. 마찰계수는 Modified layer를 포함하는 코 팅층 및 다층막이 코팅된 시편의 경우가 다소 높게 나타나는 것으로 측정되었다. 코팅된 영구자석의 부식 특성을 조사하기 위해 염수분무시험(SST)과 가압내습시험(PCT)을 실시하 였다. SST 시험은 5%NaCl용액에서 8시간 분무한 후 16시간 동안 휴지하여 이를 1 Cycle로 정하고 2 Cycle까지 실시하였다. PCT 시험은 125 C 2기압 에서 습도를 100%로 조절하여 5시간 동안 유지하 는 것을 1 Cycle로 하여 2 Cycle 동안 실시하였다. 2 Cycle에서 시험을 완료한 것은 이 상태에서 시편 에 큰 변화가 없으면 상용 제품으로서의 활용이 가 능하기 때문이다. 그림 13은 4개의 코팅 시편에 대해 SST 시험결 과를 비교한 것이다. 알루미늄 단일층과 4번 시편 의 경우 일부에서 적청이 발생하나 2번과 6번 시 편의 경우는 적청이 거의 발생되지 않았음을 볼 수 있다. 이로부터 Modified layer를 가지거나 다층막 을 포함할 경우 내식성 향상에 효과가 있음을 알 수 있다. 그림 14는 4개의 코팅 시편에 대해 PCT 시험결 과를 비교한 것이다. 대부분의 시편에서 적청이 관 Fig. 13. Salt spray test result for multilayer coatings. o Fig. 14. Pressure cooker test result for multilayer coatings. 찰되었으나 알루미늄과 산화알루미늄이 다층으로 코팅된 6번 시편의 경우는 미미한 적청을 제외하고 는 표면에 별다른 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 이는 알
9 /w t œwz 42 (2009) y d x Layer ƒ t»q ¾ ƒ ¼ Pitting w y x w» q. x ƒ ü x ww Modified gqd d ü w» w» wù p y sw d gq r d gq r ù Modified layer sww gq r w w p ùkû. 4. 결론 rl w Nd y d wš gq v t x š w x ww. 1. gqd t x r j xk x š š ƒ w v w r r w»œ xk x. e w yƒ ù Zone 3 š y d gqw r d ƒ w ùkùš gqd Layer w. 2. XRD l d (200) w ù v ww r d r Power pattern w w ƒ š w. Al/Al 2 d gq r y vj l y y k gq. 3. j e x mw w g qd r w ù kü š d mw Al/Al 2 d Al ̃ š Al 2 gqd ƒ ù ƒ j ƒw. 4. ƒ ü x mw d ü w š Modified layer sww g qd gqd ù x yƒ ù ü w. Al/Al 2 d gqw w gq yƒ ƒ w gq w. 참고문헌 1. M. Sagawa, S. Fujimura, N. Togawa, M. Yamamoto, Y. Matsuura, J. Appl. Phys., 55 (1984) K. H. J. Buschow, Mater. Sci. Rep. 1 (1986) J. Jacobson, A. Kim, J. Appl. Phys., 61 (1987) T. S. Chin, R. T. Chang, T. W. Tsai, and M. P. Hung, IEEE Trans. Mag., MAG-24 (1988) N. C. Ku, C-D. Qin, C. C. Yu, D. H. L. Ng, IEEE Trans. Mag., 32 (1988) D. S. Edgley, J. M. Le Breton, D. Lemarchand, I. R. Harris, J. Teillet, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 128 (1993) L1. 7. D. F. Cygan, M. J. McNallan, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 139 (1995) S. Hirosawa, S. Mino, H. Tomizawa, J. Appl. Phys. 69 (1991) K. Tokuhara, S. Hirosawa, J. Appl. Phys., 69 (1991) M. Sagawa, P. Tenaud, F. Vial, K. Hiraga, IEEE Trans. Magn., 26 (1990) E. Rozendall, IEEE Trans. Magn., 26 (1990) C.-D. Qin, A. S. K. Li, D. H. L. Ng, J. Appl. Phys., 79(8) (1996) L. Song, Y. Wang, W. Lin, Q. Liu, Surf. Coat. Technol., 202 (2008) S. M. Tamborim Takeuchi, D. S. Azambuja, I. Costa, Surf. Coat. Technol., 201 (2006) T. Minowa, H. Yoshikawa, M. Hoshima, IEEE Trans. Mag., 25 (1989) C. J. William, K. S. V. L. Narashiman, J. Appl. Phys., 61 (1987) F. Kikui, M. Ikegami, K. Yosimura, ƒ Ž WO98/09300 (1998). 18. K. Yosimura, T. Nishiuchi, F. Kikui, ƒ Ž WO99/54890 (1999). 19. D. Pramanik, A. N. Saxena, Solid State Technol., Part I. 26(1) (1983) M. Neirynck, W. Samaey, L. Van Poucke, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 11(4) (1974) S. Schiller, H. Förster, G. Hotzsch, G. Jäsch, in Proc. of the Conf. on Electron Beam Melting and Refining, Part 2, edited by R. Bakish (Bakish Materials Corp., Englewood, 1989), p N. A. G. Ahmed, Ion Plating Technology (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1987), Chap. 3 and 7, and references therein. 23. H. K. Pulker, Coatings on Glass (Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1984), Chap. 9 and references therein. 24. ½,»x, w¼, w t œwz, 40(5) (2007) , z, Lue jie, t, w t œwz, 41(4) (2008) 142.
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