조혜영외 : 신우이행상피세포암의 CT 진단 과를보고하는바이다. 대상및방법 년 1 월부터 년 8 월까지한양대학병원에내원하여수술및소변세포학적검사상신우이행상피세포암으로확진된환자중 CT 를시행한 14 례를대상으로하였다. 14례중 1 3 례가남자였고연령분포

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1 용人혐放射線醫學 f 찮 第 27 썰第 1 號 pp , 1991 Journal of Korean Rad iological Society, 27(1) , 1991 신우이행상피세포암의 CT 진단 한양대학교의과대학방사선과학교실 조혜영 조온구 최선원 고병희 김 수- - Abstract- CT in the Diagnosis of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney Hye Young Cho, M.D., On Koo Cho, M.D., 8un Won Choi, M.D., Byung Hee Koh, M.D., 800n Yong Kim, M.D. Department o[ Radiology, College o[ Medicine, Hanyang University The CT findings and preoperative CT staging accuracy of 14 renal transitional cell carcinoma were discussed and were correlated with operative and pathological findings Each seven cases were occured in right and left kidney. Upper pole calyx and pelvis were the most common site of tumor location. The multiplicity of lesions in the ipsilateral ureter and/or bladder were observed in 3 cases (2 1.4%) We could accurately diagnose the lesion in 려 1 cases by CT. The attenuation value ofthe tumor was HU in prenehance scan and it enhanced upto 56-80HU after injection of contrast media Delayed enhancem ent of the renal parenchyme and parenchymal thinning around the periphery of the tumor were observed in 7 cases. Those findings were also observed in stage A. therefore those findings were from compression effect by the tumor thdn true tumor invasion. The accuracy ofct staging was 75% and only 3 cases were misstaged. Two ofthe 3 cases were overstaged due to associated parenchymal infection. So CT scan is valuable study for diagnosis and staging of the renal pevis tumor and can play definite role for determination of treatment method and prognosis Index Words: Kidney. CT Kidney. neoplasm 습적이기때문에수술전정확한병기판정이중요하고, 서 론 고식적인배뇨성및역행성요로검사가병변의국소적 경계를찾는데는좋은방법이지만주변침습및전이를 신우및신배의종양은전체신장종양의 10% 이하로알수없으므로수술전 CT 검사는매우유용하다. 비교적드문종양이나 % 가악성종양이며대부신세포암의진단에있어 CT 의역할에대해서는널리 분이이행상피세포암이다 (1-2). 알려져있으나신우종양에관해서는별로보고된바가 신우암의다발성병변에대하여는잘알려져있으며, 없다. 따라서수술시단순한신장절제술뿐아니라요관절제 술및부분적방광절제술이요구되므로수술전정확한 진단은필수적이다. 뿐만아니라신우암은국소적으로침 이에저자들은신우이행상피세포암으로확진된환자 중 CT 를시행하였던 14 례를대상으로 CT 소견및 CT s taglll g 을수술및병리소견과비교관찰하였고그결 이논문은 1990 년 7 월 3 일접수하여 년 10 월 3 1 일에채택되었음

2 조혜영외 : 신우이행상피세포암의 CT 진단 과를보고하는바이다. 대상및방법 년 1 월부터 년 8 월까지한양대학병원에내원하여수술및소변세포학적검사상신우이행상피세포암으로확진된환자중 CT 를시행한 14 례를대상으로하였다. 14례중 1 3 례가남자였고연령분포는 35 세부터 75세까지다양하였으나 50 대이후에서좀더호발하였다. 우폐쇄가있었던 1 례를제외하고는전례에서관찰되었음며, 소변검사상암세포양성이었던경우는반수에해당하였다. CT 기기는 SOMATOM DR3 를사용하였고횡격막부위부터골반강까지 1cm 간격으로조영제투여전및후의영상을얻었다. 병변이있는부위는 4mm 간격으 했 o In Situ A Superficial Invasion B Deep Infiltration C Peripelvic or Perirenal Extension D Distant Metastases Fig. 1. Pathologic stage 환자들의가장흔한임상증상은무통성혈뇨였고신 로검사하기도하였다. field unit) 및신실질의변화를관찰하였고, 수술을시 CT 상신장에서의종양의위치및다발성병변의유 행하였던 12 례에서는수술및 병리학적소견상병변의 무, 조영제증강전후의영상에서종양의 HU(Houns. 진전도를비교하여 CT 상병기판정의정확도를관찰하 a Fig.2. Stage A. a. IVP shows filling defect in expanded superior calyx. b. CT scan after contrast injection reveals central low attenuation mass in upper pole calyx (arrow) with well preserved renal sinus fa t

3 大韓放射線뽑學會훌훌 : 第 27 卷第 l 號 1991 였다. 병리학적병기는 Batata 동 3) 에의해고안된것을기준으로하였다 (Fig. 1). 전례에서경정맥신우조영술을시행하였으며경정맥신우조영술상의소견과병변의병기를연관시켜보았다. 걸과 CT 병기판정및정확도 CT 병기판정은병리소견을토대로하여신우신배내에종양이국한되고종양주변의신동지방이뚜렸이보폰되었을때를병기 A(Fig. 2. 5) 로하였고, 신실질의침범이있지만신장내에국한된경우를병기 B(Fig.3), 신실질을경유하여신주변지방충의침윤이나신막의비후가있을때를병기 C(Fig. 7). 주변장기나원격전이 종앙의위치 신장내에서의종양의위치를보면상극신배 (upper calyx) 의침범이 9 례, 신우내종양이 8 례에서관찰되었으며신배와신우를동시에침범한경우가 6 례였다 (Fig 2) 우측및좌측신장에서각각 7 례씩이었으며발견당시요관과방광에다발성을보인경우가 3 례로 % 에해당하였다 (Fig. 3,4). CT 소견 종양의 HU 는조영제투여전에는 HU 로신우신배내소변보다높은음영올보였으며조영제투여후에는 HU 로조영증강의소견을보였으나증강된소변내에서뚜렀한저음영으로관찰되었다 (Table 1) 그밖의신실질의소견으로는신상농도 (nephrogram) 및신실질두께의감소가반수에서관찰되었다 (Fig 3,5,6,). 병변의진전도에따라신동지방충의소실 (Fig. 3, 7, 8), 신막비후의 (Fig.4) 소견을보였다 (Table 2) Table 1. CT Density of Renal Mass Density Preenhance Postenhance b HU HU HU HU HU Preenhance scan: HU. Postenhance scan: HU Table 2. Parenchymal Change Diminished nephrogram Parenchymal thinning Parenchymal mass Sinus fat obliteration Perirenal infiltration Renal fascial thickening 7 (50.0%) 7 (50.0 ) 3 (2 1.4 ) 6 ( ( (2 1.4 ) c Fig.3. Stage B. a.b. Postenhanced CT scan reveals mass in the left renal pelvis whlch partiy obliterated the renal sinus fat (arrow). Left kidney is small in size and diminished nephrogram is noted. Multiplicity of the tumor (arrow head) is vlsible in proximal ureter (b) and in urinary bladder (c)

4 조혜영외 : 신우이행상피세포앙의 CT 진단 c Fig. 4. Stage D with ipsilateral multiple tumor in the ureter. a.b.c. Postenhanced CT scan shows enlarged hydronephrotic left kidney by the tumor in renal pelvis and ureter (arrow). Tumor is direct1y extending to exterarenal structure (arrow head) with thickened fascia (curved arrow). d. Solid tumor of the distal ureter is also visible (arrow). d 가있을때를병기 D(fig. 4) 라하였다 (Table 3) CT 상병기 D 였던 3 례를제외한 12 례에서수술을시행하였고 CT 병기와병리병기를비교해본결과 12 례중 3 례에서 CT 병기가틀렸었고정확도는 75 % 였다 (Table 4). 3 례중 2 례는 verstaglfig 이었는데그중 1 례는 CT상신상농도및신실질두께의감소가있고신동에코의국소소실이있어병기 B 로추정했었으나만성신우염올동반한병기 A 의종양이었고 (Fig. 6), 다른 1 례는병기 B 를 C 로추정한예로당뇨성신장변중에의한신주위강의중가음영에의하였고후향적으로볼때반대측에도존재함을볼수있었다 (Fi g. 8). 경정맥신우조영술소견과병기판정 미분화성암퉁이있다 (1, 2, 4). 이행상피세포암의다발성병변의 빈도는높은경우 38 % 까지보고되며 (5), 발견당시통시성 (synchronous) 또는계시성 (metachronous) 으로발견될수있으며일반 Table 3. CT Staging Criteria A Tumor confined to pelvocalyceal system B Tumor extends into parenchyme but confined to kidney C Transpelvic or transparenchymal invasion D Local extrarenal extension and/or nodal metastasis 신우신배내충만결손및신배절단둥국소소견을 보였던 7 례중 5 례는병기 A, B 의초기암이고 (Fig. 2,5), 국소또는전체불현신을보였던 7 례중 5 례는진전된암 으로병기판정에도움이되었으나병기 A 및 B 에서도국 소또는전체적불현신을보이기도하였다 (Table 5) 고 신우및요관에서원발하는종양은상피세포에서기 원하며 % 가악성종양이고그중 90% 이상이이행 상피세포암이고 8% 가편평상피세포암드물게선암및 찰 Table 4. Accuracy of CT Staging Pathologic CT staging staging A B C A 5 4 B C 3 3 D Total Accuracy D (%) 3. ( 80.0) ( 33.3) (100.0) 3 ( 75.0) No. of mis-staged patients CT stage D cases has not performed surgery

5 大韓放射線짧웰會옆第 27 卷第 1 號 1991 a a b b Fig. 6. a. Large tumor mass with focally obliterated sinus fat and thin renal parenchyme on posteromedial aspect (arrow) was diagnosed as stage B on CT scan but was confirmed as stage A. b. F'ocally diminished nephrogram is also noted (arrow) There was associated chronic pyelonephritis of the renal parenchyme. c Fig. 5. a.b. Large solid tumor of the upper pole calyx but renal sinus fat is preserved suggesting stage A. Posterior renal parenchyme around the mass is locally thinned and the nephrogram of that area is diminished (aπows). c. IVP shows upper pole calyceal cut offwith focal nonvisualization Fig.7. Stage C. Tumor mass extending to renal parenchyme and perirenal space is noted with streaky increased density in perirenal space (arrow)

6 조혜영외 ; 신우이행상피세 암의 CT 진단 a b Fig. 8. Due to increased streaky density in perirenal space (arrow). stage C was suggested by CT scan but it was confirmed as stage B. Increased perirenal density was from diabetic nephropathy. Table 5. IVP Findings and Staging IVP Findings Pelvocalyceal filling defect 5 Calyceal cut off 2 Focal nonvisualization 4 Global nonvisualization 3 Pathologic stage A B C D 적으로신우암보다요관암에서다발성의빈도가조금더 높다 (2, 4, 5, 6) 수있으나 Grabstald 의보고에의하면불현신을보인 9 례중 2 례는양성유두종, 4 례는 low stage 종양, 3 례는 high ' stag e 종양으로 (1) 이는요관신우이행부 (ureteropel vic juction) 의폐쇄의결과이지반드시신실질의침범을뜻하는것은아님을알수있다. 신우암이진전되어신실질의침윤이있는경우신세포암과구별이어려울수있고이의감별및병변의진행정도를알기위해혈관조영술을시행하기도했으나최근초음파, CT, MR 동의이용과함께혈관조영술은적응이되지않는다. 신우암은주로고연령층의남자에호발하며 (2) 저자들 최근초음파검사가신장질환진단에널리이용되고 의예에서도평균연령이 58.5 세이며 l 례를제외하고는모두남자였다. 임상적삼대증상은 % 에서혈뇨, 8-40 % 의동통, % 의복부종괴로동통은종괴에의한상부요관의폐쇄에의하고복부종괴는수신증에의한다 (7). 소변의탄락세포검사 (exf이 iative cytologic examina tion) 의가치는방광암에서는잘증명되었고상부요로종양에서는별가치가없다고알려져왔으나 Cullen 동 (8) 은신우요관종양에서도 80 % 에서양성반응이었다고보고한바있다. 그러나이들은진전된암일때이고저자들의경우도약반수에서만양성반응이어서 Sarnacki 등 (9) 의보고와일치하였고실제검사의의의는적은것으로생각된다. 방사션학적검사가진단에있어가장큰역할을하며경정맥신우조영술이보편적으로이용되어왔고, 종괴에위한결손상, 신배의절단상, 수신증, 또는불현신의소견을나타내게된다 (2, 10, 11). 그러나경정맥신우조영술은병변의진단에는훌륭하나신장내또는외부로의진행정도를판단하는데는도움을주지못한다. 경정맥신우조영술상불현신의소견을진행된종양의소견으로생각할 종괴에의하여분리되는중심산동에코를봄은신우암 의 특정적인소견이고신동에코의소실및신실질과분 리되지않는종괴는신실질의파급을의심할수있으나, 주변으로의침윤을알기어렵고해부학적해상도가 CT 를따르지못한다 (11, 13). 아직까지 MR 은신우암을비롯한신장질환의진단에 있어초음파및 CT 의 가치를능가하지못한다. CT 는종양의 진단, 타질환과의감별및병기판정에 있어큰도움을준다. CT 상신우암은신우신배내의결 손상, 종양으로채워진팽창된신배의소견을보이며조 영제투여전 CT 상 HU 로소변농도와신실질농도의사이에있게되며저혈관성종양이므로조영제투여후 HU 로약간의증강을보인다하였다 (1 4, 16, 17). 그러나저자들의경우에는조영제투여전 HU, 투여후 HU 로좀더높은음영및조영제증강을 보여주었고이의원인을뚜혔이분석할수는없으나 CT 촬영시이용된 window width 및 slice thickness, 투여된 조영제의양및조영제투여후촬영하기까지의시간, 그밖에동반된혈뇨의유무및종양의크기에의해차이 가있을것으로사료된다

7 大轉放射線뽑學會誌. 第 27 卷第 1 號 1991 경정맥신우조영술상동일한결손상으로나타나때로감별올요하는방사선투과성결석 ( r adio lu ce nt stone) 및혈종은조영제투여전 C T 상 100 이상의 H U 를보이므로쉽게감별할수있다 (16, 17). 신실질은종양의직접적침범이나이차적압박에의해주변지방충과의경계소실및신실질두께의감소를일으킬수있다. 특히 nephrogram 의감소가특정적인소견이었고이는종양에의한폐쇄성신장변증 (obsruc. tive n e phropathy) 이나신실질의직접침윤에의할수있고또는신장내정맥이침범되어생긴신실질내정맥관 침윤에의한것이아니고압박에의한소견이었다. 4. CT 병기판정은 75.0% 의정확도를보였고진전된암에서는매우정확하였으며, 틀렸던 3 례중 2 례는동반된신장의염증성병변에의한 ove rstagmg 이었고 l 례는 understaging 이었다. 5. 따라서신우암의정확한진단및병기판정올위해 CT 는매우중요하며환자의치료방침및예후판정에중요한역할을담당하리라생각된다. 참고문헌 류장애에의하기도한다. 1. Grabstald H. Whitmore WF. Melamed MP. Renal CT 상신우암과신세포암은비교적용이하게감별이 pelvic tumors. JAMA 197 1; 218: 되며신우암은진전된경우에도신장의모양올유지하며 2. Goldman SM. Gatew d OM. NeopJasms of the renal 신문 (renal hilu s) 쪽으로성장하는경향올보이고조영제 collecting system.pelvis.and ureters. In: Pollak HM. 투여후조영증강이 현저하지못하다 ( ). ed. clinical urography. WB Saundefs. Philadelphia. 신세포암또는방광암과달리신우암의 stag ing 은정 1990: 립된것이 없으며 CT 상병기판정및정확도에대해서 3. Batata MA. Whitmore WF. Harris BS et a l. Primary 는보고된바가거의없다. 저자들은 C T 병기를수술후 carcinoma of the ureter a prognostic study. 1975; 병리학적병기와비교하여 보았고 75.0% 의 정확도를 Cancer 35: 보여주었다. 4. Bennington JL. Beckwith JB. Atlas of tumor 병변이진전될수록더욱정확하였고임파절종창및 pathology. 2nd series Fasicle 12. Tumors of the 주위장기침습유무, 신장주변지방충침윤동을아는데 kidney. renal pelvis. and ureter. Armed forces institute 매우도웅을주었으나신우신배내국한된병기 A 와좀 of pathology 1975; 더 깊은근육충까지침윤을보인병기 B 를감별하는데 5. Johanson S. Angervall L. Be ngtsson U et al. A clinicopathologic and prognostic study of epithelial 어려움이있었다. tumors of the renal pelvis. 1976; Cancer 근육층을침범시좀더예후가나쁘다는보고도있었 3: 으나 {18) 실제생존율의큰차이는없으며 5 년생존율이 82% 였다고한다 (19). 병기판정이틀렸던 3 례중 2 례가병기 A 와 B 의차이 6. Yousem DM. Galewood OMB. Goldman SM et al Synchronous and metachronous transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract: prevalence incidencε 였으므로단지 l 례에서만 CT 병기오차의의미가있었다 and radiographic detection. Radiology 고생각된다. 1988; 167: Geerdsen J. Tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter. 결 론 Symptomatology. diagnosis. treatment and prognosis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1979; 13: 년 1 월부터 년 8월까지 한양대학병원에내 8. Cullen TH. Popham RR. Voss HJ. Urine cytology 원하여신우이행상피세포암으로확진된환자중 CT 를 and primary carcinoma of renal pelvis and ureter. 시행한 14 례를대상으로하여 CT소견 CT staging 및 Aust Nz Surg 1972; 41 : 정확도를분석하였고그결과를보고하는바이다. 9. Sarnachi CT. McCormack W. Kiser WS. et al. Urinary cytology and the clinical diagnosis of 1. 종양의위치는우신, 좌신각각 7 례씩이었으며신 urinary tract malignancy. A clinicopathological 우및상신배에호발하였다. 진단당시동측요관및방 study of 1400 patients. J Urol 1971; 106: 광에다발성병변이 3 례 ( %) 았었다. 10. Lowe PP. Roylance J. Transitional cell carcinoma 2. CT 상전례에서신우암을진단할수있었고종양의 of the kindey. Clin Radiol 1976; 27: 음영은조영제투여전의 C T에서 HU, 투여후 11. 김경숙, 변영숙, 조용구, 신우및뇨관암의방사선학적 HU 로조영 증강을보였다. 진단. 대한방사선의학회지 1983;10 : _ 종양주변신실질의국소위축및음영감소는반 12. Ha1eem SA. Sprayregen S. Sigelmanss. Preoperative 수에서관찰되었고병기 A 도 2 례있었으므로이는종양 diagnosis of renal pelvic carcinoma. J urol 1972;

8 조혜영외 : 신우이행상픽세포암의 CT 진단 108: value ofct number in pelvocalyceal filling defects. 13. Cunnigham JJ. Ultrasonic demonstration ofrenal Radiology 1982; 145: collecting system invasion by transitional cell 17. Gatewood OMB. Goldman SM. Marshall FF et a l. cancer. J Clin Ultrasound 1982; 10: Computed tomography of transititional cell car- 14. Breatnach ES. Stanley RJ. Lloyd K. Focalobstruc- cinoma ofthe kidney; In Computed tomography of tive nephrogram: An unusual CT appearance of a the kidney and adrenals. NewYork. Churchill Livtransitional cell carcinoma. J Comput Assist ingstone. 1984; Tomogr 1984; 8: William CB. Mitchell JP. Carcinoma of the ureter. 15. Baron RL. McCleman BL. Lee JKT et a l. Computed -a review of 54 cases- Br J Urol 1973; 45: tomography of renal transitional cell carcinoma of 19. Hcney NM. Nocks BN. Daly JJ et al. Prognostic facthe renal pelvis and ureter. Radiology 1982; tors in carcinoma of the ureter. J Urol 1981; 144: : Parienty RA. Ducellier R, Pradel J. et al. Diagnostic

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